n a n o t e c h. p p t
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BY
•SURAJ OF EEE(III YEAR)
WHAT IS NANO TECHNOLOGY? i) Nanotechnology, shortened to "nanotech", is
the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular
scale. ii) It is usually measured in nanometer(nm).
Often hailed as a revolutionary new
technology, nanotechnology has the
potential to impact almost every area of
society.
i)At the nanoscale, objects are so small that we can't see
them - even with a light microscope.
ii)Nanoscientists have to use tools like scanning tunneling microscopes or atomic force microscopes to observe anything at the nanoscale
W h a t i s n e e d o f n a n o t e c h n o l o g y ?
i)Nanotechnology can be used to deal with almost all the kinds
of basic problems in a very smaller size.
ii)There is a principle that smaller sized objects can be held at every place,
but bigger objects cannot be used at the fields that are smaller in size than the object.
iii)Thus, the benefits of smaller sizes are huge, and nanotechnology deals with technology of smaller sizes..
PREDICTION OF NANO TECHNOLOGY:In 1965, Gordon
Moore , one of the founders of
Intel Corporation, made the outstanding prediction
that the number of transistors that could be fit in a given area would double every
18 months for the next ten years.
From the graph, it is observed that the number of transistors used increases ,and his is made possible by nano Technology.
Fields using Nano Technology:1.Medicine i)Diagonistics ii)Drug Delivery iii)Tissue Engineering2.Energy i)Reduction of energy consumption ii)Increasing the efficiency of energy production iii)The use of more user friendly energy systems3.Information and Communication4.Heavy Industries i)Aerospace ii)Refineries iii)Vehicle manufactures
1.Medicinei)The biological and medical research
communities have exploited the unique properties
of Nanomaterials for various applications
ii)Terms such as biomedical nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, and nanomedicine are used to describe this
hybrid field.iii)The size of nanomaterials is similar to
that of most biological molecules and structures;
therefore, nanomaterials can be useful for both in vivo and in vitro biomedical
research and applications.
i)Diagnostics i)Nanotechnology-on-a-chip is one more
dimension of lab-on-a-chip technology. ii)Magnetic nanoparticles, bound to a suitable antibody, are used to label
specific molecules, structures or microorganisms.
iii)Gold nanoparticles tagged with short segments of DNA can be used for detection of genetic
sequence in a sample.
II.Drug deliveryi)Nanotechnology has been a boom in
medical field by delivering drugs to specific cells using nanoparticles.
ii)The overall drug consumption and side-effects can be lowered significantly by
depositing the active agent in the morbid region only and in no higher dose than
needed..
III)TISSUE ENGINEERINGi)Nanotechnology can
help to reproduce or to repair damaged
tissue. ii)“Tissue engineering” makes use of artificially stimulated cell proliferation by using suitable
nanomaterial-based scaffolds and growth factors. iii)Tissue engineering might replace today’s conventional treatments like
organ transplants or artificial implants. Advanced forms of tissue engineering
may lead to life extension.
2.Energy:The most advanced nanotechnology projects related to energy are: storage, conversion, manufacturing improvements by reducing materials and process rates, energy saving (by better thermal insulation for example), and enhanced renewable
energy sources.
Reduction of energy consumption:Currently used light bulbs only convert approximately 5% of the electrical energy into light. Nanotechnological approaches like light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or quantum caged atoms (QCAs) could lead to a strong reduction of energy consumption for illumination.
II)Increasing the efficiency of energy production:i)Today's best solar cells have layers of several different semiconductors stacked together to absorb light at different energies but they still only
manage to use 40 percent of the Sun's energy.
ii)Commercially available solar cells have much lower efficiencies (15-20%). Nanotechnology could help
increase the efficiency of light conversion by using nanostructures
with a continuum of bandgaps.
III) Recycling of batteries i)Because of the relatively low energy density of batteries the operating time is limited and a replacement or recharging is needed. ii)The huge number of spent batteries and accumulators represent a disposal
problem. iii)The use of batteries with higher
energy content or the use of rechargeable batteries or
supercapacitors with higher rate of recharging using nanomaterials could
be helpful for the battery disposal problem.
3.Information and communicationi)Current high-technology production
processes are based on traditional top down strategies, where
nanotechnology has already been introduced silently.
ii)The critical length scale of integrated circuits is already at the
nanoscale (50 nm and below) regarding the gate length of
transistors in CPUs or DRAM devices.
i)Quantum computers
. The Quantum computer has
quantum bit memory space termed "Qubit"
for several computations at the
same time. This facility may improve the performance of
the older systems.This is made possible with
nano technology.
3.Heavy IndustryAn inevitable use of nanotechnology will be in heavy industry.I) Aerospace
i)Lighter and stronger materials will be of immense use to aircraft manufacturers,
leading to increased performance. ii)Spacecraft will also benefit, where weight
is a major factor. Nanotechnology would help to reduce the size of equipment and
thereby decrease fuel-consumption required to get it airborne.
iii)Hang gliders may be able to halve their weight while increasing their strength and toughness through the use of nanotech materials. iv)Nanotech is lowering the mass of supercapacitors that will increasingly be used to give power to assistive electrical motors for launching hang gliders off flatland to thermal-chasing altitudes.
II)RefineriesUsing nanotech applications, refineries producing materials such as steel and aluminium will be able to remove any impurities in the materials they create.
III)Vehicle manufacturersi)Much like aerospace, lighter and stronger materials will be useful
for creating vehicles that are both faster and safer.
ii)Combustion engines will also benefit from parts that are more
hard-wearing and more heat-resistant.
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