mobilizing private debt finance: contingent finance
Post on 20-May-2015
805 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Mobilizing Private Capital: Guarantees and Contingent / Risk Finance
Workshop on Tools for Risk Mitigation in Small-Scale Clean Infrastructure Projects
November 19-20, 2003World Bank Paris Office
New lending to emerging markets was close to zero from 1998 through 2002. Total private capital flows to
emerging markets were about $112.5 billion in 2002 against an average of $185 billion / yr. during the 1990s.
From a project finance perspective, there is an increasing acknowledgement that deals simply will not get done in
emerging markets without the multilateral financial institutions (MFIs), bilateral development agencies and
export credit agencies (ECAs).
The Setting
Risk Mitigation and the MFIs
“Traditional” Political RisksWar and Civil DisturbanceExpropriation and ConfiscationCurrency Convertibility/ Transferability
Contractual and Regulatory Risks Credit Risks Foreign Exchange Risks.
Risk Mitigation and the MFIs
“Traditional” risks have changed.
EXPROPRIATION – fashionable until the 1970s / 1980s but virtually nil now. The tendency now is
to regulate rather than expropriate.
CONTRACT FRUSTRATION – probably the main problem facing foreign investors in LDCs
Risk Mitigation and the MFIs
Commercial vs. Non-Commercial Risks
When the government is the offtake buyer or regulator, their “commercial” behaviour can
result in situations that make it difficult to define whether a non-commercial or commercial risk
has materialised.
Partial (Political) Risk GuaranteesNeeds Sovereign Guarantee
IBRD PRG Debt
AsDB PRG for Public Sector Debt
IsDB Credit Insurance Debt
IsDB Master Insurance Debt
Covers War/Civil Disturbance, Expropriation/Confiscation, Currency Convertibility & Transferability
Partial (Political) Risk GuaranteeNo Sovereign Guarantee Needed
MIGA Political Risk Ins. Debt/Equity
IsDB Foreign Inv. Ins. Debt/Equity
IADB PRG (Private Sector) Debt
AsDB PRG (Private Sector) Debt
Covers War/Civil Disturbance, Expropriation/Confiscation, Currency Convertibility & Transferability
Regulatory & Contractual Risk Instruments Offered by the MFIs
Breach of Contract Changes in Law License Requirements Approval and Consents Obstruction in Process of Arbitration Non-payment of a termination amount
Products offered by MIGA are well understood but market is not as familiar with regulatory risk products offered by IBRD, AfDB, IADB, AsDB and IsDB – need more effective marketing of these
services by MFIs.
Credit Risk Instruments Offered by the MFIsPartial Credit Guarantees
IBRD (IDA) – covers latter maturities / extends tenor – will IBRD drop the sovereign counter-guarantee requirement?
IADB – covers up to 40% of project cost up to $75 million, no sovereign guarantee needed – where are the deals?
AsDB - $500 million to PSALM (Philippines) approved with sovereign guarantee in 2002.
IFC – started providing cover in 2001 and now doing the business, flexible product, mostly financial sector but also some sub-sovereign infrastructure deals.
IDA PRG: “Asia Power Deal of the Year 2002”(Project Finance International)
IDA Partial Risk Guarantee covers lenders in case the Government of Vietnam does not meet its commitments under the PPA.
ANZ, Société Générale,
Sumitomo Mitsui
Mekong Energy
Company
Government of Vietnam
Guarantee
Indemnity Agreement
Government Undertakings
Loans
World Bank
Credit Risk Instruments Offered by the MFIsPartial Credit Guarantees
Need to have viable domestic financial institutions
MFI has to evaluate commercial risk – private sector skills
Foreign Exchange RiskLocal Currency Financing Options
AsDB, AfDB, EBRD and EIB: direct local currency financing / local bond issues.
IFC, AsDB, AsDB: lending local currency and swapping
IFC & IADB: also guarantee local bond issues
Foreign Exchange RiskDevaluation Backstop Facility
World Bank recently announced intention to test a currency devaluation backstop facility in 2004/2005.
1. What are the devaluation trigger points?
2. What if the currency never bounces back and the host government can’t pay?
Credit Enhancement, Guarantees & InfrastructureMulti-Stakeholder Funds & Initiatives
Emerging Africa Infrastructure Fund
GuarantCo
DevCo
The Global Environment Facility (GEF)
“The GEF shall operate, on the basis of collaboration and partnership among the Implementing Agencies as a mechanism for international cooperation for the purpose of providing new and additional grant and concessional funding to meet the agreed incremental costs of measures to achieve agreed global environmental benefits in the following focal areas[1]:
(a) Climate Change, (b) Biological diversity, (c) International Waters, and (d) Ozone Layer Depletion.”
[1] “ Instrument for the Establishment of the Restructured Global Environment Facility” (1994, amended 2002) http://www.gefweb.org/Documents/Instrument/instrument.html
Contingent Finance - GEF
Contingent financing is conceptually attractive when there is substantial uncertainty about the
existence and extent of incremental costs.
Instead of committing to a grant which may subsequently prove to have been unnecessary,
contingent financing recognizes the potential need for support but draws on public resources only when justified later, on the basis of actual
rather than projected costs.
Contingent Financing Mechanisms - GEF
Contingent Grant:
Unlike a conventional grant, a contingent grant is repaid to the GEF if the project is successfully financed. If the project is unsuccessful, the GEF funds paid out become a grant.
Contingent or Concessional Loan
A contingent loan treated as debt and has a higher repayment priority than the converted grant. Treated as project equity or an asset unless another arrangement is negotiated. Could be forgiven if the project fails.
A concessional loan is a loan at below-market rates. The availability of the concessional loan could be contingent upon participation of other commercial lenders to achieve co-financing and leveraging of non-GEF funds.
Other Financial Instruments – GEF
Partial Credit Guarantees
GEF Partial credit guarantees are similar to those provided by the multilaterals. Used encourage private-sector lenders, such as commercial banks and leasing companies, to make loans for projects that they would otherwise not lend to. The risk of the loan is shared with the private lender.
Investment Funds
For-profit, private sector, environmental funds that receive grant and/or non-grant funding from the GEF. The objective is to provide commercial or quasi-commercial financing to subprojects through a fund manager, with a possible financial return on capital.
Quick Look at Insurance for RETs
1. Pre-Construction Phase Transit – marine, air, road – damage or delay
2. Construction Phase Contractor’s All Risks (CAR) CAR – Advanced Loss of Profits Business Interruption (BI) BI – Advanced loss of Profits Latent Defect / Decennial
3. Operation Phase Property Commercial All Risks
All Risks Business Interruption
Quick Look at Insurance for RETs
Example RET Risk Transfer Heat Map
Existing Insurance Products
Risk Categories
Construction All Risks
Resource Exploration
Property Damage
Business Interruption
Advance Loss of Profits
Environmental Liabilities
Performance / technology risk
Contractors overall risk
Workers Comp.
Third Party Liabilities
Wind Solar PVWave / TidalGeothermalBiogasSmall HydroBiomass
Comprehensive cover
Partial Cover
No Cover
Courtesy of Marsh
Insurance for RETs: small is beautiful
Global Sustainable Development Group
ForestRe: New Global Forestry Insurance Capacity
Need niche players with low overheads to cover small projects.
Contingent Risk Finance & ART Structures
Risk Finance vs. Risk TransferThe Retention Decision
Captives: the example of Forest Re(and the potential use of public contingent capital)
ART Deal in the Power Sector - Example
Steep rises in premiums have increased the attractiveness of these structures.
Munich Re described a double-trigger deal recently done with the power company Aquila for Business Interruption risk for gas-fired turbines in the USA as follows: IF a gas-fired turbine faced an unscheduled inoperative period THEN the reinsurer would finance the purchase of power in Aquila’s name. The two triggers for activation of the product are;
1) An unplanned outage at the facility AND
2) A spike in spot electricity prices – the contingent event for which the product would provide financial coverage.
Some Topics for the Breakout Group
Escrow Accounts Project Finance Reserve
Accounts Liquidity Facilities Structured Finance
(quanto hedges etc.) Tapping Islamic Financial
Instruments
GEF and the Private Sector
Working with the MFIs and Bilateral Agencies
Practicalities of Public-Private Interactions
Thank You.
Edmund Olivier
eolivier@treebiz.com
+44 (0)20 8674 1102
top related