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Bio 12 Unit O: Excretory System Excretor:
Standards: I can explain the overall function of the urinary system I can outline the major organs and their function in the urinary system I can explain how urine production contributes to homeostasis
NO ADVANCED!THAT MEANS YOU NEED TO KNOW EVERYTHING!!
Excretory System: AKA: the __________________ system (how you make pee!)
TWO FUNCTIONS OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM: _______________________________: the control of the gain and loss of water and dissolved solutes _______________________________: the disposal of metabolic wastes
Osmoregulation:Compared to our aquatic relatives, land animals need to be very aware of our ________________ intake/output
Land animals ____________ water by drinking and eating ____________ water by evaporation and waste disposal
Their ____________________, behavioral adaptations, and waterproof skin help to conserve water (VERY important!)
CONNECTION:Do we need to drink eight glasses of water each day?
Water lost in thermoregulation can cause _______________________________ problems
Is it true you can “drown” from drinking too much water?? YES!! BUT…It's very, very rare – you’d need to drink many, many litres of water in a very short
amount of time. Its called ______________________________: too much water in our blood, dilutes the
salts/solutes to the point where the blood becomes hypotonic to the body’s cell causing them to swell (NOT good – especially in the brain!!) can be fatal!!
_________________ is usually an adequate guide to water intake – usually by the time you’re thirsty you are already dehydrated!
Animals must dispose of __________________________ wastes Nitrogenous wastes are the toxic _____________________ from the breakdown of _________________ ________________________ is poisonous but soluble and is easily disposed of by animals _____________________ is less toxic and easier to store Some land animals save water by excreting ______________ ____________ - virtually dry waste Urea and uric acid take ___________________ to produce
The liver has _____ functions:1) Produces ______________ from ammonia2) ___________________: converts alcohol fats (which are stored
in the liver leads to a fatty liver – NOT good!) 3) Produces ___________: emulsifier of fats, stored in the gall
bladder4) Produces __________ ______________ _______________ and
lipoproteins (EX. Albumin- regulating osmotic pressure; fibrinogen/prothrombin – clotting)
5) Adjusts the ___________ _____________ level: glucose glycogen based on pancreatic hormones (insulin & glucagon)
6) Removes _________ ____________ ___________ ___________ from the blood, send the hemoglobin to the bone marrow and the rest is converted into bile
The _________________ has a strategic location in the body between the intestines and the heart Alcohol consumption can damage the liver
Liver function can be impaired by excessive alcohol consumption (converts alcohol fats creating a _________liver) or ______________ (inflammation of parts of liver, which can lead to liver _____________: parts or all of liver stop working)
The excretory system plays several major roles in __________________ The excretory system expels ______________ and regulates water and ion balance _______________, the functional units of the kidneys extract a __________________ from the blood
and refine it to ________________ Urine leaves the kidneys via ________________ is stored in the urinary ____________________, and is
expelled through the _________________
HepaticPor talvein
Kidneys
Intestines
Liver
Overview: The key processes of the excretory system are filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion In __________________ blood pressure forces water and many small solutes into the nephron (occurs
in ___________________ ________________ in the _____________________)
Figure 25.9A–D D Detailed structure of a nephron
2 _____ __ ______ with capillary network
Branch ofrenal vein
Arteriolefromglomerulus
Arteriolefrom renalartery
Bowman’s capsule
_______________
Fromanothernephron
Capillaries
3 _______ tubule
1 _______ tubuleGlomerulus
Renal medulla
Renal cortex
Torenalpelvis
Collectingduct
Nephrontubule
Renal vein
Renal artery
C Orientation of a nephron within the kidney
Bowman’scapsule
B The kidney
Ureter
Renal pelvis
Renal medulla
Renal cortex
Kidney
A The excretory system
Urethra
Urinary bladder
Ureter
Renal artery and vein
Inferiorvena cava
Aorta
In __________________________ valuable solutes are reclaimed from the filtrate (occurs through the rest of the nephron: in the PCT, LoH, DCT & CD)
In ____________________excess H+ and toxins are added to the filtrate (occurs in PCT & DCT) The product of all of the above processes is urine which is _____________________
From blood to filtrate to urine: A closer look Nutrients, salt, and water are reabsorbed from the _____________and _______________tubules
Blood pH is regulated by the ______________________ of H+ and __________________________ of HCO3
– There is a network of blood capillaries (_________
_____________) that are located over the Loop of Henle which reabsorb many nutrients and salts
High_________ concentration in the ________________ promotes reabsorption of water in the Loop of Henle
Nephron tubule
Interstitial fluidCapillary
UrineH2O, other small molecules
LOOP OF HENLE DETAILS!! ____________________ loop is only permeable to _________ (osmosis) ___________________ loop in only permeable to ____________ (actively pumped) Best to imagine it happening backwards with ascending first (pump out salt) and then descending (water follows
passively by osmosis)
Overview: reabsorption and secretion in a nephron
Reabsorption
Secretion
Filtrate composition H2O
NaCI HCO3
H Urea Glucose Amino acids Some drugs
Medulla
Urine (to renal pelvis)
H2O
H2O
UreaNaCI
NaCI
NaCILoop ofHenle
Collectingduct
K+ H+
H2OHCO3
NaCI
Cortex
H+Somedrugsand poisons
Nutrients H2O
H2OHCO3
NaCl
Distal tubuleProximal tubuleBowman’scapsule
Blood
Collecting Duct: reabsorbs_________________ under __________________ control; regulates how concentrated the urine is, in response to blood osmolarityHORMONE:Antidiuretic hormone (______): regulates the amount of water the kidneys excrete by controlling the # of ___________________ in the collecting duct
ADH production is inhibited by ______________ consumption
CONNECTION Kidney dialysis can be a lifesaver by compensating for kidney failure
A dialysis machine removes wastes from the blood and maintains its solute concentration
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