modern africa themes/problems geography independence movements case study: south africa...

MODERN AFRICA

THEMES/PROBLEMSGEOGRAPHYINDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTSCASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICA (APARTHEID)DEVELOPMENT, AIDS CRISIS, ECONOMICS

PROBLEMS/THEMES AIDS CRISIS FAMINE/HUNGER CIVIL WAR ETHNIC UNREST/GENOCIDE POVERTY/INEQUALITY OF WEATLTH LACK OF INVESTMENT CAPITAL

AFRICAN GEOGRAPHYFEATURES: SAHARA DESERT GREAT RIFT VALLEY NILE RIVER KALAHARI DESERT ATLAS MOUNTAINS LAKE VICTORIA CONGO RIVER

EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHY

FEATURE EFFECTSAHARA DESERTIFICATION

DESERT ACTS AS A BARRIER TO

TRADE AND TRAVEL LACK OF FERTILE FARM LAND

NILE RIVER FERTILE VALLEY, SILT

OTHER RIVERS WATER FALLS, RAPIDS, CATARACTS

MAKE TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULT BUT SOMETIMES GOOD FOR HYDROELECTRIC POWER

EFFECTS OF GEOGRPAHYRESOURCES Gold and diamonds in South Africa Brought European Powers Rubber and Ivory in the Congo during the Age of Imperialism

GREAT RIFT VALLEY Made travel and trade difficult.

Influenced migration forcing people to move

in a north-south direction. 100 mile wide canyon

EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHY

COASTLINE SMOOTH, BAD FOR TRADE

LAKES IMPORTANT SOURCE OF

Lake Victoria FISH, MAJOR SOURCE OF

Lake Tanganyika PROTEIN IN AFRICALake Chad

Lake Malawi (Nyasa)

Algeria 1954-1962 French wanted to keep Arab-Berber people

from winning independence Muslim Nationalists set up the FLN – National

Liberation Front Public opinion in France turned against the

war Charles de Gaulle became President in 1958

– 4 years later Algeria achieved independence

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

KENYA: JOMO KENYATA

KENYA AND JOMO KENYATTA The British held Kenya as part of the East Africa Protectorate. A secret terrorist organization called the Mau Mau existed in

Kenya to fight the British! The British called a state of emergency against the Mau Mau’s guerrilla activities.

The native tribe of Kenya are the Kikuyu. Jomo Kenyatta led the independence movement and ended up

in jail. Kenyatta and the Mau Mau were successful against the British

in 1963. Kenyatta became the first president of the free Kenya.

GHANA AND KWAME NKRUMAH

GHANA: INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT

The British held the territory called the Gold Coast. Kwame Nkrumah led the independence movement Nkrumah believed in non-violence. In 1957 The Gold Coast got its independence and

was then called Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah became Ghana’s first President

Cold War & Regional Organizations

New African nations affected by superpowers

Supplied with military weapons by superpower they supported

Conflicts in Ethiopia and Somalia

1963 OAU Organization of African Unity

2001 African Union – modeled after the UN

UN: disaster relief and Military Intervention

African nations joined the UN and served on peacekeeping missions

Focus has been on healthcare, literacy, economic problems and racism

UN, International Red Cross, Doctors w/o Borders deal with famine 2003 Congo and Liberia

Critical IssuesDrought and famine – desertification,

1980s Ethiopia and SomaliaDeforestation of Rain ForestsAIDS epidemics in South Africa,

Ethiopia, Nigeria, Kenya and Botswana UN estimated in 2000 over 30 million dies

of disease

Problems to Unity and Stability

Civil WarCrisis of 1980sOne-Party ruleMilitary rule

Economic developmentSocialism or CapitalismCash Crops or FoodUrban or RuralDebt Crisis

Soaring oil prices Crushed developing African economies World Bank loans refused

Increased unemployment

A CASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICAAPARTHEID: RISE AND FALL

APARTHEID – THE LEGAL SEPARATION OF THE RACES RULED IN SOUTH AFRICA FROM 1948--1991

THE AFRIKAANER (DUTCH GOVERNMENT)

The Afrikaaner govt. gained control of the South Africa in 1948

They instituted Apartheid!Each group had separate living areasPeople of color were subjected to

certain rules/laws!

Boer War and Apartheid

APARTHEID LAWS/RULES People of color must carry Pass Books around as identification. Intermarriage between white people and people of color is forbidden. Strikes by black workers were outlawed. Jobs were restricted. Separate public facilities and transportation were in existence. Black people had no representation in government. BANTU AUTHORITIES ACT established Bantustans or homelands

where black people would live Separate educational facilities for white and black

"Bantustans"

RESISTANCE TO APARTHEID

NELSON MANDELA ----AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

STEVE BIKO---------------BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT

ARCHBISHOP DESMOND TUTU-----PEACEFUL RESISTANCE TO THE AFRIKAANER GOVERNMENT

RESISTANCE TO APARTHEIDTHE ANC AND MANDELA

NELSON MANDELA: SYMBOL OF RESISTANCE

Nelson Mandela was arrested in the 1960’s for conspiracy against the government. He remained in jail for over 20 years. He was released by President F.W. deKlerk in 1989. By 1994 Mandela became the first black president of South Africa. People waited in line for days to vote in the first free elections!

STEVE BIKO: BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

STEVE BIKO

Steve Biko was arrested by the South African police. He was murdered while in custody in 1977. Thousands showed up for his funeral and he became a symbol of resistance to the white oppression. His movement lived on after his death. The white police officers who beat him did not answer for their crimes until the 1990’s.

Biko’s grave

Archbishop Desmond TutuA man of the cloth who spoke out against apartheid!Tutu appealed to the world’s nations to stop trading with South Africa until it cleaned up its human rights record! Many people respected this religious figure!

THE END OF APARTHEIDMany world nations put pressure (economic sanctions on South Africa which crippled the economy. 1989 F.W. deKlerk became President.1990 deKlerk lifted the ban on the ANC and released Mandela from prison.deKlerk began to repeal the apartheid laws, dismantling the system of racial separation.April 1994 was set as the first free elections and for a new constitution.In 1994 Nelson Mandela won the presidential election hands down!

FW. deKlerk

NELSON MANDELA AND F.W.de KLERK

CIVIL WAR AND ETHNIC TENSIONIN RECENT TIMES

ETHNIC TENSION IN RWANDA BETWEEN HUTUS AND TUTSIS LED TO GENOCIDE 1990’S CIVIL WAR, DROUGHT, FAMINE IN SOMALIA IN 1992 LED TO U.S. INTERVENTION (Black Hawk Down)

THE AIDS CRISIS: THE

CONTINENT WITH THE MOST CASES!

South Africa has one of the highest death rates due to AIDS

AIDSThe main problem is education about how AIDS spreads as well as the fact that there is a lack of money in the African nations to purchase the AIDS drugs available in other countries!