module 3 - baltazar
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Module 3
Bring news articles about o
country.
Showing the present situin our economy, politics a
culture
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The Civic Welfare Training Service P
as an Option of the Colegio de San J
Letran
Introduction
Where can we start? How can we begin to make an im
country? Recognizing that there are factors to consider to
community change, we have to understand the situation of
are part of.
The Philippines, just like any other country, is characte
complexity. But social scientists have devised ways on ho
understand our country through the use of a social analys
EPC. The EPC technique will YOU, as students to have an
the Philippine situation and the community where they belo
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Act iv i ty 5 - Newspaper Analysis
The Newspaper Analysis uses the EPC technique. Ne
accounts are used in an attempt to dissect issues.
By analyzing the issues discussed in newspapers usi
technique, the students can get a clearer picture of thsituation of the community.
1. Divide the class into groups of 5-10 members.
2. Each group will identify and discuss pressing and
issues, local and national.
3. Focus questions are provided in Table I to define tthe discussion.
4. Each group reports their discussion.
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ECONOMIC POLITICAL CULTURA
What effects do the issue have
on the means production,
patterns of distribution andconsumption of goods and
services?
Who makes the decisions?
Who benefits from the
decisions? Who bears thecost of the decisions?
What effe
have on
behaviors
Table I
Employment
Wages
Prices
Trade: Import and Export
Industry and Agriculture
Policies and Objectives of
the Government
Political Affairs
Organization
Relationships with Foreign
Countries
Pressure/Power Groupings
Educat
Media
Langua
Recrea
Values
Attitud
Behav
Beliefs
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Part I. An Overview of the Present Co
of the Country:
An Overview of the Philippine Ec
The Philippine economy has been restructured and
within the context of the global free trade agenda of the
in the colonial and post-colonial periods. From the ind
subsistent agriculture, agri-plantations were enforced b
crown to support the Galleon Trade and supply the dom
needs of the Spanish army and bureaucracy. This wasmodernized by the American government through the e
Agricultural-Trans National Corporations (Agri-TNCs) a
collaboration with big native landowners. TNC exploita
agricultural resources expanded to the forest and mine
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An Overview of the Philippine Economy
In the post-colonial period, the free-trade-economic restructuring continued mainly thro
installation of U.S. and free-trade-friendly Ph
governments which provide the policy enviro
favorable to such agenda, e.g., Parity RightsTrade Act, US-RP Treaty of General Relation
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An Overview of the Philippine Economy
In the onset of the 20thcentury market crisis in the a
economies characterized by overproduction (goods anagainst the backdrop of growing labor and citizen milita
these economies due to the deterioration of living cond
trans nationalization of production and investments ha
more aggressive to inferior economies like the Philippi
collaboration with the government and Filipino elite (bi
landowners and business, TNCs and superpowers havgranted the liberty to dump surplus products (including
are banned in their own countries); and put up dirty and
industries and other labor-intensive semi-processing in
with cheap and docile labor offered by the government
ons.
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An Overview of the Philippine Economy
In the process of such historical restructuring of the
economy, the agrarian problem (inequitable distributionand allocation of production resources), mass unemplo
underdevelopment of the basic production sectors or
underdevelopment in general, take roots.
As the country becomes more and more dependent investments and international financing, it becomes mo
subservient to the dictates and policy instigations of th
superpowers and super-economies. The nation and its
consistently lose sovereign powers over the country, re
and people.
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We take a look on the present condition of the country:
1. Employment Problems
The issue of unemployment can be validated and further expounded by
statistical information from the NSO, Manila (Philippine Labor Force Sur
Philippines April 01 Jan 01 Oct 00 July 0
Total
15 yrs old & over (in 000)
48,742 48.405 48,078 47,800
Labor force (in 000)
Participation Rate (%)
33,621
69.0
31,684
65.5
30,908
64.3
30,518
63.8
Employment (in 000)
Participation Rate (%)
29,160
66.7
28,087
66.5
27,775
69.9
27,093
66.6
Unemployment (in 000)
Participation Rate (%)
4,461
13.3
3,597111
.4
3,133,110
.1
3,425
11.2
Underemployment (in 000)
Participation Rate (%)
5,092
17.5
4,743
16.9
5,528
19.9
5,752
21.2
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Employment Problems
Sector
Total +/-
Unpaid Family
Workers
Own a
Worke
Agriculture +10.9 %
(10.9M)
27 % (3M) 49% (
Industry
+5.4 % (4.8M)
16.4 % (780T)
Service +5.0 % (14M) +28.3 %
Employment by sectoral origin and type of workers:
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Employment Problems
Of the total increase in employment, the unpaid family workworkers and wage/salary workers account for 878,000, 785,0
289,000 respectively.
Full time workers (working at least 40 hours/ week) decrease17.0 million of April 2000 to 17.1 million of April 2001. Thosefor less than 40 hours/ week increased from 9 million at last 11.3 this year.
All 14 regions posted a double-digit unemployment rate withManila posting the highest at 17.7% and Cagayan Valley the 10.3%.
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Employment Problems
The Department of Labor and Employment rec
notices of closure and retrenchment within the fimonths from 1, 314 manufacturing companies in
This is expected to cause the retrenchment of 32
workers.
The rate of employment generation cannot cop
effectively with the growth rate of the labor force
January to September 2001, 52,468 workers (roug
workers per day) were displaced resulting from c
and retrenchment.
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2. Productivity and Income Problems
In the agricultural sector where the majority of the econ
poor depends, the farmers (landless, small-medium owcultivators in the lowlands, uplands and indigenous are
consistently experience decline in productivity and inc
the spiraling cost of production and technology agains
backdrop of market price manipulated by chains of trad
are also providers of rural credit. The inferiority of the
farmers production tools and technology and their lacto land, credit, irrigation and post- harvest facilities ma
less competitive with the products of corporate farms a
of the agricultural imports.
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2. Productivity and Income Problems
Fisherfolks also experience similar decline productivity and income as they lost their tr
fishing grounds to commercial fishers whos
production tools, technology and capital are
superior. Over fishing has consistently caus
decline in fish production, particularly in muwaters. Municipal water fish production rate
a negative average of 2.9% annually from 19
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3. Natural Resources and Environment Pro
Environmental problems aggravate the
productivity and income deficiency of the
The rapid depletion of the countrys natu
resources consistently constricts the ma
agricultural producers.
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3. Natural Resources and Environment Pro
In 1575, total forest cover was 27.5 million hectares of
of the total land area with a rate of deforestation of 22,
hectares per year. In 1995, forest cover stood at 5.6 mil
hectares or about 18.6% of the total land area with a de
rate of 120, 000 hectares per year. The situation spells
and disasters that impact adversely on the ecosystem,
lands and waters. In 1994, lands classified as agricultu
stood at 13 million hectares more than half of which weto rice and corn. As consequence of deforestation, app
2.9 million hectares have been eroded. The countrys g
erosion rate stands at 2, 046 MMT/ year with grassland
agricultural lands registering the highest rates of 76%
respectively.
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4. Rising Cost of Living
Against the backdrop of spiraling cost of living, th
poverty situation and difficulties of the poor worseseries of oil price hikes in 2000 for instance, jacked
prices of other commodities. The hikes have caus
price increase for every kilowatt-hour of electricity
consumption; 9% and 6% fare increases for buses
jeepneys, respectively; 2% increase in the overall
production cost of industries; .11% and 10% increa
rice and corn household expenditures, respectivel
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5. Inaccessible Basic Social Services
More and more poor families have been incapacita
to provide the socio-cultural needs of their house
members, especially the children, youth, aged andother social dependents. From school years 1991
to 1999-2000, the national average elementary
enrollments stood at 11.4 million. On the other ha
average high school enrollment in the same perio
stood at 4.7 million. More and more children areunable to pursue higher education.
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5. Inaccessible Basic Social Services
The top notifiable diseases and causes of deaths woul
associate with poverty. From 1994-1996, topping the lireported cases of diarrhea, bronchitis, tuberculosis, pn
influenza and heart disease with combined average of
cases annually. The same cases in the same period als
the list of death causes with a combined average of 19
annually. Availability and accessibility of health servic
been problematic on account that the total number of h
the country stood at 1,794 (1999) or roughly 1 hospital
36,000 people. The total number of government doctor
2,848 (1998) or roughly 1 doctor for every 22,800 peopl
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Overview of the Philippine Poli
In the realm of politics that may be si
as the social relations of peoples (e.g
governors-governed, social leaders-
constituents, dominant-subordinate
public-corporate-civil societies, etc.)problems have been identified as:
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1. Graft and Corruption
Graft and corruption have become institutions ingovernment as they have been practiced in practlevels of government including the countrys highThey have so gross to infect and contaminate evinstitutions of learning that is supposed to mold values of the people especially the youths for goresponsible citizenship; or the military and policethat are supposed to discipline, reform or preven
in engaging in criminal acts and other anti-socialGraft & corruption have become too endemic thagovernment is losing its moral ascendancy to leaconstituents to the extent that it tends to deceivecoerce the people to submit to its rule.
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1. Graft and Corruption
As this occur in the social relationship betwegovernors and the governed, social disorder a natural cause of unpeace or the deterioratiopeace. Other political issues like nepotism,dynastism, and vote-buying and election fraube correlated with the problem on graft & corGraft and corruption is systematic in governm
This situation is further maintained by the ineof the justice system (judicial branch) to prosand convict violators of the Anti-Corrupt Act aPractices Law.
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1. Graft and Corruption
The same is true with the rising organized cri
as drug-trafficking, kidnap-for-ransom, robbeextortion, bribery, etc. Law enforcement has
made inutile in curbing criminality due to the
deep involvement of the some law enforcers,
officials and influential and affluent members
society. There is even strong reason to believelectoral campaigns of a number of governme
officials are mainly supported by crime monie
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2. Political Marginalization
The political marginalization of the poor is a d
phenomenon in the Philippine politics and go
The nature and composition of government is
predominantly elite in practically all branches
levels. Though there has been a continuing t
civil societys entry or collaboration within, it
yet meaningfully alter the elitist agenda of the
government. Though it allows democratic spthe people to air their grievances and social a
through consultations and legitimate street a
these could not yet effectively influence decis
social policy development.
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2. Political Marginalization
On the side of the people (the unorga
and even portions of the organized), of political maturity is low relative to
and informed participation in politica
Though there are other factors to con
relative to their political consciousneactions, they are crucial in the politic
equation as they are vulnerable to
manipulate in the political of the trad
and elite politicians.
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2. Political Marginalization
The intensification of the economic and politica
also intensifies social conflicts based on the
competition in the allocation of wealth and powMarginal farmers, lowland and upland including
indigenous peoples complete with agro-corpor
and TNCs in the access and use of land and na
resources. Marginal fisher folk complete with b
and foreign fishing companies in the exploitatioand marine resources. Urban poor communitie
against land developers, workers against empl
even gangsters and crime syndicates against e
other.
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2. Political Marginalization
The social crisis even intensifies the long-running anta
political conflict between the government and the arme
challengers such as the MILF and the NDF.
The electoral system and the form of government have
designed to maintain elite politics. The traditional syst
election leaves very little space for the poor to either pa
the electoral contest or meaningfully choose candidatewould prove as real champions and representatives of
At this juncture, the social action network needs to ser
evaluate whether the presidential form of government o
forms would be more responsive and facilitate to partic
politics and governance.
2 Political Marginalization
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2. Political Marginalization
The maintenance of elite politics and all its other negat
characters is ensured by the support and sponsorship
superpowers and super-economies that have great eco
political interest in the country or in the region. The wunorganized portion of the population, particularly the
the middle class, further ensured the maintenance of e
With a low level of political consciousness and maturit
less critical of graft and corruption in government or th
people social policy decisions and are even easily vuln
manipulations of traditional politicians and other elite g
The social exclusion of the poor in the sharing of politi
resulted in their marginalization in the distribution and
of economic resources, and vice-versa.
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OM 1A
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An Overview of the Philippine Cu
In the socio-cultural scene, the social crisis affects
continuing moral decadence and value distortions. We
these in the following social manifestations.
At one point, these could be seen as products and e
social crisis. Incidence of the anti-social activities, imm
criminality rise as more and more people lose their cap
cope with the crisis. At another point, the cultural cris
become systematic reinforcing and intensifying the ec
political crisis. The people, particularly the unorganize
tends to be more tolerant and apathetic to the situation
indifferent to the struggle for social change.
i f i i i
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The law of the jungle the fittest survives has beco
dominant social rule. It tends to build on the capacity to complete than to cooperate to survive.
In finding the major reasons of the above social rea
can identify causes at the micro and macro levels. Mic
causes would be social practices and social relations o
within an immediate environment that result either to p
negative situations or effects social facilities or difficu
member of society or community.
An Overview of the Philippine
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Macro level causes on the other hand would
policies and traditions institutionalized at the genvironment by dominant social institutions thmaintain or demolish the micro level causes ofproblematic social realities.
Pertaining to poverty as indicated unemployproductivity & income problems of the poor in rural and urban sectors and insufficient basic sservices delivery in their communities.
An Overview of the Philippine
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The marginalized sectors lack the appropriate educatio
knowledge, skills/technology to posses a competitive eemployment (salary/wages) market.
There is gross non-compliance to minimum wage law b
companies and violations of workers right to security
(due to labor contractualization practices) and right to
and collectively bargain (due to no union, no strike pol
particularly in the EPZAs).
The more enterprising poor (own account workers/info
a substantial portion in what the government conside
employed) posses inferior capital and technology in
liberalized market competition.
1. At the micro level:
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The marginalized farmers, fisherfolk and IPS do no
or meaningful access to and control of land, capitaproduction and post-production technology and ul
trade and pricing. In many cases, their productivit
income are adversely affected by aggressive deve
projects, e.g. urbanization, land use conversion
(circumventing the CARP), industrial or infrastruct
projects) that either dislocate them or further deny
the resource base. Moreover, the THC-instigated c
conversion (through agro-plantations or contract-g
and lately the introduction of bio-technology) furth
the marginal producers competitive edge in the ec
cycle.
1. At the micro level:
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The productivity and income problems of the poor
aggravated more strategically (long-term sense) byconvention or chemical-based farming, destructive
abusive fishing practices, dirty and extractive indu
destroy and deplete natural and production resour
The rising cost of living (increasing prices of basiccommodities including social services) is caused b
deregulation that allows price manipulation and bu
cuts in the budget for social services.
1. At the micro level:
2 At the macro level:
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The intensifying economic crisis that impoveris
Filipino majority can be attributed to theunderdevelopment of the countrys economic s
particularly agriculture and industry. Agricultu
development is hindered by agrarian problem w
direct producers do not have meaningful acces
control of lands, credit, technology and marketagainst the backdrop of a rapidly growing rura
population, incapacitates the agricultural/rural
to absorb or provide jobs resulting in excessiv
surplus.
2. At the macro level:
2 At the macro level:
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The industrial sector, being underdeveloped, cann
jobs to the labor surplus. Those who migrated to
areas to look for jobs end up in slum areas doing m
livelihood activities. The growth of the urban poor
population has been rapid that comprise the bulk o
informal sector. Most being unskilled labor, they d
have the competitive edge in the employment mar
are lucky enough to be absorbed in construction i
that provide them in seasonal employment. Even academic qualification hardly find jobs and end up
export labor market. Those who cannot find overs
employment are forced to take jobs for which they
overqualified.
2. At the macro level:
2 At the macro level:
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Industries, unlike agriculture can provide jobs
a day continuously in any seasons. It is therefcrucial agenda in pursuing a strategic solution
unemployment problem.
Pursued based on agrarian development, natio
industrialization can increase domestic produc
well as strengthen the economys absorptive c
tap the growing labor force.
2. At the macro level:
2 At the macro level:
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As the economy is not able to produce machines t
produce machines, the industrial sector cannot en
value-added production of raw material agriculturaMoreover, it cannot support the modernization nee
agriculture. Thus, agricultural products (crops, mi
timber, sea and marine products) are exported to f
raw materials needs of overseas industries. On th
hand, the country imports for agricultural product
technology and capital goods (machines) and evenmaterials to run the countrys semi-processing ind
With the countrys entry into the WTO-GATT regim
agricultural and consumer products have been imp
with the effect of further marginalizing our local pr
2. At the macro level:
2 At the macro level:
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On one hand, the socio-political crises resulted to
crisis characterized by the distortion and erosion o
social and moral values that used to bind PhilippinOn the other hand, values created from such disto
erosion tends to reinforce rather than become a co
force to the social crisis.
The mainstream media and information technology
which are owned by corporate proponents of mark
oriented globalization have been effective channel
promoting values, lifestyles and consumption patt
favorable to the market. Movies in particular, prom
escapist culture or hero-worship that defies the po
value of unity and collective action of peoples to s
social roblems.
2. At the macro level:
2. At the macro level:
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The educational system, which is dominantly run by pr
investors or financed by loans, has become commerci
Such would be evidenced by the continuing tuition inc
every school year. Another would be the choice of enr
that heavily weighs in favor of courses that are more te
and closely associate with the needs of business corp
In school year 1997-1998 for instance, population for B
Administration, Mathematics and Computer Science, E
Medical and allied courses were 620,681, 166,329, 299,164,784 respectively. On the other hand, population of
which are crucially important to social and human dev
like Humanities, Social and Behavioral Science, Natura
and Agriculture, and related courses were 9,394, 34,73
and 64,760 respectively.
2 At the macro level:
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Gross graft and corruption in government; the
and implementation of social policies that makdifficult the life of the poor; the practices of
corporations that destroy the environment, dis
disintegrate poor communities; or deny the bas
of workers; the involvement of law enforcers in
organized crimes would be clear evidences of tvalue distortions happening in the countrys cu
and moral landscape.
2. At the macro level:
2 At the macro level:
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Influenced by distorted values against the b
of massive poverty, the poor also develop th
tendency to engage and indulge in anti-sociactivities, e.g., drug abuse and trafficking,
prostitution rings, gambling syndicates and
organized crimes led by socially powerful a
influential personalities. Some others enga
petty crimes and are usually the ones beingand convicted swiftly. Drug trafficking, in p
would no longer be considered for microana
it had grown into a global trade.
2. At the macro level:
2 At the macro level:
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There is close correlation between increasing c
incidence and the worsening poverty situation
increases when employment opportunities becunavailable. In the U.S. for instance, crime and
acts of violence is pervasive, but no amount of
additional prisons, no amount of executions of
murderers and no amount of extra police equip
stopped crime unless the basic economic strucbreeds poverty is positively changed. It is the
cause for Rwandan commercial sex workers to
better to die of AIDS in ten years than from hun
tomorrow
2. At the macro level:
2 At the macro level:
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Extreme poverty beyond rationalization te
reactivate prejudices and biases that havkept in peoples sub-consciousness durin
favorable times. This can be a factor in t
increasing incidence of ethnic and religio
conflicts (as in Mindanao), resurgence ofin OCW or immigrant-receiving countries
domestic violence against children and w
2. At the macro level:
f S
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Ac t iv i ty 6 Il lustrat ion of Dream Soc
Reflect on the values you want to uphold in your d
society.1. Each student will be asked to list down the valu
wants to uphold in his dream society. He will be
illustrate these values through symbols on a cle
paper.
2. Each student will compare his dream society wipresent society.
A ti i t 6 Il l t t i f D S
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Ac t iv i ty 6 Il lustrat ion of Dream Soc
3. Then, the class will be divided into small group
members to facilitate the sharing of individual o
4.A group discussion will follow with the following
questions:A.What challenges/tasks are involved in achieving your
society?
B.Do you think the CWTSP can be a means in achieving
society?
5.A designated reporter from each group will share
important points raised in small the group sharin
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Part II Comm nit Mapping
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Part II. Community Mapping
Definition of Community
There are a number of ways to think about what a c
is. The first, most obvious way is to think about it as ageographic area, a place with defined physical boundamost fundamental characteristic of these geographiccommunities is that they are places of residence. Peofamiliar with them because they live there.
Some communities are defined by individuals' sharinterests, activities, affection, or common identity. Thecharacteristics differentiate them from others.
People are usually members of a geographic as weinterest communities. The notion of geographic and inidentificational can be seen in the definitions of the wocommunity:
Definition of Community
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Community - a group of individuals or families that share certa
values, service, institutions, interests, or geographic proximity
(Barker).
Community - or a "sense of community" exists when two or m
people work together toward the accomplishment of mutually
desirable goals (Lofguist).
Community - is a territorially bounded social system or set of
interlocking or integrated functional subsystems (economic, p
religious, ethical, educational, legal, socializing, reproductive,
serving a resident population plans the material culture or phyplant through which subsystems operate (Bernard).
Communityis an identifiable human grouping that is predom
informal in organization and interaction, heterogeneous in
composition, enduring, and sharing some characteristics or
attributes in common (M. Fernando).
Definition of Community
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Definition of Community
For our purpose we define a community as
number of people who share a distinct locatiointerest, activity, or other characteristics that
identifies their commodity and differentiates
those not sharing it. This common distinctio
sufficiently evident that members of the comm
able to recognize it, even though they may no
currently have this recognition. Effectively a
their recognition may lead members to more
personal and mutual development
Community Needs
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Community Needs
The needs of a community are those things a
requires to meet its goals and to sustain itself. T
routine, ongoing challenges the community must
Physical Needs - The most basic needs. This s
needs includes those that help care of our bod
as those that deal with the things we make or b
Social and Emotional Needs - Forming and ma
relationships is an integral function of the comfeeling of well-being and confidence in the futu
necessary if a community is to achieve its pote
Community Needs
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y
Political Needs - Community life requires a co
series of decisions on matters that affect its m
This process involves forming policies that m
resources and relationships. Each communit
set of political needs, and it will develop a go
or decision, making structure if it intends to r
to those needs. Governance structures usua
clearly spelled out procedures for gathering
information, making decisions, developing ru
laws, describing those rules or laws, and enfo
them. These procedures describe who is allo
participate in the process and how (Fellin).
Community Needs
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Economic Needs - The community's economic syste
provides a way for its members to develop the mean
acquire things that are important to them. Usually, t
money. Educational and Communication Needs - A commun
to know more about itself and the world in which it o
The community has to have information and method
developing, transmitting, and receiving that informa
When these needs are not adequately met and discthe members results, community problems exist. As s
are needs that have not been properly addressed. If th
the same, the problems and discomforts will persist. T
way to get rid of the problems or reduce them is for pe
things differently.
Some of the Interests in Community
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Some of the Interests in Community
There could be various reasons for the interest in com
yet, not all of them are helpful for the community. So
shown by various agents of community interventions1. To create a support base and win votes for politicia
parties.
2. To mobilize people for some political end.
3. To improve the problem-solving capabilities and to
human resources towards better conditions of livin
4. To preserve the indigenous cultural life.
5. To provide pastoral care (caring for the needs of th
community).
Some of the Interests in Community
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Some of the Interests in Community
6. To remedy social problems (deviance, crime).
7. To promote the national interests (population control).
8. To develop infrastructure for multinational corporations interests
power interests (introduction of the agricultural technological pro
Multinational Corporation, demolitions, relocations, and construct
structures on the community territory).
9. To preserve the ecological and genetic or biological heritage and
technology and knowledge.
10.To implement the programs of UN and various civil groups from o
11.To test or develop theories on community as well as to provide inf
consumer behavior in the community or to determine the feasibilit
enterprises (academic).
Our interest in community is to intervene in com
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y
toward its sustainable development and it means
1.To help the community identify its actual needs
from the felt needs.
2.To improve its capabilities to solve its problem
3.To improve the human resources and potential
natural resources toward the improvement of c
and quality of life in the community. This invollocalization of the benefits of science and techn
affecting social integration, social organization
production, political participation of the people
peoples control over economic processes.
Work sheet No 2
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Work sheet No. 2
Answer the following questions (yellow pa
1. In the present situation of the country, dthink there is still hope for the Filipinos?
your answer.
2. Identify five (5) pressing problems the c
facing at present and make proposals to
the identified problems.
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