mobile & embedded system: introduction lin zhong elec424, fall 2010
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System vs. processor/IC vs. “chip” System
Ready to interface with the physical world, including human users
Usually has non-computing components Battery, display, microphone, motor, etc.
System > Chip >=processor/IC Non silicon components hard to integrate
into chip: “Board” vs. “Chip” System on a chip (SoC)
Processor + silicon components of a system2
Embedded systems Physical
Component of a larger system Functional
More or less fixed set of applications Programming
Foreign application development Code compile on a different computer
Not necessarily small, inexpensive or standalone
What are not embedded systems? Super computers, servers Personal computers
A rough definition of embedded systems A computing system that is not called super computer, server, or
personal computer3
4
Mobile systems Great computing
capacity Established social
acceptance Individual ownership Unbeatable portability
Wireless
Display
HCIBattery
Moore’s Law
5
Samsung S5L8900 412MHz
128MB RAM/8-16GB Flash
WiFi, Bluetooth 2.0, 3G 4.7 oz
Intel Pentium MMX 233MHz
64MB RAM/4GB Disk Ethernet 14 pounds
IBM Thinkpad 770 (1998)
Computing capacity
Apple iPhone (2008)
6
Established social acceptance
60% population have a cell phone (2009) 3.3 billions (ITU 2008) 800 millions accessed Internet through phones
80% population live under cellular network coverage (2006) 90% phone lines in Africa are mobile phones
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
World population Mobile cellular subscribers
Personal computers Internet users
Nu
mb
er i
n m
illi
on
s
Source: ITU/Business Today
7
But… Limited I/O capacity
Between the device & its physical context Especially its user! No Moore’s Law for human capacity
Limited battery capacity No Moore’s Law for battery capacity
Limited heat dissipation capacity No Moore’s Law for thermodynamics
Limited human attention
8
Computing vs. human performance
Sources: intel.com and factmonster.com
1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 20041
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
Olympic Gold Metal winner: 100m dash (men)Olympic God Metal winner: 100m dash (women)# of transistors for Intel processorProcessor performance measured in MIPS
Year
Tim
es
of
imp
rov
em
en
t
9
Computing vs. humanity
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.000001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
USA Federal minimum wage in 2003 dollar
Average transistor price for Intel processors in contemporary dollar
US
A $
Source: Intel.com and dol.gov
10
Text entry speed
Speaking mini hardware keyboard
Software key-board with stylus
Handwriting0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
150
2313 15
25 2212 7
Raw speed
Corrected speed
Sp
ee
d (
wo
rds
pe
r m
inu
te)
Raw speeds do not improve
11
Samsung S5L8900 412MHz
128MB RAM/8-16GB Flash
WiFi, Bluetooth 2.0, 3G 4.7 oz
Intel Pentium MMX 233MHz
64MB RAM/4GB Disk Ethernet 14 pounds
IBM Thinkpad 770 (1998)
If you could use only one computer
Apple iPhone (2008)
12
Limited battery capacity Mobile devices are weight-sensitive Battery density increases about 10% annually
1950 Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) 1990 Nickel-metal Hydride (NiMH) 1991 Lithium Ion (Li-ion) 1999 Li-ion Polymer
Most devices have battery capacity within 1500mAh, typically slightly more than 1000mAh (@3-5V) Nokia 9500 communicator: 1300mAh (@3-5V) Li-ion
Polymer, 172 grams Dell Latitude D610: 4700mAh (@11V) Li-ion, 2300 grams
13
Limited heat transfer capacity No active thermal management
Better packaging material Energy storage with phase-change
materials
Thermal management of a thin laptop
Source: Intel Technology JournalWater cooling of a high-end PC
Source: water-cooling.com
14
A hot case: 3-Watt Nokia 3120
Phone case temperature will be 40 deg C higher.
Every one Watt increases surface temperature by about 13 deg C
15
Design challenges Limited I/O capacity
No Moore’s Law for human capacity Limited battery capacity
No Moore’s Law for battery capacity Limited heat dissipation capacity
No Moore’s Law for thermodynamics Limited human attention
16
Design challenges (Contd.) It is NOT about computing
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 200610
100
1000
10000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
24
33
66
150
Gateway highend desktopGateway laptopNokia 9xxx communicatorNokia 9xxx weight (g)Nokia 9xxx volume (cc)
Year of introduction
Pro
cess
or
spee
d in
MH
z
Wei
gh
t (g
)/V
olu
mn
e(cc
)
9000
91109210
9500
Source: Dr. Cutler and Nokia.com
17
Design challenges (Contd.) It is about
Integrating heterogeneous components Making computing (energy) efficient
Low-power design Thermal management
Making computing useful Make users more productive Make users healthier Make them happier Get more users
ELEC424 in ECE curriculum
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User interfaceApplication software
(including domain-specific solutions, compilers, software engineering)
Operating system (including network, file system, device
drivers)
Processor Digital IC RF
circuit Display Battery etc
System
integration
Major components System
Board, system on chip, Embedded computing
ARM, TI MSP430 Low-power design Real-time concepts Control
Non-computing elements Sensors, batteries, displays etc. Human factors
System development Windows Mobile, Linux, iPhone
Applications Health, automobile, telecommunication, entertainment etc.
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Build a complete embedded system System and function design Printed circuit board design &
fabrication Board assembly Operating system installation Program
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Administrative info. Homework 10% Participation 10% Presentation 20% In class quiz 10% Mid term 20% Final 30%
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Blink check point http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M
OJyYXPwe-E
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Tilt check point http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s
7OANI1LelE
25
Balance check point http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4
kmJuIE8G8U
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Lift and balance http
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6uC6AasfJo
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