montgomery v etreppid # 83 | us motion for p.o. with negroponte declaration
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8/20/2019 Montgomery v eTreppid # 83 | US Motion for P.O. with Negroponte Declaration
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PETER D. KEISLER Assistant Attorney GeneralDANIEL G. BOGDENUnited States AttorneyDistrict of NevadaGREG ADDINGTON
Assistant United States Attorney Nevada Bar 6875100 West Liberty, Suite 600Reno, Nevada 89501VINCENT M. GARVEYDeputy Branch Director CARLOTTA P. WELLSSenior Trial CounselFederal Programs BranchCivil Division - Room 7150U.S. Department of Justice20 Massachusetts Ave., NW/P.O. Box 883Washington, D.C. 20044
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEVADA
ETREPPID TECHNOLOGIES, LLC, ))
Plaintiff, ) ) CV-N- 06-00145 (BES)(VPC)v. ) )DENNIS MONTGOMERY, et al., )
)Defendants. )
)
DENNIS MONTGOMERY, et al., ))Plaintiffs, )
) CV-N-06-00056 (BES)(VPC)v. )
)ETREPPID TECHNOLOGIES, INC., )et al., )
)Defendants. )
____________________________________)
NOTICE OF MOTION AND MOTION FOR
PROTECTIVE ORDER BY THE UNITED STATES
TO ALL PARTIES AND THEIR ATTORNEYS OF RECORD: Please take notice that,
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c), defendant, the United States Department of
Defense (DoD), hereby submits its motion for a protective order to prevent disclosure of
information that could harm the national security interests of the United States. In addition, DoD
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The United States Department of Defense (DoD) has been named a party to this litigation,1
but has moved to dismiss the claims against it on jurisdictional grounds. Even if DoD is
dismissed as a party, the United States’ interest in protecting national security information would
remain and, if appropriate, the government could file a statement of interest pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 517. That statute provides that "any officer of the Department of Justice, may be sent
by the Attorney General to any State or District in the United States to attend to the interests of
the United States in a suit pending in a court of the United States, or in a court of a State, or to
attend to any other interest of the United States."
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moves to stay its discovery obligations during the pendency of its motions to dismiss all claims
against the government in these cases. The motion is based on this notice of motion and motion
and the following memorandum of points and authorities.
MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES
IN SUPPORT OF UNITED STATES’ MOTION FOR PROTECTIVE ORDER
INTRODUCTION
The United States seeks a protective order in these cases pursuant to Rule 26(c) to1
prevent the disclosure of information relating to (1) the existence or non-existence of any actual
or proposed relationship, agreement, connection, contract, transaction, communication, or
meeting of any kind between an intelligence agency as defined in 50 U.S.C. § 401(a)(4), which
includes intelligence elements of the military services; and (2) any actual or proposed interest in,application, or use by any intelligence agency, or any current or former official, employee, or
representative thereof, of any technology, software, or source code owned or claimed by any
individuals or entities associated with these lawsuits. The basis for the protective order is that
the information is protected by the military and state secrets privilege. That privilege, as properly
asserted by the United States here, acts as an absolute bar when disclosure of the material would
harm national security, regardless of a party’s need for the information. As explained in the
declarations accompanying this motion, because the disclosure of information at issue in this
litigation reasonably could be expected to cause serious, and in some cases exceptionally grave,
damage to national security, see Declaration of John D. Negroponte (Negroponte Dec.), attached
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The classified in camera, ex parte declaration can be made available for review by the2
Court at its convenience. Because of the declaration’s classification level, however, it must be
stored at all times, except when being reviewed by appropriate personnel, in a Sensitive
Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF).
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hereto as Exhibit 1; see also Classified Declaration to be submitted in camera ex parte, the2
United States' interest in preserving its state secrets is overriding and must be safeguarded, even
if a party is thereby precluded from establishing its legal position in these cases.
The assertion of the privilege does not mean that there is actually a relationship betweenthe intelligence community and any individual or entity involved in these cases. Rather, as Mr.
Negroponte explains, in order to protect from disclosure those instances where there is a
relationship, the United States must prevent the disclosure of information that would tend to
either confirm or deny that any relationship or connection exists even in cases where there is no
such relationship. See Negroponte Dec. ¶ 12. To do otherwise would inevitably lead to the
compromise of national security information, because if the United States were forced to deny
relationships where none existed, the United States' refusal to respond to future allegations in
other cases would, as one district court explained, "be tantamount to a confirmation." See
Maxwell v. First National Bank of Maryland, 143 F.R.D. 590, 595 (D. Md. 1992). For these
reasons, the Court should uphold the United States' assertion of the military and state secrets
privilege and enjoin the disclosure of any information that might tend to confirm or deny the
existence or non-existence of any relationship (including any communication, meeting or
transaction) between the U.S. intelligence community and any individual or entity associated
with the underlying events giving rise to these suits, as well as any actual or proposed interest in,
application, or use by any intelligence agency other than the United States Air Force of any
technology, software, or source code owned or claimed by any individuals or entities associated
with these lawsuits.
Further, on June 21, 2006, DoD filed motions to dismiss all of the claims against it as
asserted in these cases. Etreppid filed its notices of non-opposition on July 10, 2006.
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DoD does not take a position with respect to whether discovery between eTreppid and3
Montgomery should proceed notwithstanding the pendency of the government’s motion to
dismiss.
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Montgomery’s opposition were filed, under seal, on September 15, 2006. Defendant has not yet
been served with discovery requests, although the deadline for the parties to produce their initial
disclosures was, by stipulation of the parties, August 14, 2006. In its motions to dismiss, DoD
argued that the Court should dismiss these actions as to DoD for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. If the Court grants the government’s motions, it will dispose of the claims against
DoD in their entirety. Therefore, in the interests of judicial economy, the Court should exercise
its discretion under Rule 26(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and stay all discovery
relating to DoD pending its ruling on the government’s motions to dismiss.3
Counsel for the parties conferred in an attempt to reach agreement on the issues raise in
this motion, but were unable to do so.
BACKGROUND
A. Factual Statement
The instant litigation is comprised of two actions, Civil Action No. 06-00056 (hereinafter
referred to as the “Federal Case”) and Civil Action No. 06-00145 (hereinafter referred to as the
“Removed Case”). Dennis Montgomery, et al. (Montgomery) and eTreppid Technologies, Inc.
(eTreppid) have filed countersuits relating, inter alia, to claims involving copyright infringement,
misappropriation of trade secrets, breach of contract, and breach of fiduciary duty. Montgomery
also has filed claims against DoD in both suits, seeking declaratory relief in both as well as relief
for copyright infringement in the Federal Case. The dispute between the private parties primarily
concerns the ownership of source codes and their derivatives, see Federal Case Complaint ¶¶ 11-
14; Removed Case Complaint ¶¶ 31-33; Removed Case Countercomplaint ¶ 23.
In a complaint originally filed in state court, eTreppid has asserted a claim of entitlement
to protect and recover trade secrets from Montgomery. Removed Case Complaint ¶ 35.
Montgomery, a former employee, officer, and director of the company, filed a counter-complaint
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as well as a federal court action, alleging that eTreppid had infringed his copyright interests.
Montgomery claims that he is an inventor and software developer who developed software for
which he was granted copyrights in 1982. Removed Case Counter-complaint ¶ 8; Federal Case
Complaint ¶ 8. Montgomery asserts that, after registration of the copyrights, he developedderivative works based on the copyrighted technology. Removed Case Counter-complaint ¶ 9;
Federal Case Complaint ¶ 9. In September 1998, Montgomery and counter-defendant Warren
Trepp formed eTreppid. Removed Case Counter-complaint ¶ 10; Federal Case Complaint ¶ 10.
Pursuant to an agreement entered into between Montgomery and Trepp, Montgomery alleges he
contributed certain technology in exchange for a 50 percent interest in eTreppid. Id.
The dispute between Montgomery and eTreppid stems from the issue of the extent to
which Montgomery retained the sole interest in the derivative works based on the copyrighted
technology. Removed Case Counter-complaint ¶¶ 11-14; Federal Case Complaint ¶¶ 11-14.
Montgomery alleges that, in 2003, eTreppid “began sublicensing the Derivative Works to various
entities, including the United States government and collecting licensing fees for the
sublicenses,” without having a license to take such action. Removed Case Counter-complaint ¶¶
16-18; Federal Case Complaint ¶¶ 16-18. Further, Montgomery claims that, to the extent
eTreppid had “an oral nonexclusive license to exploit the Derivative Works,” such oral license
was terminated in January 2006. Removed Case Counter-complaint ¶¶ 17-18; Federal Case
Complaint ¶¶ 17-18. For its part, eTreppid claims that Montgomery has misappropriated trade
secrets, violated the terms of his contracts with eTreppid, and improperly converted confidential
information for his own use. Removed Case Complaint ¶¶ 36, 43, 46.
Montgomery also has asserted a claim against DoD. Montgomery alleges that he is
prevented from fully disclosing the information he needs to present his case because he signed a
“secrecy contract” with the United States government relating to the nature of the work that he
performed on behalf of the government while associated with eTreppid and that disclosure of
such information could subject him to criminal prosecution. Federal Complaint ¶¶ 69, 71;
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Removed Case Counter-complaint ¶ 24. Montgomery claims that he can neither defend against
eTreppid’s claims nor prosecute his own without revealing the “nature of the technology, the type
of work he has performed on the government contracts using his technology versus that of
eTreppid, and the capabilities of his technology . . . in performing work for certain governmentagencies.” Federal Case Complaint ¶¶ 71; Removed Case Counter-complaint ¶¶ 24. Accord
Federal Case Complaint ¶¶ 72; Removed Case Counter-complaint ¶¶ 25. Montgomery therefore
seeks, in both cases, a declaration that disclosure of such information will not constitute a
violation of the “the contract between Montgomery and the United States to maintain [] secrets,
and/or a declaration of immunity for Montgomery from the United States.” Federal Case
Complaint ¶ 73; Removed Case Counter-complaint ¶ 26.
Montgomery signed a Classified Information Nondisclosure Agreement (Nondisclosure
Agreement), which was executed with the Defense Security Service, an agency within the DoD,
on September 16, 2003. Exhibit 2. Pursuant to the terms of the Nondisclosure Agreement,
Montgomery inter alia: (1) accepted certain obligations in exchange for being granted access to
classified information (para. 1); (2) agreed never to divulge classified information to anyone
unless authorized under the terms of the agreement and to comply with all laws prohibiting the
unauthorized disclosure of classified information (para. 3); (3) stated he had been advised that
the unauthorized disclosure of classified information could violate certain criminal statutes (para.
4); (4) stated he understood that the United States government may seek any remedy available to
it to enforce the terms of the agreement, including but not limited to seeking a court order to
prohibit the unauthorized disclosure of classified information (para. 6); (5) stated he understood
that the classified information to which he would have or obtain access to was and would remain
the property and under the control of the United States government (para. 7); and (6) agreed that
the conditions and obligations imposed upon him under the agreement apply unless and until he
is relieved of such obligations in writing by an authorized representative of the United States
government (para. 8). Id.
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B. Terms of the Proposed Protective Order
The proposed protective order (Exhibit 3) states that certain intelligence information that
may or may not be relevant to the claims and defenses of the parties to this litigation is subject to
the state secrets privilege, the disclosure of which reasonably could be expected to cause serious,and in some cases exceptionally grave, damage to the national security of the United States (para.
1). The proposed order then defines the categories of information that shall not be discussed,
mentioned or otherwise subject to discovery or disclosure during all proceedings in this action:
2. The parties to these actions shall not serve or take any discoveryrelating to or questioning the existence or non-existence of any actual or proposed relationship, agreement, connection, contract, transaction,communication, or meeting of any kind between any entity in theintelligence community as defined by the National Security Act of 1947,
50 U.S.C. § 401(a)(4), which includes intelligence elements of the militaryservices [hereinafter referred to as “any intelligence agency”], or anycurrent or former official, employee, or representative thereof, and anyindividuals or entities associated with these lawsuits, or any current or former officer or employee thereof.
3. The parties to these actions shall not serve or take any discovery relating to or questioning any actual or proposed interest in, application, or use by anyintelligence agency, or any current or former official, employee, or representativethereof, of any technology, software, or source code owned or claimed by anyindividuals or entities associated with these lawsuits.
Accord paragraphs 5 and 6.
In addition, the proposed order (para. 4) delineates issues relating to the parties’
interactions with the government that would not be precluded. The areas in which questions or
discovery would not be precluded include:
a. The existence and nature of the “Big Safari” contract[hereinafter referred to as “the contract”] between eTreppid, Inc. and the UnitedStates Air Force, including but not limited to the fact that the contract requiredeTreppid to perform data analysis and the fact that the data analysis eTreppid performed under the contract involved image identification technology;
b. The fact that the contract required employees and/or officers of eTreppid, Inc. to sign secrecy agreements with the Department of Defense;
c. The technical specifications relating to any technology, ownedor claimed by any non-government individual or entity associated with theselawsuits, used under the terms of the contract or any other contract, relationship,agreement, connection, contract, transaction, communication, or meeting of any
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kind, unless covered by paras. 2 and 3 above;
d. Any actual or potential commercial or government applicationsof any technology owned or claimed by any non-government individual or entityassociated with these lawsuits at any time, except to the extent that anyapplication is covered by paragraph 2 and/or 3 above; and
e. Facts relating to the issue of ownership, by any non-governmentindividual or entity associated with these lawsuite, of any right or interest in thesource code, software, or other technology owned or claimed by the parties tothese lawsuits, except to the extent that any application is covered by paragraph 2and/or 3 above.
The proposed order also states that, to the extent information or documents are sought by
the private parties that would implicate the information defined in paragraphs 2 and 3 of the
proposed order, then such requests shall be deemed, without the need for objection, not to require
a response that would include any such information (paras. 7 and 8). The proposed order further sets forth measures by which the United States can ensure that the classified information is
protected against disclosure by, for example, requiring service upon attorneys representing the
government of all discovery and motions (para. 10), requiring notice to the government’s
attorneys of all decisions and notices for hearings in this litigation (para 11), authorizing
attendance by attorneys for the United States at all depositions and proceedings as well as their
right to make objections as necessary to protect national security information (para. 12), and
authorizing the participation by attorneys for the United States in any proceeding in this litigation
(para. 13).
Finally, as noted above, the proposed protective order also provides that the government
is excused from its Rule 26 obligations during the pendency of DoD’s motion to dismiss. The
obligations that are to be stayed include complying with the obligation to produce initial
disclosures as all well as all discovery obligations.
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National security information is subject to the exclusive control of the President and the4
Executive Branch of the U.S. Government, pursuant to the President's powers under Article II of
the Constitution. Department of Navy v. Egan, 484 U.S. 518, 527 (1988). Justice Stewart
observed in his concurring opinion in New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713, 728-
29 (1971), as follows:
If the Constitution gives the Executive a large degree of unshared power in the
conduct of foreign affairs and the maintenance of our national defense, then under
the Constitution the Executive must have the largely unshared duty to determine
and preserve the degree of internal security necessary to exercise that power
successfully.
See, e.g., Reynolds, 345 U.S. at 5 (Air Force crash investigation report containing national5
security information was privileged); Fitzgerald v. Penthouse Int'l, Ltd., 776 F.2d 1236, 1242-43
(4th Cir. 1985) (expert testimony on Navy marine mammal research programs was precluded as
privileged); Northrop Corp. v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 751 F.2d 395, 400-402 (D.C. Cir.
1984) (Department of Defense documents containing national security information, including
communications with foreign governments and intra-government letters, were privileged);
Halkin v. Helms, 690 F.2d 977, 990, 993 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (information concerning diplomatic
relations with foreign governments and intelligence-gathering methods and capabilities was
privileged).
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ARGUMENT
I. The Standard Of Review Is A Narrow One, And A Properly InvokedClaim Of The State Secrets Privilege Is An Absolute Bar To Disclosure
The military and state secrets privilege is a unique privilege, with constitutional
underpinnings, which permits the Government to protect against the unauthorized disclosure in4
litigation of information that may adversely affect national security interests. See United States
v. Reynolds, 345 U.S. 1, 7-8 (1953); Black v. United States, 62 F.3d 1115, 1118 (8th Cir. 1995),
cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1154 (1996); Ellsberg v. Mitchell, 709 F.2d 51, 56 (D.C. Cir. 1983), cert.
denied, 465 U.S. 1038 (1984). The privilege is not limited to military secrets, but is “both
expansive and malleable.” Ellsberg, 709 F.2d at 57. Thus, it includes within its scope
information that would result in “'impairment of the nation's defense capabilities, disclosure of intelligence-gathering methods or capabilities, and disruption of diplomatic relations with foreign
governments.'” Black, 62 F.2d at 1118 (quoting Ellsberg, 709 F.2d at 57).5
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The military and state secrets privilege is invoked when the government makes [1] a
"formal claim of privilege, [2] lodged by the head of the department which has control over the
matter, after [3] actual personal consideration by that officer." Reynolds, 345 U.S. at 7-8
(footnotes omitted); Black, 62 F.3d at 1118. The privilege is asserted to protect against theunauthorized disclosure of information that may adversely affect national security interests,
regardless of how the person who has the information or seeks its disclosure is related to the
Government. See generally 2 S. Stone & R. Taylor, Testimonial Privileges § 9.12 at 9-37 (2d ed.
1995). Thus, “the privilege may be invoked only by the government and may be asserted even
when the government is not a party to the case.” Zuckerbraun v. General Dynamics Corp., 935
F.2d 544, 546 (2d Cir. 1991) (citing Fitzgerald, 776 F.2d 1236 (4th Cir. 1985)).
The standard of review of a military and state secrets privilege claim is a "narrow one,"
and "[c]ourts should accord the 'utmost deference' to executive assertions of privilege upon
grounds of military or diplomatic secrets." Halkin v. Helms, 598 F.2d 1, 9 (D.C. Cir. 1978); see
also Reynolds, 345 U.S. at 10; Black, 62 F.3d at 1119. The role of the court is to assess the
validity of the claim of privilege, satisfying itself that there is a reasonable danger that disclosure
will harm national security. Zuckerbraun, 935 F.2d at 546-47. “[T]he government need not
demonstrate that injury to the national interest will inevitably result from disclosure; a showing
of 'reasonable danger' that harm will ensue is sufficient.” Ellsberg, 709 F.2d at 58 (footnote
omitted). In this regard, courts have been “willing[] to credit relatively speculative projections of
adverse consequences [of disclosure].” Id. at 58 n.35.
In considering the claim of military and state secrets privilege, the court should not
“forc[e] a disclosure of the very thing the privilege is designed to protect,” Reynolds, 345 U.S. at
8, although it is appropriate for the court to consider in camera and ex parte declarations or other
submissions of the Government explaining why a matter should be protected, Black, 62 F.3d at
1119. See, e.g., Kasza v. Browner, 133 F.3d 1159, 1169 (9th Cir. 1998); Farnsworth Cannon,
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In a number of contexts, national security concerns require ex parte, in camera review6
of classified information, including any classified state secrets declarations submitted by the
government, to protect such information from unauthorized disclosure. See e.g., Ellsberg, 709
F.2d at 61 ("It is well settled that a trial judge called upon to assess the legitimacy of a statesecrets privilege claim should not permit the requester's counsel to participate in an in camera
examination of putatively privileged material. The rationale for this rule is that our nation's
security is too important to be entrusted to the good faith and circumspection of a litigant's
lawyer (whose sense of obligation to his client is likely to strain his fidelity to his pledge of
secrecy) or to the coercive power of a protective order"); In re Eisenberg, 654 F.2d 1107, 1112
(5th Cir. 1981) ("Our adversarial legal system generally does not tolerate ex parte determinations
on the merits of a civil case. . . . An exception to this principle is made when countervailing
government interests dictate that information sought to be discovered should remain secret.
Privilege questions are determined on the basis of in camera, ex parte examinations of the
evidence."); In re Under Seal, 945 F.2d 1285 (4th Cir. 1991) (classified in camera affidavit
reviewed by both the district court and court of appeals without being disclosed to plaintiff's
counsel); Stillman v. CIA, 319 F.3d 546, 549 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (same); Crater Corp. v. Lucent
Technologies, Inc., 255 F.3d 1361, 1370 n. 4 (Fed. Cir. 2001)(rejecting claims of improper ex
parte communications between the district court and the government in a case between two
private parties but involving classified information).
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Inc. v. Grimes, 635 F.2d 268, 281 (4th Cir. 1980) (en banc)); Maxwell, 143 F.R.D. at 595.6
Likewise, a judicial opinion on a claim of military and state secrets privilege “should not strip the
veil from state secrets even if ambiguity results in a loss of focus and clarity.” Black, 62 F.3d at
1119; see also Ellsberg, 709 F.2d at 59 n.41 (open, detailed discussion by a court of theapplication of general principles to particular facts is impossible in this area of the law).
A properly invoked claim of privilege is an absolute bar to disclosure, no matter how
compelling the need for the information, or relevance thereof, to a proper resolution of the case.
Reynolds, 345 U.S. at 11; Black, 62 F.3d at 1119; Fitzgerald, 776 F.2d at 1240; Northrop, 751
F.2d at 399. In other words, if the court determines that there exists a showing of harm which
might reasonably flow from disclosure, the privilege cannot be overcome by "even the most
compelling necessity." Reynolds, 345 U.S. at 11; In re Under Seal, 945 F.2d at 1288 n.2 (“Upon
proper invocation by the head of the affected department, the privilege renders the information
unavailable regardless of the other party's need in furtherance of the action”); Halkin, 690 F.2d at
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Notwithstanding the need to protect certain information from disclosure, the scope of 7
the information that would be protected by the state secrets privilege in these cases is relatively
limited in scope. For this reason, the government’s proposed protective order specifically
identifies issues relating to the parties’ interactions with the government that would not be
precluded. As a result of the fact that privilege covers only some but not all of the information
relating to the government’s interactions with eTreppid and Montgomery, it appears at this point
that the underlying litigation should be able to proceed in some fashion.
The public declaration is sufficient to establish the United States' military and state8
secrets privilege claim in this case. See Reynolds, 345 U.S. at 8 (the court should not “forc[e] a
disclosure of the very thing the privilege is designed to protect”). Moreover, while "the court
should not jeopardize the security which the privilege is meant to protect by insisting upon an
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990.
If the consequent unavailability of the information precludes either party from
establishing its legal position on the ultimate issues in the case, then the case must be dismissed.
See Black, 62 F.3d at 1119 (case was properly dismissed where privileged information was at thecore of plaintiff's claims); see also Fitzgerald, 776 F.2d at 1241-42 ("in some circumstances
sensitive military secrets will be so central to the subject matter of the litigation that any attempt
to proceed will threaten disclosure of the privileged matters"); Farnsworth, 635 F.2d at 281 ("any
attempt on the part of the plaintiff to establish a prima facie case would so threaten disclosure of
state secrets that the overriding interest of the United States and the preservation of its state
secrets precludes any further attempt to pursue this litigation"); Tilden v. Tenet, 140 F. Supp. 2d
623, 627 (E.D. Va. 2000) (case would be dismissed where there was no way in which lawsuit
could proceed without disclosing state secrets).7
II. The United States Has Properly Invoked The Privilege, And The Court Should Issue AProtective Order Barring Disclosure Of The Information In Question
The United States has properly asserted the military and state secrets privilege in these
cases. The current head of the U.S. Intelligence community, Director of National Intelligence
John D. Negroponte, after personal consideration of the matter, has formally invoked the
privilege on behalf of the United States with respect to the information described in his
declaration. See Reynolds, 345 U.S. at 7-8; Negroponte Dec. ¶¶ 3, 9 (Exhibit 1). As Mr.8
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examination of the evidence, even by the judge alone, in chambers," id. at 10, a more detailed
description of the national security concerns at issue in this case is contained in a classified
declaration which the United States has already prepared. Because that declaration is classified,
it can only be presented for the Court's ex parte, in camera review. The Department of Justice
Security Office can arrange for this Court's ex parte, in camera review of the classified
declaration in a secure setting at the Court's convenience.
-13-
Negroponte explains, the information to be protected from disclosure includes information
concerning the existence or non-existence of any actual or proposed relationship involving any
U.S. intelligence agency and any individuals and/or companies associated with these lawsuits and
any actual or proposed interest in, application of, discussion of, or use by any intelligence agencyof any technology owned or claimed by individuals and/or companies associated with these
lawsuits. Negroponte Dec. ¶ 11. The disclosure of this information, which may or may not be
relevant to the parties’ claims and defenses in their lawsuits relating to copyright ownership and
trade secrets, could reasonably be expected to damage the national security. Id. at ¶¶ 9, 12; see
also Classified Declaration submitted in camera ex parte.
Based on the assertion by the head of the United States intelligence community that
damage to national security could reasonably be expected to result from any disclosure of
information that would tend to confirm or deny the existence or non-existence of any relationship
between the United States intelligence community and the private parties as well as the
application by a member of the U.S. intelligence community of software or technology that the
parties claim to own, the United States' claim of privilege is valid. It therefore meets the narrow
standard of review to which the state secrets claim is subject, and the Court should accord it the
utmost deference. See Halkin v. Helms, 598 F.2d at 9; see also Black, 62 F.3d at 1119. In view
of the United States' showing that unauthorized disclosure of the information described in Mr.
Negroponte’s declaration could reasonably be expected to cause serious, and in some cases
exceptionally grave, damage to national security, whether in response to the parties' discovery
requests or otherwise, disclosure of that information is completely barred, no matter how
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compelling any party's alleged need for the information. Reynolds, 345 U.S. at 11; Northrop,
751 F.2d at 399; Halkin, 690 F.2d at 990.
That the assertion of the military and state secrets privilege might leave a party to litigate
“in the dark” is nothing extraordinary or unusual. Such was the case in Farnsworth, 635 F.2d at281, where plaintiff's counsel was left unaware of the scope of excluded information, as well as
in Maxwell, 143 F.R.D. at 599-600, where plaintiff's counsel was rebuffed in his attempts to
discover matters with respect to which the privilege had been asserted. In such instances, the
Government simply has an “overriding interest.” See Farnsworth, 635 F.2d at 281. Accordingly,
the Court should issue a protective order prohibiting the disclosure of the information at issue in
these cases.
III. In the Interest of Judicial Economy, the Court Should Enter a Protective Order StayingDiscovery Until Resolution of DoD’s Motion to Dismiss.
Courts have broad discretion under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to regulate the
discovery process, Herbert v. Lando, 441 U.S. 153, 177 (1979), including the discretion to deny
discovery. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c); Jarvis v. Regan, 833 F.2d 149, 155 (9th Cir. 1987) (“A
district court's decision to allow or deny discovery is reviewable only for abuse of discretion.”);
Petrus v. Bowen, 833 F.2d 581, 583 (5th Cir. 1987) (“trial court has broad discretion and
inherent power to stay discovery until preliminary questions that may dispose of the case are
determined”); B.R.S. Land Investors v. United States, 596 F.2d 353, 356 (9th Cir. 1979) (“A
district court may properly exercise its discretion to deny discovery where . . . it is convinced that
the plaintiff will be unable to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.”).
Exercise of the Court's discretion to stay discovery is especially appropriate where a
dispositive motion is pending and the discovery sought is not necessary to resolve the issues
raised by that motion. See Alaska Cargo Transport, Inc. v. Alaska R.R. Corp., 5 F.3d 378, 383
(9th Cir. 1993) (stay of discovery was proper where the discovery sought was not relevant to
“whether or not the court ha[d] subject matter jurisdiction”); Jarvis v. Regan, 833 F.2d at 155
(district court properly stayed discovery that was not needed to resolve motion to dismiss); Wood
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v. McEwen, 644 F.2d 797, 801 (9th Cir. 1981) (“A district court may limit discovery ‘for good
cause’ and may continue to stay discovery when it is convinced that the plaintiff will be unable to
state a claim for relief.”) (citation omitted). “Indeed, such a procedure is an eminently logical
means to prevent wasting the time and effort of all concerned, and to make the most efficient useof judicial resources.” Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Department of Energy, 84 F.R.D. 278, 282
(D. Del. 1979).
These are just such cases. Allowing discovery would impose significant and unnecessary
burdens on DoD (and potentially the Court, if there are discovery disputes) at a time when
significant issues have been raised regarding the Court’s jurisdiction over this matter. Discovery
is not needed to resolve those jurisdictional issues and, thus, a stay of discovery is warranted in
these circumstances. See Jarvis, 833 F.2d at 155 (“Discovery is only appropriate where there are
factual issues raised by a Rule 12(b) motion.”); Rae v. Union Bank, 725 F.2d 478, 481 (9th Cir.
1984) (district court properly stayed discovery where plaintiff “failed to point to any specific
information obtainable through discovery that would have enabled” plaintiff to withstand motion
to dismiss). Given the dispositive jurisdictional issues DoD has raised, the principle of judicial
economy favors a stay of discovery until the Court has ruled on the pending motions to dismiss.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the United States' assertion of the military and state secrets
privilege should be upheld, discovery involving the government should be stayed pending the
disposition of DoD’s motions to dismiss, and the government’s motion for a protective order
should be granted.
DATED: September 25, 2006
Respectfully submitted,
PETER D. KEISLER Assistant Attorney General
DANIEL G. BOGDENUnited States AttorneyDistrict of Nevada
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GREG ADDINGTONAssistant United States Attorney Nevada Bar 6875100 West Liberty, Suite 600Reno, Nevada 89501
VINCENT M. GARVEYDeputy Branch Director
/s/ Carlotta P. WellsCARLOTTA P. WELLSSenior Trial CounselFederal Programs BranchCivil Division - Room 7150U.S. Department of Justice20 Massachusetts Ave., NWP.O. Box 883
Washington, D.C. 20044Counsel for Counter-Defendant,United States Department of Defense
IT IS SO ORDERED
Date: _______________, 2006 _______________________________ UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I hereby certify that I am an employee in the office of the United States Department of
Justice, Civil Division in Washington DC and I am of such age and discretion as to be competent
to serve papers. On September 25, 2006, I served copies of the United States Notice of Motion
and Motion for Protective Order, with the accompanying Memorandum of Points and
Authorities, by placing said copies in postpaid envelopes addressed to the persons named below
at the places and addresses stated below and by depositing said envelopes and contents in the
United States mail at the United States Department of Justice, 20 Massachusetts Avenue,
Washington D. C. 20001.
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Ronald J. Logar, Esq.Eric A. Pulver, Esq.LAW OFFICES OF LOGAR & PULVER, PC255 S. Arlington Avenue, Suite AReno, NV 89501
Michael J. Flynn, Esq.Philip H. Stillman, Esq.FLYNN & STILLMAN224 Birmingham Drive, Suite 1A4Cardiff, CA 92007
Stephen J. Peek, Esq.Jerry M. Snyder, Esq.HALE LANE PEEK DENNISON AND HOWARD5441 Kietzke Lane, Second Floor Reno, NV 89511
David A. Jakopin, Esq.Jonathan D. Butler, Esq.PILLSBURY WINTHROP SHAW PITTMAN, L.L.P.2475 Hanover StreetPalo Alto, CA 94304-1114
/s/ Carlotta P. WellsCarlotta P. WellsSenior Trial CounselFederal Programs Branch, Civil DivisionUnited States Department of Justice
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Case 3:06-cv-00056-PMP-VPC Document 83-2 Filed 09/25/06 Page 1 of 11
UNITED STATES MOTION OR
PROTECTIVE ORDER
EXHIBIT 1
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19.
2.006 : 4 9 ~ M
NO
322
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF
NEVADA
ETREPPID TECH:NOLOGIES, LLC
1
Cal i fo rn i a Corpora t ion
1
a )
CV-N-06-00415 BES) ( VPC)
P l a i n t i f f
v .
DENNIS
M ~ N T G O M E R Y
e t .
al.
Defendants .
-;: ;;,·;) /(
DENNIS MONTGOMERY,
e t .
a l .
P l a i n t i f f s
v .
}
•:_ ;·
. .
ETREPPID TECHNOLOGIES,
INC.,
)
e t .
a l .
Defendants .
)
)
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
CV-N-06-00056
(BES) (VPC}
DECLARATION AND FORMAL CLAIM OF
STATE SECRETS AND STATUTORY
PRIVILEGES
BY
JOHN D. NEGROPONTE,
DIRECTOR OF NA:TI·ONAL . ···INTELLIGENCE
I JOHN
D.
NEGROPONTE ,·
hereby dec l a re
s fo l lows:
1 .
I
am
t he
Di rec to r
o f
Nat iona l
I n t e l l i g ence
DNI)
of
the Uni ted
S ta t e s . I
have
he ld
t h i s
pos i t i on
s ince
Apri l 21, 2005. From
June
28, 2004, un t i l my appoin tment
as
DNI,
I served . as
the Unite-d:Sta tes Ambassador
to
I raq .
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O
1ic
11 ) · ~
.,_ .,. . L ,l;(J :
A vl
NO
322
From September l 8 , 2001, u n t i l my appointment in I r aq , I
p
3
served as the
United
Sta t e s Permanent
Represen ta t ive
t:o the
United
Nat ions . I
have
a lso
served as Ambassador to
Honduras
(1981-1985) , Mexico
(1989-1993), and
t he
Phi l ipp iAes
(1993-1996),
and as
Deputy
Ass is tan t to
the
Pres iden t
fo r National
Secur i ty Af fa i r s
(1987-1989)
2. The
s ta tements
mad e
here in are
based on my
personal knowledge, as
wel l
as
on
information prov ided to
me in my o f f i c i a l
capac i ty as
DNI, and
on
my
persona l
eva lua t ion o f
tha t . in fo rmat ion .
In pe rsona l ly
cons ider ing
t h i s
mat te r , I
have
read
t he information contained
in the
separa te c l a s s i f i e d dec la ra t ion f i l e d in c mer and ex
p r t e
in t h i ~
c s e ~
3 .
The purpose
of
t h i s dec la ra t ion i s to a s s e r t
formally·,
i n
my
capac i ty
as DNI
and
head of
t he
Uni ted
Sta tes
I n t e l l i g en ce
Community, the s t a t e sec re t s p r iv i l ege
to p r o t ec t i n t e l l i g e n c e
information
( s t a te se c re t s
p r i v i l e g e ) ,
as wel l as
a s t a t u t o ry
pr iv i l ege
under
the
National
Secur i ty
Act , 50
U.S.C. §
403- l ( i ) (1) , t o p ro t e c t
in t e l l igence sources
~ n d
methods
from unauthorized
d isc losure . Unauthorized di sc losure
of
in fo rmat ion covered
by the
s t a t e
se c re t s and s t a tu to ry p r iv i l eges reasonab ly
could
be
expected to
cause ~ e r i o u s and
in some
cases
except iona l ly
grave damage
to the na t iona l
se c u r i t y
of the
2
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p
1
i f\ j-{
11 · 4
· A
• . • . i\;\) IV NO
3
P
4
United
Sta tes , and·. such in fo rmat ion
should
the re fo re be·
excluded
from any use i n t h i s
l i t i ga t i on .
I . ST TUTORY
ND
EXECUTIVE
ORDER
AUTHORITIES
4 . The
p o s i t i o n
o f
Direc tor
o f Nat ional
I n t e l l i g en ce
was
c rea t ed
by
the
In te l l igence Reform and Terror i sm
Preven t ion Act
o f
2004,
Pub.
L. No.
108-.458, § §
lOll a),
1097, 118 Sta t . 3638, 3643-63, 3698-99 (2004) (amending
sec t ions 102 through
104
o f
Ti t l e
I of the
Nat ional
S e c u r i t y
Act of
1947).
Subjec t to
the au thor i ty ,
d i rec t ion , and
cont ro l of the P res iden t o f t he
United
Sta tes , the
DNI
s e r v e ~
as
the
head
of the United Sta tes
I n t e l l i g en ce Community and as the pr inc ipa l adv isor to the
·Pres iden t , the Nat iona l
Secur i ty Council , and the Homeland
Secur i ty Council
fo r
mat te rs r e l a t e d
to
i n t e l l igence and
na t iona l secur i ty .
See
50
U.S.C.
§
403
(b)
(1) ,
2).
5.
The
United
Sta t e s In te l l igence Community ·
ind ludes the
Off
i ce of the i ~ e c t o r of Nat iona l
In te l l igence ;
the Cen t ra l In te l l igence Agency; t he
Nat ional
Secur i ty Agency; the Defense
In te l l igence
Agency; t h e ·
Nat ional
Geospa t i a l - In t e l l i gence Agency; the
Nat ional
Reconnaissance
Office· ;
o ther off i ces with in the
Department
o f Defense fo r
the
co l l ec t ion
9 f
spec ia l i z ed na t iona l
i n t e l l i g en ce
through reconnaissance programs; the
i n t e l l i g en ce elements . o f
t he m i l i t a ry se rv ice s ,
the Federa l
3
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EP
n f\'rr. ·4rJ·
1
i
1
. ··
;
l 1 o . · U 1vl
NO 32 2
Bureau of Inves t iga t ion ,
and
the Department of Energy;
t he
Off i ce o f I n t e l l i g e n c ~ and Analys is of the Department o f
the Treasury; t he Drug Enforcement A d m i n i st r a ti o n s
In te l l igence
Divis ion; the
Bureau of I n t e l l i g en ce and
Research
of
the
e ~ a r t m e n t of Sta te ;
e lements
o f the
P 5
Department of
Homeland Secur i ty
concerned
with
the
ana lys i s
o f
i n t e l l i g en ce
in fo rmat ion ( inc lud ing the Office
o f
In te l l igence
o f the
Coast
Guard)
;
and
such
othe r
elements
of
any
othe r
department
o r
agency
as
the
Pres iden t
may
des igna te , o r
as may be j o i n t l y des ignated by t he DNI
·and
the head of the department o r agency
concerned, as
an
element
of the
uni ted · Sta tes In te l l igence
Community.
See
50 U.S.C . § 4 01
(a)
(4) .
6. The
r e sp o n s i b i l i t i e s
and au thor i t i e s
o f
the
DNI,
enumerated
in t he
National
Secur i ty
Act,
as
amended,
a t
50
U.S.C. §. 403-1, include ensuring t h a t na t iona l i n t e l l i g en ce
i s provided
to the Pres iden t , the
heads
of
the departments
and agencies
of the Executive Branch,
the Chairman
of t he
J o in t
Chiefs o f
S ta f f and
sen io r m i l i t a ry
commanders,
and
the
Senate and House of
Represen ta t ives and
committees
t he reof .
50 U.S.C. §
403-l(a) .
(1) . The DNI
i s a l so charged
with
es tab l i sh ing the
objec t ive s
of , determining
the
requirements
and
p r i o r i t i e s
fo r
1
and managing and d i r ec t i n g
the
t a sking,
co l l e c t i o n , an a ly s i s , product ion , and
4
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P 6
disseminat ion of nat ional in te l l igence by elements of the
United
Sta tes
Inte l l igence Community. 50
U.S.C.
§ 403-
l f ) (1)
A) i ) ,
i i ) . ·The
DNI is
responsible for developing
and determining, based
on
proposals submitted by heads of
agencies
and
departments
within
the
United
Sta tes
In te l l igence Community, an annual consol ida ted budget for
the National Inte l l igence Program
for
presenta t ion
to
the
Pres ident , and for
ensur ing the ef fec t ive execut ion of the
annual budget for intellige:q.ce and in te l l igence- re la ted
ac t iv i t i e s , including
managing and
a l lo t t i ng appropr ia t ions
for the National Inte l l igence Program. Id
§
403-l(c)
(1)-
5)
.
7 . In addit ion, the National Securi ty Act
of
1947, as
amended, provides
t ha t The Director
o f National
In te l l igence
sha l l
protec t in te l l igence
sources
and
methods
from unauthor ized disc losure .
11
50
U.S.C. § 4 0 3 - l i ) 1) .
Consistent with
t h i s
re spons ib i l i ty ,
the DNT
es tab l i shes
and
implements
the guidel ines of the
United Sta tes
~ n t e l l i g e n c e Community for the c la s s i f i ca t ion of
information
under appl icable
~ a w ·Executive Orders, or
qther
Pres ident ia l d i rec t ives , and access and disseminat ion
of
in te l l igence .
Id_ § 403:-1 i ) (2) (A) b) .
In par t i cu la r , ·
the DNI i s
respons ib le
for the establ ishment of uniform
standards and procedures
for grant ing
access to Sensi t ive
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.
2006
11
: 49
M
NO.
322
P 7
•
Compartmented
Informat ion
to any of f i c e r
or employee
o f
any
agency
o r department
o f
the United Sta t e s
and fo r ensur ing
cons i s t en t
implementat ion
o f those s tandards throughout
such departments and
agencies .
Id .
§
4 0 3 - 1 j ) 1) , 2 ) .
8. By v i r t u e o f my p o s i t i o n as t he DNI, and unless
otherwise d i rec ted by the Pres iden t , I have access
to
a l l
i n t e l l igence
re l a t e d
t o na t iona l
s ecu r i t y
t h a t i s
co l l e c t ed
by any department , agency, or o the r e n t i t y of the
United
Sta tes . Pursuant
to Executive Order 12958,
as
amended,
1
the
Pres iden t has authorized me · to
exerc ise
o r ig in a l
T P SECRET
c l a s s i f i c a t i on au thor i ty .
Afte r
personal
cons ide ra t ion o f
the mat te r , I have
determined
t h a t
the
c l a s s i f i e d ex par t e
in camera dec la ra t ion
which .accompanies
t h i s
a s se r t i o n of
t he
s t a t e s ec r e t s p r i v i l eg e and
the
s t a t u t o ry p r i v i l e g e to
p r o t ec t i n t e l l i g en ce
sources
and methods i s
p ro p e r l y
c l a s s i f i e d under
§ 1 .3 of
E.O. 12958, because t he
unau thor ized publ ic di sc losure
o f
in format ion contained in
t h a t
dec la ra t ion
reasonab ly
could be
expected to cause
se r ious ,
and in some cases
except iona l ly
grave
damage to
the
fo re ign pol i cy
and
na t iona l
s ecu r i t y of the United
Sta tes_
1
Executive
Order
12958 was
amended by
Executive Order
13292. ee
Exec. ·
Order No.
13292, 68 Fed. Reg.
15315
Mar. 28,
2003).
All c i t a t i ons to
Exec. Order
No.
12958 are, to the
Order
as
amended
by Exec. Order
No.
13292.
ee
Exec. Order No. 12,958, 6 Fed. Reg. 19825 1995),
r ep r in ted ,as amended in so U.S.C.A. § 435
note
ai: 180
West
Supp.
2006
.
6
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6 11 : 49
M
I I . SSERTION OF THE ST TE ·SECRETS
ND ST TUTORY PRIVILEGES
NO 3 2
P 8
9.
After
ca re fu l and
ac tua l
personal cons idera t1on
of
the mat te r ,
I
have
determined
t h a t
the
unau thor ized
di sc losure of
c e r t a i n in fo rmat ion
t ha t may be impl ica ted by
the
p a r t i e s
c la ims
in
t h i s
mat te r , as
se t
fo r th here
.and
descr ibed
in more
de ta i l
in the
c l a s s i f i e d
ex par te in
camera dec la ra t ion
which accompanies
t h i s
dec la ra t ion ,
reasonab ly could
be
expected to
cause se r ious , and
in some
c.ases excep t iona l ly grave
damage to
the na t iona l secur i ty
,.,
·' ·•
of
t he United
Sta tes , and
thus
must be
pro tec t ed
from
di sc losure and excluded from t h i s case . Therefore ,
I
fo rmal ly invoke and a s se r t the
s t a t e
s ec r e t s p r i v i l e g e to
preven t the
di sc losure
o f t h a t in fo rmat ion .
10.
Through
t h i s dec la ra t ion ,
I
a l so invoke and
as s e r t a
s t a tu to ry p r iv i l ege held by
the DNI
under
the
: •·:
National
Secur i ty Act as
amended
to
p r o t ec t
the
i n t e l l i g en ce
sources and
methods
impl ica ted by t h i s case .
See
50
U.S.C. § 403- l ( i ) 1) .
My as s e r t i o n
of t h i s
~ t t u t o r y p r iv i l eg e
for
i n t e l l i g e n c e sources and
methods i s
coextensive
with
my
s t a t e
s ec r e t s p r i v i l eg e a s s e r t i o n .
11 .
With
my
a s se r t i o n
of
t he s t a t e
sec re t s
p r i v i l e g e
and the
s t a tu to ry
p r i v i l e g e
to
p r o t ec t i n t e l l i g en ce sources
and methods I r e s p ec t f u l l y . a s k the Court to preven t any
7
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Case 3:06-cv-00056-PMP-VPC Document 83-2 Filed 09/25/06 Page 9 of 11· · ~ r
n ' l ' \C · · 4 9 A ~
t i I 0
IV
NO 322
P
9
•
p a r ty from t e s t i fy i n g , e l i c i t i n g
tes t imony, producing,
di sc los ing , en te r ing
i n to
evidence o r making any othe r use
in discovery , a t t r i a l , o r in any
othe r
way in
connect ion
with t h i s
case ,
in format ion concerning:
a)
the ex i s tence
o r non-ex i s tence of , any ac tua l o r proposed r e la t ionsh ip ,
agreement,
connect ion, con t rac t , t r ansac t ion , communicat ion,
o r meeting o f any kind between
any
e n t i t y in
the
United
Sta tes In te l l igence Community,
o r
any
cur ren t o r former
of f ic ia l · , employee, o r rep re sen ta t ive the reof , and any
i nd iv idua l s o r e n t i t i e s assoc ia t ed with t h i s lawsui t , on
any cur ren t o r
f o ~ r
of f i c e r o r employee the reof ; and b)
any ac tua l
o r
proposed i n t e r e s t
in ,
app l i ca t ion , o r use by
any e n t i t y in the
United
Sta tes In te l l igence Agency, o r any
cur ren t
o r
former
o f f i c i a l , employee,
or rep re sen ta t ive
the reof ,
of
any
technology,
sof tware ,
o r
source
code
owned
o r cla imed by any i n i v i ~ l s o r e n t i t i e s assoc ia ted with
t h i s
l awsui t .
12.
I have
·determined
' t ha t
any
unauthorized
di sc losure o f
t he
in fo rmat ion
descr ibed
in Paragraph 11
reasonab ly cou ld
be
expected
to
cause se r ious , and
in some
case excep t iona l ly -g rave damage to na t iona l secur i ty s ince
the Uni ted
S ta t e s can
n e i t h e r conf i rm nor
deny such
information wit4out
compromising the
effect iveness of
i n t e l l igence
sources and methods. Public
disc losure
of
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0
EP 1
J ' I ' \
1 4 I
A
1
1
·) . . l \ \
\
; IV
NO 3
in fo rmat ion
t ha t conf irms the use o f pa r t i c u l a r
i n t e l l igence s o u r ~ s
and
methods compromises the
effec t iv .eness o f those sources and methods
by
a l e r t i n g
l i k e l y t a rg e t s to t h e i r use
whi le publ ic denia l
of.
the use
o f pa r t i c u l a r
i n t e l l i g en ce
sources
and
methods revea l s to
adversa r ies
t h a t
some
p r ac t i c e s are secure . Any t r u th fu l
re sponse
to conf irm
o r
deny a l lega t ions r e l a t e d to
i n t e l l igence
sources
o r
methods
informs
h o s t i l e
fo re ign
i n t e l l igence agencies ab?ut ' the manner
in which
the United
S ta t e s c o l l e c t s i n t e l l i g en ce in fo rmat ion , and cou ld r e s u l t
in a
lo s s
o f
valuab le
i n t e l l i g en ce
when our adve rsa r i e s are
ab le
to
t ake countermeasures . Simi la r ly , i f t he Uni ted
Sta tes government was r eq u i r ed to admit o r deny a l l eg a t i o n s
made in l i t i g a t i o n concerning i t s c l a s s i f i e d con t rac t ing
process , then
c la sBi f i ed con t rac t r e l a t i o n s h ip s
cou ld
be
exposed .
which
would cause
harm
to the na t iona l
s ecu r i t y .
The prec i se natu re o f the harm t h a t would ensue from the
di sc losure o f the in fo rmat ion pro tec t ed by the s t a t e
s ec r e t s
p r i v i l e g e and s t a t u t o ry
p r iv i l eg e
to p ro t e c t
in t e l l igence sources and
methods
i s
s e t fo r th
i n d e t a i l
in
the · in camera ex p r t e dec la ra t ion .
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P 11
ON LUSION
13
I respec t fu l ly reques t t ha t the Court
gran t
the
Department of
Defense s motion
fo r a
p r o t ec t i v e
orde r .
I hereby dec la re
under
pena l ty
of p e r j u ry t h a t
the
foregoing i s t r u e ~ n co r r ec t .
K
Executed
t h i s
/ 1
day of September 2006
J O k N Z z ~
DIRECTOR
OF
N TION L INTELLIGENCE
:
_.:
1
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