mr. motuk 8th grade science: chapter 1

What is Earth SciencePages 5 to 9 (Textbook)

Chapter 1-1

ScienceThe process of observing, explaining, and

understanding things in our world; means “having knowledge”; divided into four general areas: Chemistry, Physics, Life Science, and Earth Science. (p 6)

(Key Science Words)

The Four Major SciencesChemistryLife SciencePhysicsEarth Science

EARTH SCIENCEEarth Science is divided into four specific

areas of study:GeologyMeteorologyAstronomyOceanography

GeologyThe study of Earth and its matter, processes,

and history. (p 8)Death Valley California

AstronomyThe study of object in space, including

stars, planets, comets, and their origins

MeteorologyThe study of the Earth’s weather and the

forces that it causes. (p 8)

OceanographyThe study of Earth’s oceans, their

processes, and life within them. (p 8)

Questions 1 - 4

What is Earth Science?

Science

Earth Science

Life Science

Astronomy

What is Earth Science

Physics

Geology

Chemistry

Meteorology

Oceanography

What is Earth Science?

Fire up the Numa Numa!

Astronomy

Geology

Meteorology

Oceanography

Chapter 1 –Section 2

Applying SciencePages 10 to 11

Textbook

TechnologyTechnology is the use of scientific

discoveries.Technology is transferable , it can be used

in new situations. What is an example of a piece of

technology being used or modified to be used in another situation?

The Effects of TechnologyTechnology can have both positive and

negative effects. Postitive:

Satellites for predicting weather, monitor pollution, etc.

Give an example of a positive effect of technology. Negative

When forests are cleared to build cities, soil erosion increases, and weather patterns can change.

Jobs can be lost because human are replaced with robots.

Pollution (Coal Stokers, Cars, etc)

Use pgs 10 -11 in your textbook

Scientific

Forests

machines

robots

technology

problems pollution

environment

Use pgs 10-11 in your textbook

Technology

Technology is the use of scientific discoveries.

Cars, Computers, Robots, Air Conditioners,

Dangerous work can now be done by robots instead of people.

Use pgs 10-11 in your textbook

Technology has improved medicine, health care, and foods.

Technology can cause pollution.

Air Conditioners can be helpful by keeping rooms cool.

Air conditioners release chemicals that can be harmful to the environment.

Pollution Video

Chapter 1 (Section 3)

Solving ProblemsPages 12 to 18

Textbook

Strategies use to Solve ProblemsRead pages 12 to 15 in your textbook. Answer Section Wrap-Up question number 1.List some strategies you can use to solve

problems. (below)Identify the problem, collect information;

make lists to help organize information; use trial and error; solve a simpler problem; make a model or a drawing or graph; separate important information from unimportant information; analyze your conclusion; use the scientific notation.

Answers

ANSWER

Steps of the Scientific Method 1. Determine the problem2. Make a hypothesis

a. Hypothesis is an educated guess.

3. Test your hypothesis 4. Analyze your results. 5. Draw conclusion.

**These steps must be memorized!!

Variables and Controls A. An experiment should have only ONE

variable being tested at a time. 1. A variable is a changeable factor in an

experiment.

B. Why should you only have one variable being tested at a time?

1. If more than one variable is tested at a time, you don’t know what is causing the end result.

Theories and Laws A. Theory

1. An explanation backed by results obtained from repeated tests or experiments is a theory.

B. Law1. A well tested description of the behavior of

something in nature; predict or describe what will happen in a given situation but don’t explain why.

Chapter 1 (Section 4)

Measurement and SafetyPages 19 to 25

Textbook

IV. MeasurementA. International System of Units (SI)

1. Si is a modern version of the metric system.

2. SI is based on a decimal system that uses the number 10 as the base unit.

3. Only 3 Countries consider the customary system (Our system…3ft = 1yd etc)

a. See Next Slide

The 3 Countries who don’t use Metric

IV. MeasurementB. Length

1. The standard unit in SI for length is the METER..

2. A meter is larger than a yard.

IV. MeasurementC. Mass

1. The standard unit in SI for mass is a Gram.

2. Mass is the amount of matter in an object.

a. Mass depends on the number and kinds of atoms that make up an object.

IV. MeasurementD. Weight

1. Weight is the measure of gravitational force on a mass.

a. Gravity is an attraction force that exists between all objects.

2. The standard measurement for weight is the NEWTON.

a. Sir Isaac Newton was the first person to describe gravity.

IV. MeasurementE. Area (Area of any rectangle is Length X width)

1. Area requires a combination of SI units.2. Area is the amount of surface included within a set

of boundaries.3. Area is measured in square centimeters.

a. cm2

b. cm2 is the same thing as cm X cm…

4. Example…the area of a rectangle that is 4cm by 3m would be 12 cm2.

a. Because….that would be 4cm X 3cm= 4 X 3 X cm X cm…

IV. MeasurementF. Volume

1. Volume is a measure of how much space an object occupies.

2. Liquid Volume is measured in milliliters in a beaker.

a. Liquid volume can also be measured in cubic centimeters (cm3)

b. One 1ml is equal to 1cm3

Measurement. F. Volume (Continued)

3. Graduated Cylinder and a Beaker a. A graduated cylinder is more accurate and

precise than a beaker when measuring liquids.

Graduated cylinder

Beaker

Stop!

Measurement (How to read a beaker or graduated cylinder)

3. The Meniscusa. A characteristic of liquids in glass

containers is that they curve at the edges. This curvature is called the meniscus. You measure the level at the horizontal center or inside part of the meniscus. With water in glass, the meniscus will curve up at the edges and down in the center so we say you read the bottom of the meniscus.

The meniscus in a graduated cylinder

A characteristic of liquids in glass containers is that they curve at the edges. This curvature is called the meniscus. You measure the level at the horizontal center or inside part of the meniscus. With water in glass, the meniscus will curve up at the edges and down in the center so we say you read the bottom of the meniscus.

Only copy the diagram!!

MeasurementG. Density

1. Density is a measure of the amount of matter that occupies a particular space.

2. Density = Mass/ Volume3. Density is measured in grams per cubic

centimeter. a. g/cm3

Circle of StupidityCan be used with

any formula with three variables.

A= l X wD = m/vn/4 = 24

Division Bar

Next to each other is multiplication

Finding Density, mass, or volume

If the Volume of an object is 3 cm3 and the Density is 8 g/cm3; What is the mass of that object?

If the Mass of an object is 51 grams, and the Density is 17 g/cm3; What is the volume?

H. Temperature1. SI unit for temperature is Kelvin.

a. The Symbol for Kelvin is K.

2. Many Scientists use Celsius instead of Kelvin.

b. The symbol for Celsius is C.

3. Common temperatures in Celsius:a. Freezing point= 0 degreesb. Boiling Point = 100 degrees.

I. Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius1. You can use this website if you are near a

computer.2. NOAA website3. Formula for converting F to Celsius

a. Subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temp and divide by 1.8

4. Formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit

a. Multiply the Celsius temp by 1.8 and add 32.

J. Safety in the LabA. Please see page 26 in your textbook.

Converting Metric Units 1. Kilo—Hecto—Deca—BASE—deci—centi—

mili2. Largest------------------Base----------------

smallest3. Move the decimal left or right…b/c the

metric system is based on 10…just like our number system..

4. Any unit that is only 1 letter m(meter), g(gram), l (liter)..is a base unit

5. King-Henry-Died-By-drinking-chocolate-milk

Converting Metric Units Kilo—Hecto—Deca—BASE—deci—centi—miliHow this works:5 kg= _______ g…Problem starts with Kilograms…so we start at

K. They want the answer in g (grams) a base unit

(only 1 letter)So we move from K to Base..3 spots to the

right. Then we move the decimal in 5kg 3 spots to

the right = 5000 grams!!!

Metric Conversion Game 1. Complete all of the answers with the

partner at your table. 2. Once complete have answers checked by

Mr. Motuk. 3. You can change any incorrect answers

until you get the right answer if you want. 4. Answers will be collected at the end of

class and checked for correctness. 5. Play the game with the dice when you fill

confident in all of your answers.

Metric Conversion Practice

1. Mass 2. Celsius

3. Area 4. Centi-

5. Gravity 6. Meter

7. Density 8. Kelvin

9. Weight 10. Gram

11. Volume 12. milli-

13. What are the only two letters not used in this puzzle?

13. SI