module5 firefightingfoamprinciplesandethanol blended
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Module 5: Fire FightingFoam Principles and
Ethanol-Blended Fuel
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Objective
Upon the successful completion of thismodule, participants will be able todevelop foam use strategies for
controlling / fighting fires associatedwith ethanol-blended fuels.
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Introduction
Production of ethanol large & likely tocontinue to increase
Predominate danger from tanker trucks &
rail cars carrying large amounts of ethanol, manufacturing facilities, & storage facilities
Responders need to be prepared for
large-scale emergencies & prepared withmost effective techniques & extinguishingmedia
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Basic Foam Principles
What is foam?– “…an aggregate of air-filled bubbles formed
from aqueous solutions which is lower indensity than flammable liquids. It is used
principally to form a cohesive floating blanketon flammable and combustible liquids, andprevents or extinguishes fire by excluding airand cooling the fuel. It also prevents reignitionby suppressing formation of flammable vapors.
It has the property of adhering to surfaces,which provides a degree of exposureprotection from adjacent fires” (NFPA 11).
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Basic Foam Principles
Why use foam?
–Only agent capable of suppressingvapors & providing visible proof of
security
–Foam blanket on unignited spill canprevent fire
–Suppression of vapors prevents themfrom finding ignition source
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Basic Foam Principles
Why use foam?
–Can provide post-fire security byprotecting hazard until it can be
secured / removed
–Can provide protection from flammableliquids for fire & rescue personnel during
emergency operations
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Basic Foam Principles
How foam works:
–Foam can:
Exclude oxygen from fuel vapors
Cool fuel surface with water content of foam
Prevent release of flammable vapors fromfuel surface
Emulsify fuel
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Basic Foam Principles
How foam works:
– Foam tetrahedron:
Before being usedmust beproportioned & aerated
4 elements:
– Foam concentrate
– Water
– Air
– Aeration
Copyright 2007, TEEX/ESTI
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Basic Foam Principles
What is foam not effective on?
–Foam is not effective on Class Celectrical fires:
Foam contains 94–97% water & waterconducts electricity
Class C fires can be extinguished usingnonconductive extinguishing agents
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Basic Foam Principles
What is foam not effective on?
–Foam is not effective on 3-dimensionalfires:
Recommended to first control spill fire
Extinguish flowing fire using dry chemicalagent
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Basic Foam Principles
What is foam not effective on?
–Foam is not effective on pressurizedgases:
Vapor pressure too high for foam to beeffective
Examples:
– Propane
– Butane
– Vinyl chloride
– Butadiene
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Basic Foam Principles
What is foam not effective on?
–Foam is not effective on combustiblemetals:
Combustible metals usually react with water
Fires involving combustible metals requirespecialized techniques & extinguishingagents
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Basic Foam Principles
What is foam effective on?
–Effective at suppressing vapors & extinguishing Class B fires
–2 categories of Class B products:
Hydrocarbons
Polar solvents
–Hydrocarbons–Polar solvents
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Basic Foam Principles
Foam terminology:
–Foam concentrate
–Foam solution
–Finished foam
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Basic Foam Principles
Types of foam:
–Protein foam
–Fluoroprotein foams
–AFFF
–FFFP
–AR foam
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Basic Foam Principles
Foam characteristics:
–Knockdown
–Heat resistance
–Fuel tolerance
–Vapor suppression
–Alcohol tolerance
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Foam Characteristics
Property Protein Fluoroprotein AFFF FFFP AR-AFFF
Knockdown Fair Good Excellent Good Excellent
HeatResistance Excellent Excellent Fair Good Good
FuelTolerance
Fair Excellent Moderate Good Good
Vapor
Suppression
Excellent Excellent Good Good Good
AlcoholTolerance
None None None None Excellent
Source: National Foam
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Basic Foam Principles
Foam proportioning & delivery systems:
Concentration levels:
– Hydrocarbons: 3%
– Polar solvents: 6%
Foam proportioningsystems:
– Eductors:
In-line
eductors:Advantages
Property of Chauncey Naylor, reprinted with permission
Property of Chauncey Naylor, reprinted with permission
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Basic Foam Principles
Foam proportioning& deliverysystems:
– Foam proportioningsystems:
Eductors:
– Bypass eductors
– Common eductor
failures
Copyright 2007, TEEX/ESTI
Property of Chauncey Naylor, reprinted with permission
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Basic Foam Principles
Foam proportioning & delivery systems:
– Foam proportioning systems:
Foam nozzles:
– Foam proportioning nozzles:
Advantages
Copyright 2007, TEEX/ESTI
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Basic Foam Principles
Foam proportioning& deliverysystems:
– Foam proportioningsystems:
Air aspiratingnozzles
Non-air aspirating
nozzles
Copyright 2007, TEEX/ESTI
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Basic Foam Principles
Application techniques:
–Never plunge foam directly into the fuel
–Bounce-off:
Effective if there is an object in / behind spillarea
–Bank-in:
Particularly effective with non-air aspiratingfog nozzles
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Basic Foam Principles
Application techniques:
–Rain-down:
Nozzle elevated & foam allowed to fall over
spill as gently as possible
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Foam and Ethanol andEthanol-Fuel Blends
Foams not developed for applicationon alcohol- / ethanol-blended fuels:
– Ineffective on fuels containing alcohols /
ethanol: Alcohol / Ethanol attacks & absorbs foam
solution
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Foam and Ethanol andEthanol-Fuel Blends
AR foams:
–Forms tough membrane between foamblanket & alcohol-type fuel
–Crucial to use in combatingethanol-blended fuel fires
–Apply gently to surface of alcohol- /
ethanol-blended fuels
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Foam and Ethanol andEthanol-Fuel Blends
AR foams:
–Use Type II application techniques:
Apply indirectly to fire
–Type III application:
Effective only when deflected off surfaces
Best option may be to protect surroundingexposures
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Foam and Ethanol andEthanol-Fuel Blends
Require higher flow rate of foam toextinguish fires:
–AFFF-type: 1 gpm foam / 10 ft2 burning
surface on hydrocarbon-type fuel
–Ethanol-blended fuels: 2 gpm foam / 10ft2 of AR type foam
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Foam Recommendations forFire Departments
Consider converting to AR foamconcentrates
Develop means of having cache of AR foam readily available
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Foam Recommendations forFire Departments
AR foams effective on both alcohol & hydrocarbon fires:
–Some have quicker knockdown abilities
& longer foam retention times thanprotein-based hydrocarbon foams
–Thermal imaging camera recommended
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Foam Recommendations forFire Departments
Copyright ERG
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Foam Recommendations forFire Departments
AR foams effective on both alcohol & hydrocarbon fires:
–Uncertain if fire is
alcohol- / ethanol-blended: Consider doubling application rate
–Foam of choice
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Summary
AR foam best choice for incidents
AR foam recommended choice for allfuel fires involving gasoline- /
ethanol-blended fuels AR foam performs on hydrocarbon
fires as well:
–Preferred choice from responsestandpoint if nature of burning fuel isunclear
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