musaceae family
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This is a small family of only abouT 40 species in Two genera (musa and enseTe) found in weT Tropical lowlands, alThough recenTly one or Two species have been found in higher laTiTudes. They are grown mainly for Their fruiT, The banana, and for Their fibres, manila and hemp, used for making rope. They are also grown as ornamenTal planTs
Taxonomy
GenusChrom
no. Section DistributionNo. species Uses
Ensete 9 W. Africa,New Guinea
7–8 Fibers, vegetation (soft portions of stem)
Musa 10 Australimusa Australia to Philippines
5–6 Fiber (Abacá)
10 Callimusa Indochina, Indonesia
5–6 Ornamentals
11 Eumusa S. Indian,Japan, Samoa
9–10 Fruit, fiber, veg
11 Rhodochlamys India, Indonesia
5–6 Ornamentals
The plant is a gigantic herb.Banana is a basic staple in tropical countries and was consumed before recorded history in Southeast Asia.
There are basically two kinds:banana (consumed mostly as fresh fruit)plantain (cooking banana)
family: musaceaegenus: musaspecies: m. acuminaTam. balbisiana
characTerisTics of This planT familyleaves, sTem & rooTs ~ •Non woody, herbaceous plants, with thick pseudostems formed from the leaf sheaths.•Leaves are very large, sheathing the stem, and arranged spirally with a thick oval midrib, veins running from the midrib to the leaf margin. The leaves are initially entire, but torn by the wind.•The genus Musa produces new perennial plants from rhizomatous roots, while in the genus Ensete are unbranched and monocarpic.
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
planT sTrucTuremonocoT
• perennial herb– All leaves/inflorescence
origin from under ground corm• Spreads via rhizomes• Plants “walk”
– Largest plant without woody trunk• Pseudostem
– Fruits once
flowers ~ • The flowers are bracteate and terminal, produced
from the growing points of the basal corms.• They are irregular and unisexual, the female flowers
are in clusters ('hands'), while the male flowers are on the end of the flower spike. There are two whorls of three petal-like segments, and five stamens.
Pollination is often by bats or lizards Three types of flowers on inflorescence
• Female flowers - develop into fruit• Hermaphroditic flowers• Male flowers
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Banana flowers
Banana inflorescence
MATURING BANANA INFLORESCENCE
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
BOTANICALLy ThE BANANA IS A BERRy ONE pISTIL
ONE OR MANy SEEd
Seed Remnants
SEEDS~ •The ovary is inferior, the fruit is a fleshy berry with many stony seeds.•The edible Banana is a hybrid and does not produce seeds
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
BANANA VARIETIES• Cavendish– Currently the leading for export– Heavy production, cycle 11 months– Smaller plant (2-3 m) - less wind damage– Marginal post harvest qualities• Does not ripen uniformly - use special
chambers• Susceptible to bruising and discoloration
– Shipped packed in boxes– Resistant to Panama disease
Gros Michel (Big Mike) Leading for 100 years Good production, cycle 13-15 months Tall plants (4-8 m), wind damage Good post harvest qualities
Ripened uniformly Resistant to bruising and discoloration
Shipped as bunches Susceptible to Panama disease
Replaced by Cavendish - resistant to Panama disease
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Tissue Culture: •This method of propagation is increasing to provide disease free stock.
•The big problem is to reduce off types from tissue-culture induced variability.
•Some variants occur with very high frequency and careful control is need to reduce their frequency.
Banana
Cultural Practices:•Deep planting gives sturdier tree.
•Planting time is best carried out before wet season to give maximum growth unless irrigation is available.
•Dry season, however, gives less disease.
•Spring planting is the rule in the subtropics.
•Roots of banana are shallow so tillage should be minimum.
•Use of herbicides allows clean cultivation.
Pruning and Staking:•The removal of unwanted suckers is known as pruning.
•These are cut at or below ground level.
•The critical management problem is to set up the follow-up plant to get the desired spread in fruiting in relation to market price or weather.
•It is undesirable to get two plants giving fruit at the same time.
•Staking is used to prevent blowdown.
•In Taiwan government only compensates staked field after blowdown.
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Production
Fruiting Stem
1st ReplacementDaughter
2nd ReplacementGrand daughter
Fruiting Mat
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
January 15.5 C isotherm
June 15.5 C isotherm
1,270 mm isohyets
1,270 mm isohyets
Banana Cultivation and ClimateMost Banana/Plantain Production within Region with
Winter Temperate Greater than 15.5 C (60 F) and Rainfall greater than 1,270 mm (50”)
(Figure 6.1 from Simmonds, 1966)
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Banana plants Take 8-9 months to f lower
11-14 leaves Six leaves needed for good production
Bunch take 3 months to develop
Fruit ing cycle for Dwar f Cavendish is 11 months
•100 gm edible pulp•85 calories, mostly carbohydrates•Vitamin, A, C, B1, B2, niacin•Minerals, very high in K
•Reduce risk of high blood pressure and strokes.
•Fruit Protection•Blue plastic bags are placed around fruit stems to increase yield.•Removal of withered style suggested to preventdisease in ‘Gros Michel’ but may abscise naturally.•Removal of male bud may lighten bunch.
•nutritionAL VALue
Fruit Ripening:•Bananas are harvested in the green stage and ripening is controlled by temperature and ethylene.
•Because of long distance shipment, proper harvest time and ripening procedures is the key factor in the commercial industry.
•Ripening bananas may be held 56 to 60°F; lower temperatures cause chilling injury and discoloration of the skin.
•If kept at low humidity fruit gets mealy at any temperature.
Banana
BANANA GREENHOUSE
Banana
Banana as an intercrop
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