myers’ exploring psychology (5th ed) chapter 12 personality
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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed)
Chapter 12
Personality
What is Personality?
Characteristics of behavior Four basic perspectives:
psychoanalytic humanistic trait social-cognitive
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freud’s theory Personality influenced
by: childhood sexuality unconscious motivations
The Psychoanalytic Perspective Unconscious
Freud: Mostly unacceptable thoughts & wishes
OR Now (non-Freudian): information processing of
which we are unaware
Preconscious info that is not conscious but is retrievable into
conscious awareness
Personality Structure (Freud)
Personality Structure
Id Location: unconscious Role: to satisfy basic sexual and
aggressive drives. Motto: “Pleasure Principle”
Personality Structure
Ego Location: conscious Role: “executive”; Mediates id & superego Motto: “Reality Principle”
Personality Structure
Superego Location: spans unconscious & conscious Role: our ideals, conscience, judgment,
guilt Motto: “Perfection”
Personality Structure
Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure
Id
Superego
Ego Conscious mind
Unconscious mind
Psychosexual Stages (Freud)
Personality Development Identification
Children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos.
Fixation: Arrested Development (see previous slide)
Defense Mechanisms
Protect the Ego Operate Unconsciously Distort Reality
Defense Mechanisms
Repression anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and
memories are kept out of consciousness
Reaction Formation unconscious switching of unacceptable impulses
into their opposites
Defense Mechanisms
Projection their own threatening impulses are attributed to
others
Rationalization self-justifying explanations in place of the real
reasons
Defense Mechanisms
Displacement aggressive impulses directed toward a more
acceptable or less threatening object or person
Regression Reverting to older more immature behavior to
express feelings
Assessing the Unconscious
Projective Test Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous
stimuli designed to trigger projection Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Assessing the Unconscious--TAT
Assessing the Unconscious Rorschach Inkblot Test
Projective test. a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann
Rorschach
Assessing the Unconscious--Rorschach
The Trait Perspective
Trait a characteristic pattern of behavior A pre-disposition to feel and act assessed by self-report inventories and peer
reports Personality Inventory
used to assess selected personality traits
The Trait Perspective
The “Big Five” Personality FactorsTrait Dimension DescriptionEmotional Stability Calm versus anxious
Secure versus insecure Self-satisfied versus self-pitying
Extraversion Sociable versus retiring Fun-loving versus sober Affectionate versus reserved
Openness Imaginative versus practical Preference for variety versus preference for routine Independent versus conforming
Agreeableness Soft-hearted versus ruthless Trusting versus suspicious Helpful versus uncooperative
Conscientiousness Organized versus disorganized Careful versus careless Disciplined versus impulsive
The Trait Perspective
“Big Five” Personality Test online: http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) the most widely researched and clinically used of
all personality tests
Humanistic Perspective
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Self-Actualization
the motivation to fulfill one’s potential
Humanistic Perspective
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals. Self-Concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question “Who am I?”
Humanistic Perspective
Carl Rogers Unconditional Positive Regard
Ideal vs. Real self an attitude of total acceptance toward another
person
Humanistic Perspective
Individualism
Collectivism
Humanistic Perspective
Morality Defined by individuals Defined by social networks (self-based) (duty-based)
Attributing Behavior reflects one’s personality Behavior reflects socialbehaviors and attitudes and roles
Value Contrasts Between Individualism and CollectivismConcept Individualism Collectivism
Self Independent Interdependent (identity from individual traits) (identity from belonging)
Life task Discover and express one’s Maintain connections, fit in uniqueness
What matters Me--personal achievement and We--group goals and solidarity; fulfillment; rights and liberties social responsibilities and
relationships
Coping method Change reality Accommodate to reality
Relationships Many, often temporary or casual; Few, close and enduring;confrontation acceptable harmony valued
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Personal Control External Locus of Control
chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate
Internal Locus of Control one controls one’s own fate
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Learned Helplessness (Seligman) hopelessness and resignation occurs when we are unable to avoid or control
repeated negative events
Social-Cognitive Perspective- Learned Helplessness Learned Helplessness
Uncontrollablebad events
Perceivedlack of control
Generalizedhelpless behavior
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Positive Psychology Martin Seligman the scientific study of optimal human
functioning http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/Default.aspx
Personality- Summary
The Four Perspectives on Personality
Perspective Behavior Springs From Assessment Techniques Evaluation
Psychoanalytic Unconscious conflicts Projective tests aimed at A speculative, hard-to-test between pleasure-seeking revealing unconscious theory with enormous cul-
impulses and social restraints motivations tural impactTrait Expressing biologically (a)Personality inventories A descriptive approach crit- influenced dispositions, such that assess the strengths icized as sometimes under-
as extraversion or introversion of different traits estimating the variability (b)Peer ratings of behavior of behavior from situation patterns to situation
Humanistic Processing conscious feelings (a)Questionnaire A humane theory that about oneself in the light of assessments reinvigorated contemporary
one’s experiences (b)Empathic interviews interest in the self; criticized as subjective and sometimes naively self-centered and
optimistic
Social-cognitive Reciprocal influences between (a)Questionnaire assessments Art interactive theory that in- people and their situation, of people’s feelings of control tegrates research on learning,
colored by perceptions of (b) Observations of people’s cognition, and social behavior, control behavior in particular criticized as underestimating
situations the importance of emotions and enduring traits
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