myers for ap unit 6 learning. what is learning? do now: handout 6-2 how would you define learning?...
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What is Learning?
Do Now: Handout 6-2How would you define learning?Hilgard and Bower definition of learning:
Learning refers to the relatively permanent change in a person’s behavior to a given situation brought about by his
[or her] repeated experiences in that situation, provided that the behavior
change cannot be explained on the basis of native response tendencies, maturation, or temporary states of the person or other
animal (e.g., fatigue, drugs, etc.).
Key Terms
Learning Habituation Associative learning Classical conditioning Behaviorism Neutral stimulus Unconditioned
response (UR) Unconditioned
stimulus (US) Conditioned response
(CR) Conditioned stimulus
(CS)
Acquisition Higher-order
conditioning Extinction Spontaneous
recovery Generalization Discrimination Learned
helplessness Respondent
behavior Operant
conditioning Operant behavior
Law of effect Operant chamber Shaping Discriminative
stimulus Reinforcer Positive
reinforcement Negative
reinforcement Primary reinforcer Conditioned
reinforcer Continuous
reinforcement Partial reinforcement Fixed-ratio schedule Variable-ratio
schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-interval schedule
Punishment Cognitive map Latent learning Insight Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic
motivation biofeedback Observational
learning Modeling Mirror neurons Prosocial behavior
Key People
Little AlbertAlbert BanduraEdward DeciJohn GarciaIvan PavlovRosalie RaynerRobert RescorlaGiacomo
Rizzolatti
Richard RyanMartin
SeligmanB.F. SkinnerEdward L.
ThorndikeEdward Chase
TolmanAllan WagnerJohn Watson
Do Now:
Listen to the music and write down how it makes you feel.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDcrMScGaj8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrEvK-tv5OI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7acI5z9vyok
Discuss.
Classical Conditioning
Scenario:Pavlov’s dogs:US = food in mouthUR = salivationNS = Tone (bell)NS + US = URCS = CR
CC Examples?
What classical conditioning scenarios can you think of?
Worth Video: Classical ConditioningIf the aroma of a cake baking gets your
mouth watering, what is the US, the CS, The CR?
If the cat comes running when she hears a can opener, what is the US, the CS, the CR?
Are you classically conditioned by your phone? Other items?
Learned helplessness activityLearned helpless is usually only talked about
in terms of learning.How does it apply socially?
◦ Dating◦ Compromising your morals once◦ Girls have cultural pressure to be quiet and not to
be angry◦ Becoming victimized and failing to stand up◦ Tendency to close down and not try new
approaches when we fail.
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6LEcM0E0io
http://www.youtube.com/user/Prudential?v=sT7fbayfNBU
Is the second video an example of Operant or Classical conditioning?
Can you think of examples like this in your own childhood? In your life now?
Boo-Hiss!
We need three volunteers!Thank you!!! Please wait outside!We need three separate behaviors for our
three participants to doCheersBoosCheers and BoosDiscussion: What did we do? Which approach worked best?What if we had used punishment?
Operant Conditioning
Primary reinforcers – unlearnedSecondary reinforcers – learned and
associated with primaryKnow reinforcement schedules:
◦Fixed-ratio◦Variable-ratio◦Fixed-interval◦Variable-interval◦Hint: Intervals involve time; ratios involve
behaviorWhat are some examples of each?
Delayed Gratification
Do now: ◦What types of real-world rewards occur on
a delayed schedule?◦Does the media encourage people to
delay gratification? Why or why not?◦Grades: Do you get a grade for every
assignment you turn in in every class? If not, how do you feel if a teacher doesn’t grade everything?
◦Handout 6-4◦Discussion
Gotta knows…
What is a cognitive map?What is insight learning?What are some of the dangers of
extrinsic motivation?How do biological predispositions
affect both C & O Conditioning?What is instinctive drift?
Do now:
What examples of Operant Conditioning can you think of…
At schoolIn sportsAt workFor self-improvement
Oddly Interesting
Los Horcones (www.loshorcones.org)
Twin Oaks (www.twinoaks.org)How is superstitious behavior
conditioned?
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