nanotechnology and energy be a scientist – save the world!

Nanotechnology and EnergyBe a Scientist – Save the World!

Wade Adams, Amy Jaffe, and Rick Smalley

www.nano.rice.edu

RTI 2006 Fellows Symposium

Exploring Frontiers in Science: Implications

for Research and Policy

April 2 , 2006

Professor Richard E. Smalley1943 - 2005

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996

A 6 week summer project in 1985

2 – page paper in Nature

C60

Buckminster-

fullerene:

Buckyballswith Robert F. Curl and Harold Kroto

National Nanotechnology ProgramWhite House – November 2003

Rick Smalley with his favorite students: anyone, any age!!

What is Nanotechnology?• “Nanotechnology now

represents no less than the next Industrial Revolution.” Red Herring, December 2001

• “Nanotechnology is all the rage… but what the heck is it?” Scientific American,

September 2001

• “Anything is nanotechnology that, under the rubric of nanotechnology, makes money.” Rice Alliance Technology Entrepreneurship Workshop, October 2002

What is Nanotechnology?

Molecular Engineering? Nanobots?

CC6060-wheel-assisted-wheel-assisted motions motions

OC10H21

C10H21O

C10H21O

OC10H21

C10H21O

C10H21O

OC10H21

OC10H21

OC10H21

C10H21O

OC10H21

C10H21O

H

H

H

H

OC10H21

C10H21O

OC10H21

C10H21O

H

H

H

OC10H21

C10H21O

2

22

Pivot &Linear motion

Pivot motion

Pseudo-1D Brownian motionPseudo-1D Brownian motion

No lateralmotion

Y. Shirai, K. Kelly

Synthesis of G4 NanoCar “Z”Synthesis of G4 NanoCar “Z”

Y. Shirai

NH2

Br

I

Br

TMS

R

TMS

TIPS

OC10H21

C10H21O

H

OC10H21

C10H21O

H

C10H21O

OC10H21

OC10H21

OC10H21C10H21O

C10H21O

H

H

OC10H21

C10H21O

OC10H21

C10H21O

OC10H21

C10H21O

C10H21O

OC10H21

OC10H21

OC10H21C10H21O

C10H21O

OC10H21

C10H21O

OC10H21

C10H21OH

H H

H

OC10H21

H H

C10H21O

OC10H21

H

TIPS

C10H21O

OC10H21

H TIPS

C10H21O

H TIPS

OC10H21

C10H21O

TIPS H

C10H21O

OC10H21

OC10H21

OC10H21C10H21O

C10H21O

2

1) Et3N-ICl22) Pd/Cu, TMSA

3) a:OEt2-BF4, tBuONO b:NaI

Pd / Cu, Et3N 1) Pd / Cu, Et3N

R = Br

R = I

tBuLi, ICH2CH2I

1) Pd / Cu, Et3N

2) TBAF, THF

2) K2CO3, MeOH / THF

1) LHMDS, C60

2) TFA

NanoTruck 3

32 % over 3 steps

95 %

84 %

64 %

99 %

58 %

88 %

20 %

Z NanoCar

Pivot & rolling

NanoCollision!

Pivot & rolling

Pivot & rolling

Random Thermal MotionRandom Thermal Motion(Brownian Motion)(Brownian Motion)

NanoCars are mobile at high temperature (~194ºC), and show random thermal motion.

Lateral motion is parallel toLateral motion is parallel toNanoCar chassis.NanoCar chassis.(Pseudo-1D Brownian motion)(Pseudo-1D Brownian motion)Supports the idea thatSupports the idea thatNanoCar is rolling,NanoCar is rolling,not sliding via a stick slip not sliding via a stick slip mechanismmechanism

Y. ShiraiK. Kelly

Nano-Hummer, The New H3

Paul Sakuma/Associated Press

Apple's new Nano music player has several features that are not found in other iPods, such as the ability to display the lyrics of whatever song is now playing.

iPod Nano

If your eyes are good enough to read them!

Reality of Nanotech• Hard drives• Sunscreens• Automotive catalysts• Car bumpers• Paints and coatings• Tennis balls and racquets• Stain-resistant clothing• New cancer therapies

www.nanotechproject.org/consumerproducts

Sean Murdock, NanoBusiness Alliance, 2005

Metrics(BY KEYWORD NANO*)

0

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3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

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16000

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19000

20000

21000

22000

23000

24000

25000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

YEAR

NU

MB

ER

USPTO Patents (x10)

ISI S&T Publications

Funding ($K x 10)D

AR

PA

UL

TR

A

* Roco, Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2004

** Science Citation Index Expanded, ISI Web of ScienceMurday, NRL #206 10/02

NNI

ON

R P

INS

AR

I

DO

D N

ano

SR

A

Nurturing Nanoscience into Nanotechnology

USA5395/6149/7850

France1317/1561

Germany1949/2282/2429

England906/1000

Italy631/829

Russia854/1025/1128

Singapore209/277/439

Switzerland372/369

Japan2289/3002/3350

Taiwan282/465/706

China2474/3493/4618

India461/650/862

Australia236/348/416

Canada382/545

Mexico166/218

Brazil285/311

Total Worldwide- 18539 /24208 /28177_

Israel273/253

CY2002/03/04 PUBLICATION COUNT(By Keyword Nano*)

Science Citation Index of 5300 Journals

Global Participation in NanoscienceSweden297/320

Korea760/1103/1466

Sean Murdock, NanoBusiness Alliance, 2005

Sean Murdock, NanoBusiness Alliance, 2005

Sean Murdock, NanoBusiness Alliance, 2005

Material or system with at least one constituent or phase exhibiting a scalar dimension between 1-100

nm

Designed through processes that exhibit fundamental control over

the chemical and physical attributes of molecular scale

structures

Can be combined to form larger structures

Nanotechnology*

*Mike Roco, definitions from NNI at www.nano.gov

How small is nano, really?Mountain

1 kmChild1 m

1/1000of mountain

Ant1 mm

1/1000 of child

1/1,000,000 of

mountain

Bacteria1 m

1/1000 of ant1/1,000,000 of child

Sugar Molecule1 nm

1/1000 of bacteria1/1,000,000 of ant

1/1,000,000,000 of child

Nanotechnology

Bulk Gold = YellowNanogold = RedSize

Numbers

Surface Area (S/V)

Quantum Effects

Rx

bulk scaling

atomic

20nm

Nanoshell-Assisted Tumor AblationProfessors Naomi Halas and Jennifer West

Nanoshell-Assisted Tumor Ablation

PI: Dr. Jennifer West (Rice Bioengineering)

Dr. Naomi Halas (Rice ECE )

Dr. John Hazle (MDACC)

Investigating use of Rice invention (nanoshells) for highly specific, minimally invasive cancer therapy

Funded by NSF

Licensed by Nanospectra Biosciences, Inc.

NanoshellsAbsorb in IR

TargetCancer

Cell

Antibody ligands on nanoshells match receptor sites specific to

targeted cancer cells.

External

LaserDemonstrated in Mice

The inside joke is that the treated mice lived much longer than budgeted and

have become a financial and accounting embarrassment.

Effect of Nanoshells on Mouse Tumor

Direction of infrared laser beam

Nanoshell Treatment Increases Survival Time

0

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120

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28

Time (days)

% S

urv

ivin

g

Control

Treatment

Sham

CBEN: www.rice.edu/cben

The future(s) of nanotechnology

Good news futures Bad news futures

Technologies: From Wow to Yuck?

DDT cured malaria

Pesticides improved crop yields

Refrigerants made houses cool

Asbestos improved insulation

Endangered birds

Toxic to animals

Lead to ozone hole

Liability expenses

Benefits Risks

The Public

The future of nanotechnology

DDT cured malaria

Pesticides improved crop yields

Refrigerants made houses cool

Toxic to animals

Human carcinogens

Lead to ozone hole

Nanotechnology ……

Nanotechnology provides us with the ideal opportunity to rewrite

how emerging technologies handle the public question of risk

Nanotechnology for the Long Haul

What will be nanotechnology’s impact on the world’s environment?

Nanomaterials

• Nanostructured Membranes

• Fate and Transport of Nanomaterials

ICON Website

• International partnership which includes many stakeholders• Pooled resources for risk assessment of nanotechnology• Effective risk management policies through standards• Shared risk communication strategies

http://icon.rice.edu/

Nano Coalition Unveils Environmental, Health and Safety Database - ICON Collects Diverse Scientific Findings

Humanity’s Top Ten Problemsfor next 50 years

1. ENERGY

2. WATER

3. FOOD

4. ENVIRONMENT

5. POVERTY

6. TERRORISM & WAR

7. DISEASE

8. EDUCATION

9. DEMOCRACY

10. POPULATION2003 6.5 Billion People2050 8-10 Billion People

“Our Energy will be

primarily from

fossil fuels for the

next 50 years”Lewis NormanHalliburton Energy Services

Energy Industry

Economides, M. and Oligney, R.: The Color of Oil, Round Oak Publishing Company, Inc., Katy, TX, 2000

G180-Oil & Gas 35

World Oil ReservesTop Ten Owner

Companies

Venezuela10%

Abu Dhabi7%

Mexico6%

Libya3%

Nigeria3%

China2%

Iran11%

Kuwait12%

Iraq14%

Saudi Aramco32%

Source: The Oil Daily, 12/23/1999

Total World Oil Reserves: Approximately 1,000,000 million bbls

795,000 million bbls (80 %)

Lewis NormanLewis NormanHalliburton Energy ServicesHalliburton Energy Services

Lewis NormanLewis NormanHalliburton Energy ServicesHalliburton Energy Services

“This galaxy he’s from---ask him if it’s got oil.”

Hubbert’s Peak

Hubbert’s Peak (2001)Hubbert’s Peak (2001)

U.S. Oil Production

WORLD OIL PRODUCTIONWORLD OIL PRODUCTION

Hubbert’s Peak (2001)Hubbert’s Peak (2001)

Recent Newspaper Ad

All I’m saying is now is the time to develop the technology to deflect an asteroid.

STUDYMatthew Simmon’s Presentations on Saudi Arabian Oil

(www.simmons-intl.com)and his new book “Twilight in the Desert”

John Wiley & Sons publishers, May 2005

Also Google “peak oil” and look at sites such as “peakoil.com”

When Saudi Arabia PeaksSo does the World.

GHAWAR, by far the world’s Largest and most prolific oil fieldmay have already peaked.

The days of cheap oil are over.

2 Billion Poor – No Electricity2 Billion Poor – Biomass Heating

http://www.undp.org/energy

Global warming overthe past millennium Very rapidly we have entered

uncharted territory -– what

some call the anthropocene

climate regime. Over the 20th

century, human population

quadrupled and energy

consumption increased

sixteenfold. Near the end of

the last century, we crossed a

critical threshold, and global

warming from the fossil fuel

greenhouse became a major,

and increasingly dominant,

factor in climate change.

Global mean surface

temperature is higher today

than it’s been for at least a

millennium.

Slide from Marty Hoffert NYU

World Energy Millions of Barrels per Day (Oil Equivalent)

300

200

100

01860 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 2100

Source: John F. Bookout (President of Shell USA) ,“Two Centuries of Fossil Fuel Energy” International Geological Congress, Washington DC; July 10,1985. Episodes, vol 12, 257-262 (1989).

Very Conservative!

Uh Oh – China!!

1 Billion + people!

Energy Growth Rate ~10%!!

National Geographic June 2004

From bicycles……. to Buicks!!

Gee, this isn’t my mother-in-law’s Buick!!

A Much Better Use for Oil than Gasoline!

Professor Mark Foster and Family (Univ. of Akron Polymer Science Department) with all their oil-based polymer belongings! -- Nat. Geog. June 2004

0

5

10

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25

30

35

40

45

50

OilCoa

lGas

Fission

Biomas

s

Hydro

electr

ic

Solar,

wind, g

eothe

rmal

0.5%

Source: Internatinal Energy Agency

2003

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50 2050

The ENERGY REVOLUTION (The Terawatt Challenge)

14 Terawatts

210 M BOE/day 30 -- 60 Terawatts450 – 900 MBOE/day

Energy: The Basis of Prosperity 20st Century = OIL 21st Century = ??

Energy-efficient Commuting

National National Geographic Geographic August 2005August 2005

Small Small efficiencies efficiencies matter!matter!

Big Big efficiencies efficiencies matter, too!matter, too!

Boeing 787

Going in the right direction –

Efficiency and economy

Hydrogen – Not a Primary Fuel

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCESAlternatives to Oil

TOO LITTLE• Conservation / Efficiency -- not enough• Hydroelectric -- not enough• Biomass -- not enough• Wind -- not enough • Wave & Tide -- not enough CHEMICAL• Natural Gas -- sequestration?, cost?• Gas Hydrates -- sequestration?, cost?• Clean Coal -- sequestration?, cost?

NUCLEAR• Nuclear Fission -- radioactive waste?, terrorism?, cost?• Nuclear Fusion -- too difficult?, cost?• Geothermal HDR -- cost ? , enough?• Solar terrestrial -- cost ?• Solar power satellites -- cost ?• Lunar Solar Power -- cost ?

165,000 TWof sunlighthit the earthevery day

PV Land Area Requirements

20 TW

3 TW

Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology

Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology

Solar Cell Land Area Requirements

6 Boxes at 3.3 TW Each = 20 TWe

Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology

Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology

≥ 20 TWe from the Moon

David Criswell

Univ. Houston

David Criswell

Univ. Houston

“Harvested

Moon”

Energy Nanotech Grand Challengesfrom Meeting at Rice University May 2003

Report available!

1. Photovoltaics -- drop cost by 100 fold.

2. Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol.

3. Direct photoconversion of light + water to produce H2.

4. Fuel cells -- drop the cost by 10-100x + low temp start.

5. Batteries and supercapacitors -- improve by 10-100x for automotive and distributed generation applications.

6. H2 storage -- light weight materials for pressure tanks and LH2 vessels, and/or a new light weight, easily reversible hydrogen chemisorption system

7. Power cables (superconductors, or quantum conductors) with which to rewire the electrical transmission grid, and enable continental, and even worldwide electrical energy transport; and also to replace aluminum and copper wires essentially everywhere -- particularly in the windings of electric motors and generators (especially good if we can eliminate eddy current losses).

8. Nanoelectronics to revolutionize computers, sensors and devices.

9. Nanoelectronics based Robotics with AI to enable construction maintenance of solar structures in space and on the moon; and to enable nuclear reactor maintenance and fuel reprocessing.

10. Super-strong, light weight materials to drop cost to LEO, GEO, and later the moon by > 100 x, to enable huge but low cost light harvesting structures in space; and to improve efficiency of cars, planes, etc.

11. Thermochemical processes with catalysts to generate H2 from water that work efficiently at temperatures lower than 900 C.

12. Nanotech lighting to replace incandescent and fluorescent lights

13. NanoMaterials/ coatings that will enable vastly lower the cost of deep drilling, to enable HDR (hot dry rock) geothermal heat mining.

14. CO2 mineralization schemes that can work on a vast scale, hopefully starting from basalt and having no waste streams.

Energy Nanotech Grand Challenges

One World Energy Scheme for 30-60TW in 2050:The Distributed Store-Gen Grid

• Energy transported as electrical energy over wire, rather than by transport of mass (coal, oil, gas)

• Vast electrical power grid on continental scale interconnecting ~ 100 million asynchronous “local” storage and generation sites, entire system continually innovated by free enterprise

• “Local” = house, block, community, business, town, …• Local storage = batteries, flywheels, hydrogen, etc.• Local generation = reverse of local storage + local solar and geo• Local “buy low, sell high” to electrical power grid• Local optimization of days of storage capacity, quality of local power• Electrical grid does not need to be very reliable, but it will be

robust• Mass Primary Power input to grid via HV DC transmission lines from

existing plants plus remote (up to 2000 mile) sources on TW scale, including vast solar farms in deserts, wind, NIMBY nuclear, clean coal, stranded gas, wave, hydro, space-based solar…”EVERYBODY PLAYS”

• Hydrogen is transportation fuel • Transition technology – Plug-in Hybrids

The Blackout from Space

Hoax Photo!!

But it does nicely outline the black-out area!

CarbonNanotechnologyLaboratory“Making Buckytubes“Be All They Can Be”

Founded by Rick Smalley in 2003 as a division of CNSTCoordinates SWNT Research with 10 Faculty in 6 Departments

Prof. James M. Tour – DirectorProf. Matteo Pasquali – Co-DirectorDr. Howard K. Schmidt - Executive DirectorDr. Robert H. Hauge - Technology Director

If it ain’t tubes, we don’t do it!

MOLECULAR PERFECTION & EXTREME PERFORMANCEMOLECULAR PERFECTION & EXTREME PERFORMANCE

The Strongest Fiber Possible.Selectable Electrical Properties

Metallic Tubes Better Than CopperSemiconductors Better Than InSb or GaAs

Thermal Conductivity of Diamond.The Unique Chemistry of Carbon.The Scale and Perfection of DNA.The Ultimately Versatile Engineering Material.

Why Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes?

Graphene SheetTexas Chicken Wire

SWNT: ROLLED-UP SHEET OF GRAPHITE

World’s largest SWNT model

22 April 2005, Guinness World Record

Model of a 5-5 SWNT

~65,000 pieces

360 m long, 0.36 m wide

about 100 builders

over 1000 in attendance

“Supremely Silly” (from Rick Smalley)

RAJAT DUGGAL(inside giant SWNT model)

Building a 1000-ft SWNT:

Cost of the parts: $6,000

pRICEless

armchair ( = 30°)

zigzag ( = 0°)

intermediate (0 30°)

– Cylindrical graphene sheet– Diameters of 0.7 – 3.0 nm

• Observed tubes typically < 2 nm

– Both metallic and semi-conductor species possible

– Length to diameter ratio as large as 104 – 105

• can be considered 1-D nanostructures

Types of SWNT

SWNT Quantum WireExpected Features• 1-10x Copper Conductivity• 6x Less Mass• Stronger Than Steel• Zero Thermal Expansion

Key Grid Benefits• Reduced Power Loss• Low-to-No Sag • Reduced Mass• Higher Power Density

SWNT Technology Benefits• Type & Class Specific• Higher Purity• Lower Cost• Polymer Dispersible

• Producing Neat SWNT Fibers• Dry-Spun from Oleum • 6 to 14 Wt. % SWNT Dope• Extruded as 50 µm Dia. Fibers• 109 Tubes in Cross Section • 100 Meters Long

Prototype Wire - SWNT Fibers

Science 305, 1447-1450, 3 September 2004!!!

High Pressure CO (HiPCO) Process

CO + CO 900-1200 C 10-40 atm

Fe, Ni CatalystsCO2 + SWNT + impurities

Rice Univ. Carbon Nanotechnologies, Inc.& NASA

NASASuccess Stories

Continuous process10-100’s g/day Small diameters (0.7nm) Company spin-off (CNI)

Tuesday, April 26Tuesday, April 26thth , ,

2005 -- NASA 2005 -- NASA

Announces new $16M Announces new $16M

Grant to Rice Grant to Rice

University and two University and two

NASA Centers –NASA Centers –

Research to develop Research to develop

the Quantum Wirethe Quantum Wire

CNL Actively

CNL Actively building new

building new collaborations

collaborations to fund this

to fund this critical critical research

research program!!!

program!!!

Roadblocks

• Vision without funding is hallucination.• Da Hsuan Feng – UT Dallas

• Vision without hardware is delusion.• Lockheed engineer

From the age of Space to the age of Medicine

New Energy Research Program(Smalley’s Nickel & Dime Solution)

• For FY06-FY10 collect 5 cents from every gallon of oil product Invest the resultant > $10 Billion per year as additional funding in

frontier energy research distributed among DOE, NSF, NIST, NASA, and DoD.

• For the next 10 years collect 10 cents from every gallon; invest the >$20 Billion per year in frontier energy research.

• Devote a third of this money to New Energy Research Centers located adjacent to major US Research Universities, especially Zip

Code 77005.

• At worst this endeavor will create a cornucopia of new technologies and new industries.

• At best, we will solve the energy problem before 2020, and thereby lay the basis for energy prosperity & peace worldwide.

Leadership• President Bush – State of the Union

Address – Jan 31, 2006– “America is addicted to oil”– Replace oil imports from Middle East by

75% by 2025

• DOE Advanced Energy Initiative 22% increase in clean energy research– Zero emission coal– Solar and wind– Clean, safe nuclear– Batteries, Hydrogen, ethanol

• A BIG change from the 2001 Cheney Energy Report – drill our way to independence!

But…

• Are these ideas tough or aggressive enough?• NO!

– Biofuels budget actually smaller than in FY06– No market signal for more efficient vehicles

• Fuel economy standards – regulatory– 40 mpg in 10 years saves 2.5M BOE/day

• Substantial gas tax – market mechanism

• Up to Congress to execute programs– Incentives for alternate fuel production/vehicles– Funding for research initiatives

The biggest single challenge for the next few decades:

ENERGY for 1010 people

• At MINIMUM we need 10 Terawatts (150 M BOE/day) from some new clean energy source by 2050

• For worldwide energy prosperity and peace we need it to be cheap.

• We simply can not do this with current technology.

• We need Boys and Girls to enter Physical Science and Engineering as they did after Sputnik.

• Inspire in them a sense of MISSION( BE A SCIENTIST --- SAVE THE WORLD )

• We need a bold new APOLLO PROGRAM to find the NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

By 2012, if current trends continue, over 90% of all physical scientists and engineers in the worldwill be Asians working in Asia.

PhD Degrees in Science and Engineering

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Ph

D p

er

ye

ar

Asians citizensAll fields of Science & Engineering

US citizens, all fields of Science and Engineering, (excluding psychology & social sciences)

US citizens,Physical Sciences and Engineering only

Source: Science and Engineering Indicators, National Science Board, 2002

Education

• American Competitiveness Initiative– Double physical sciences research funding in ten

years (including nanotech, supercomputing, alternative energy sources)

– Permanent R&D Tax Credit– HS Math/Science teacher training (70,000) and add

30,000 M&S professional teachers

• YEA!– But will Congress fund the initiatives?– And will they sustain the funding??

2999

What Can YOU Do Now?

• Learn as much as possible about energy

• Learn as much as possible about nanotechnology

• Encourage kids to study science and engineering!!

Reading Assignments• Twilight in the Desert, Matthew R. Simmons• Winning the Oil Endgame, Amory Lovins• Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert’s Peak, Kenneth S. Deffeyes• Out of Gas, Daniel Goodstein• The End of Oil, Paul Roberts• The Prize, Daniel Yergin• Hubbert’s Peak, Kenneth S. Deffeyes• The Hydrogen Economy, Jeremy Rifkin• Twenty Hydrogen Myths, Amory Lovins (www.rmi.org) • Matt Simmons, web site: (www.simmons-intl.com) • M.I. Hoffert et. al., Science, 2002, 298, 981, • DOE BES Workshop Report on Hydrogen (www.sc.doe.org/bes/hydrogen.pdf) • 2003 State of the Future, (www.stateofthefuture.org)• Nanotechnology and Energy, 2003 Report, (www.cnst.rice.edu)• National Nanotechnology Program, (www.nano.gov)

Rick was a visionary, and his charisma and logic made those he worked with buy into the vision. Rick convinced us that we could be better, stronger and take more chances if we just tried.

I hope that we don’t forget – then his legacy… will make a lasting transformative difference.

-- Robert Curl

October 28, 2005