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Mobile Phones: Enabling Next Generation Gerontechnologies
Sean J. Barbeau Research Associate Center for Urban Transportation ResearchCollege of Engineering University of South Florida
Topics
Overview of today and tomorrow’s mobile phone technology
Example: The Travel Assistant Device
Challenges with Real-time Mobile Applications
Conclusion
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Opportunities
3.25 billion wireless subscribers (½ of world’s population) Many methods of communication on cell phone (sounds,
pictures, video, touch) for advanced user interfaces Key to reaching the elderly population who are not “digital natives”
Cell Phones can help ease the aging process: Real-time transit navigation for individuals that can no longer drive Bluetooth hearing aids allow phone conversations for hearing-impaired Tracking systems to monitor health/location of early-stage dementia
patients Medication reminders – Instantly update after doctor’s visit Allows individuals to remotely check on elderly parents
Real-time assistance and monitoring can: Enhance individual’s quality of life Prolong the individual’s independence Delay institutionalization and full-time care
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Mobile Technology
Cell Phones are the first widely distributed mobile devices that are: Affordable Programmable
Java for mobile devices = J2ME Always connected
Almost any software application can be adapted for cell phones
Previously separated from Internet, but now connected
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Mobile Technology
Today, many cell phone data communications are IP-based: Browsing the web Accessing email Installed client applications talking to a server
Current Java-enabled cell phones must support HTTP, many also support TCP and UDP
However, most voice calls are not IP-based
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Mobile Technology
Tomorrow: IP Multimedia Subsystems (IMS) Everything-over-IP (Voice, Video, etc..) Network and Technology Agnostic Allows voice and data services simultaneously
Sessions (via SIP) hold information on users: Device Capabilities Presence (Online or Offline) Location (Geographic Coordinates)
A user can move from one device or network to another during a session. Examples:
Cell phone switches from using cellular network to your WiFi network when you arrive home without interruption
You’re on your work phone with a colleague but need to leave the office. Call is instantly transferred to your cell.
Cell Phones become a true mobile extension to the Internet
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Mobile Technology
Network evolution reaching broadband speeds Ex. CDMA data rates (Sprint, Verizon):
CDMA2000 1XRTT
EVDO REV-0 EVDO REV-A WiMAX
(Sprint = “XOHM”)
Download rate Up to 150 kbps
Up to 2.5 Mbps Up to 3.1 Mbps Up to 5 Mbps
Upload rate Up to 150 Kbps
Up to 150 Kbps Up to 1.8 Mbps Up to 1-2 Mbps
Avg. data rate 50 – 75 Kbps
300 –600 Kbps (Download)
50 - 75 Kbps (Upload)
600 – 1300 Kbps (Download)
200 – 500 Kbps (Upload)
End of 2007Now End of 20087
No Network? – No Problem! Bluetooth
Short-range (30ft) technology used to transfer information between 2 devices Phone-to-Phone Phone-to-hearing aid Phone-to-health monitor
Near-Field Communication (NFC) Allows you to “swipe” your cell phone
Buy things, prove your identity, etc. Now available in U.S. phones
Mobile Technology
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Source: Cristina Martinez Byvik
Mobile Technology
Global Positioning System (GPS) Device uses satellite signals to
determine its current location Accurate up to 3-5 meters Small enough to manufacture as
a “chip” inside phone Assisted GPS (aGPS) uses data
provided by the cellular network to reduce time-to-first-fix
Enables Location-Based Services (LBS)
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Travel Assistant Device (TAD)
Helps guide transit riders with cognitive disabilities
Used by Travel Trainers (Employees of transit agencies who introduce new riders to transit)
Keeps rider safe and eases parental anxieties
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Home
Bus Stop B Work
Bus Stop A
“Travel Assistant Device” for Special Needs Riders
Scenario: Joe needs to get from Home to Work and back using transit
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Home
Bus Stop B Work
Bus Stop A
“Travel Assistant Device” for Special Needs Riders
Most of the time Joe gets off at the right stop, but sometimes he forgets to pull the stop handle.
Joe
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Home
Bus Stop B Work
Bus Stop A
“Travel Assistant Device” for Special Needs Riders
Let’s try again, this time with a “Travel Assistant Device”. Joe’s cell phone will ring and vibrate when the bus is approaching the “Reminder A” location, prior to his bus stop.
Reminder A
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Home
Bus Stop B Work
Bus Stop A
“Travel Assistant Device” for Special Needs Riders
When his phone rings, Joe remembers to pull the stop handle. Joe arrives safely at the correct bus stop.
Reminder A
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Home
Bus Stop B Work
Bus Stop A
A second reminder can be established for her ride home.
Reminder A
Reminder B
“Travel Assistant Device” for Special Needs Riders
Home
Bus Stop B Work
Bus Stop A
“Travel Assistant Device” for Special Needs Riders
Joe arrives home safely. The reminders are triggered by his location, so time of day doesn’t matter.
Reminder A
Reminder B
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Home Bus Stop A
“Travel Assistant Device” for Special Needs Riders
Alarms is triggered if a rider deviates from their planned route. Can use multimedia alarms & reminders:
Play a recorded audio message. Show a picture/video of the next stop or landmark.
Alarm A
Travel Trainer
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“Travel Assistant Device” for Special Needs Riders
Travel Trainers and Caretakers can instantly see where the rider is currently located by using a web page.
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Challenges
Cutting-edge and next-generation “Gerontechnology” systems will be driven by real-time access to information
Networked mobile applications are inherently different from traditional networked applications
Need to solve new problems!
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Challenges
Power, a very limited resource, is consumed by: CPU calculations Wireless transmissions GPS fixes
Wireless transmissions: Communication often fails
Reliable protocols (i.e. TCP) cause multiple re-transmissions Retransmissions drain battery, and aren’t useful for real-time LBS
Every bit transferred costs power But so does using compression algorithms
Every bit transferred costs $ GPS
Every fix costs power GPS signals aren’t always available
Attempting to get a fix while indoors can result in large power costs20
Challenges
GPS fix + UDP Transmission every 4 seconds Battery lasts 5.06 hrs Battery Level vs Time
01234
1
1462
2923
4384
5845
7306
8767
1022
8
1168
9
1315
0
1461
1
1607
2
1753
3
Time in Seconds
Bat
tery
Po
wer
Batt. Lv.
Battery Level vs Time
01234
Time in Seconds
Bat
tery
Po
wer
Batt. Lv.
GPS fix + UDP Transmission every 30 seconds Battery lasts 9.6 hrs
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Solutions
“Critical Point Algorithm” – only send GPS points that are required to reconstruct a trip Don’t send coordinate on every fix Vary GPS refresh rate if possible Check cell signal availability before sending
data
Without Critical Point Algorithm With Critical Point Algorithm22
Solutions – “Critical Point”
Without Critical Point Algorithm With Critical Point Algorithm
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Solutions – “Critical Point”
TripNumber of Trip Points
Number of Critical Points
Bytes saved
Financial savings*
1 73 26 5593 $0.17
2 363 56 36533 $1.10
3 489 65 50456 $1.50
4 208 73 16065 $0.48
5 357 62 35105 $1.05
6 2320 159 257159 $7.71
7 1022 139 105077 $3.15
8 811 137 80206 $2.40
*Based on 119 bytes per UDP package and a charge of $0.03 per kilobyte.24
Conclusions
Mobile phones are enabling new “Gerontechnologies”
All IP-based future means cell phones will be seamlessly integrated with networks
However, mobile applications are subject to new problems!
Recognizing these problems and creating solutions leads to successful applications
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Thanks!
Sean J. Barbeau Research Associate Center for Urban Transportation Research University of South Florida 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, CUT100 Tampa, FL 33620-5375
(813) 974-7208 (813) 974-5168 (fax) barbeau@cutr.usf.edu
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