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MINING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
PROCEEDINGS
Editor
Prof. dr Ivica Ristovic
Vrdnik
10 - 13. June 2015.
5th
International Symposium
MINING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
10 - 13 June 2015., Vrdnik, Serbia
-
PROCEEDINGS
5th International Symposium MINING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Editor: prof. dr Ivica Ristovic, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade
Reviewers:
dr Michal Cehlar, BERG Faculty, TU Košice, Slovakia, dr Gabriel Fedorko, BERG Faculty, TU Košice, Slovakia, dr
Vieroslav Molnar, BERG Faculty, TU Košice, Slovakia, dr Daniela Marasova, BERG Faculty, TU Košice, Slovakia, dr
Milivoj Vulic, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia, dr Zeljko Vukelic, Faculty of Natural
Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia, dr Goran Vizintin, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, dr Evgen Dervaric, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia, dr Milan
Medved, University of Maribor, Slovenia, dr Vladimir I. Galkin, MISIS Moscow, Russia, dr Evgenia. E Sheshko,
MISIS Moscow, Russia, dr Nikolaj M. Kachurin, TulGU, Tula, Russia, dr Oleg N. Rusak, Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, dr
Zoran Panov, Goce Delcev University Stip, Macedonia, dr Zoran Despodov, Goce Delcev University Stip, Macedonia,
dr Dejan Mirakovski, Goce Delcev University Stip, Macedonia, dr Viktor Kovalov, Donbas State Engineering
Academy, Ukraine, dr Valentin Nedeff, University of Bacau, Romania, dr Alexandru-Viorel Pele, University of
Oradea, Romania, dr Raycho Ilarionov, TU Gabrovo, Bulgaria, dr Malgorzata Malec, KOMAG, Gliwice, Poland, dr
Monika Hardygora, Wrocław University of Technology, Poland, dr Horst Gondek, VŠB Ostrava, Czech Republic, dr
Jiri Fries, VŠB Ostrava, Czech Republic, dr Neven Duic, University of Zagreb, Croatia, dr Nediljka Gaurina-
Medjimurec, University of Zagreb, Croatia, dr Vlatko Marusic, University of Osijek, Croatia, dr Vladimir Malbasic,
University of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Hercegovina, dr Kemal Gutic, Faculty of Minig, Geology
and Civil Engineering,Bosnia and Hercegovina, dr Gordana Stefanovic, University of Nis, Serbia, dr Srdjan Jovic,
University of Pristina, Serbia, dr Blagoje Nedeljkovic, University of Pristina, Serbia, dr Gordana Vojkovic, University
of Belgrade, Serbia, dr Zoran Nikic, University of Belgrade, Serbia, dr Ivan Obradovic, University of Belgrade, Serbia,
dr Nikola Lilic, University of Belgrade, Serbia, dr Bozo Kolonja, University of Belgrade, Serbia, dr Dinko Knezevic,
University of Belgrade, Serbia, dr Milos Grujic, University of Belgrade, Serbia, dr Aleksandar Cvjetic, University of
Belgrade, Serbia, dr Ivica Ristovic, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
Editorial Board: Aleksandar Ganic; Ivica Ristovic; Rade Tokalic; Milena Kostović; Milos Tanasijevic;
Branko Lekovic; Branko Gluscevic; Milena Gojkovic.
Publisher: Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade
For publisher: Prof. dr Ivan Obradovic, Dean
Technical desing: SaTCIP, Vrnjacka Banja
Printed by: SaTCIP, Vrnjacka Banja
Copies: 150
ISBN 978-86-7352-287-6
The publication of this Proceedings approved by the Council of Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of
Belgrade
All Papers in Proceedings are reviewed
This Proceedings was published with the financial assistance of the Ministry of Education, Science and
Technological Development of Republic of Serbia
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ORGANIZER
UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE, FACULTY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY, Belgrade
CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, Mining Department
www.rgf.bg.ac.rs
COORGANIZERS
BERG FACULTY TU KOSICE, SLOVAKIA
www.fberg.tuke.sk
UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA, FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING, SLOVENIA
www.ntf.uni-lj.si
GOCE DELCEV UNIVERSITY IN STIP, MACEDONIA
www.ugd.edu.mk
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY “MISIS”, MOSCOW, RUSSIA
www.en.misis.ru
INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF ECOLOGY AND PROTECTION MANEB,
SANKT-PETERBURG, RUSSIA
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE dr Michal Cehlar, BERG Faculty, TU Košice, Slovakia, dr Gabriel Fedorko, BERG Faculty, TU Košice, Slovakia, dr
Vieroslav Molnar, BERG Faculty, TU Košice, Slovakia, dr Daniela Marasova, BERG Faculty, TU Košice, Slovakia, dr
Milivoj Vulic, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia, dr Zeljko Vukelic, Faculty of Natural
Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia, dr Goran Vizintin, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, dr Evgen Dervaric, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia, dr Milan
Medved, University of Maribor, Slovenia, dr Vladimir I. Galkin, MISIS Moscow, Russia, dr Evgenia. E Sheshko,
MISIS Moscow, Russia, dr Nikolaj M. Kachurin, TulGU, Tula, Russia, dr Oleg N. Rusak, Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, dr
Zoran Panov, Goce Delcev University Stip, Macedonia, dr Zoran Despodov, Goce Delcev University Stip, Macedonia,
dr Dejan Mirakovski, Goce Delcev University Stip, Macedonia, dr Viktor Kovalov, Donbas State Engineering
Academy, Ukraine, dr Valentin Nedeff, University of Bacau, Romania, dr Alexandru-Viorel Pele, University of
Oradea, Romania, dr Raycho Ilarionov, TU Gabrovo, Bulgaria, dr Malgorzata Malec, KOMAG, Gliwice, Poland, dr
Monika Hardygora, Wrocław University of Technology, Poland, dr Horst Gondek, VŠB Ostrava, Czech Republic, dr
Jiri Fries, VŠB Ostrava, Czech Republic, dr Neven Duic, University of Zagreb, Croatia, dr Nediljka Gaurina-
Medjimurec, University of Zagreb, Croatia, dr Vlatko Marusic, University of Osijek, Croatia, dr Vladimir Malbasic,
University of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Hercegovina, dr Kemal Gutic, Faculty of Minig, Geology
and Civil Engineering,Bosnia and Hercegovina, dr Gordana Stefanovic, University of Nis, Serbia, dr Srdjan Jovic,
University of Pristina, Serbia, dr Blagoje Nedeljkovic, University of Pristina, Serbia, dr Gordana Vojkovic, University
of Belgrade, Serbia, dr Zoran Nikic, University of Belgrade, Serbia, dr Ivan Obradovic, University of Belgrade, Serbia,
dr Nikola Lilic, University of Belgrade, Serbia, dr Bozo Kolonja, University of Belgrade, Serbia, dr Dinko Knezevic,
University of Belgrade, Serbia, dr Milos Grujic, University of Belgrade, Serbia, dr Aleksandar Cvjetic, University of
Belgrade, Serbia, dr Ivica Ristovic, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE:
dr. Ivica Ristovic, Belgrade, Serbia, president, dr. Gabriel Fedorko, Košice, Slovakia, vice president, dr. Milivoj
Vulic, Ljubljana, Slovenia, vice president, dr. Vasilii Zotov, Moscow, Russia, vice president, dr. Zoran Despodov,
Štip, Republic of Macedonia, vice president, dr. Vjeroslav Molnar, Košice, Slovakia, dr. Olga O. Sheshko, Moscow,
Russia, dr. Jiri Fries, Ostrava, Czech Republic, dr. Dejan Mirakovski, Štip, Republic of Macedonia, dr. Aleksandar
Cvjetic, Belgrade, Serbia, Miroslav Ivkovic, TE-KO Kostolac, Kostolac, Serbia, Danko Beatovic, TE-KO Kostolac,
Kostolac, Serbia, MSc Ivana Filipovic, Belgrade, Serbia, MSc Milena Lekic, Belgrade, Serbia, MSc Uros Pantelic,
Belgrade, Serbia, BSc Bojana Simic, Belgrade, Serbia, BSc Nadežda Petrović, Lazarevac, Serbia
http://www.fberg.tuke.sk/bergweb/http://www.fberg.tuke.sk/bergweb/http://www.ntf.uni-lj.si/http://www.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/en/http://en.misis.ru/
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C O N T E N T S:
PLENARY SESSION
Ivica Ristovic:
Mining and Environmental Protection - Experiences and Challenges.........................................
1
Daniela Marasová, Michal Cehlár, Nikoleta Husáková, Slovakia:
Procedure of Creation and Design of Simulation Model of Calcined Ore Conveyance...........
9
Evgen Dervaric, Zeljko Vukelic, Slovenia: Can Coal Survive......................................................................................................................
15
Aleksandar Cvjetic, Serbia:
Environmental Noise in Serbian Open Cast Lignite Mines......................................................
23
Predrag Dasic, Ivica Ristovic, Jovan Dasic, Serbia:
Analysis of bibliometric indicators for category Mining & Mineral
Processing for 2013 based on JCR and Scopus data.................................................................
30
WORKS SESSIONS
Gabriel Fedorko, Vieroslav Molnar, Nikoleta Husakova, Slovakia: Analysis of Variable Pipe Conveyor Belt Motion by the Help of CAX Tools.........................
40
Gabriel Fedorko, Vieroslav Molnár, Dragan Medenica, Slovakia, Serbia:
Modelling of Stress-Deformation States for Conveyor Belts of Classic Belt Conveyors........
48
Gabriel Fedorko, Ivana Filipovic, Ivica Ristovic, Slovakia, Serbia:
Utilization of CAD and CAE Technologies by Research of Shifting of Pipe Conveyors........
55
Peter Michalik, Vieroslav Molnár, Slovakia:
Scripting – Effective Tool for Acceleration of FEM Analysis in the Program Abaqus...........
64
Nikoleta Husáková, Slovakia:
Eco-logistics – a Tool for Environmental Protection................................................................
73
Evgenia E. Sheshko, Russia:
Substantiation of Efficiency of Application of Sandwich Belt High Angle
Conveyors in the Schemes With Cyclic and Line Technology in Deep Open Pits..................
79
Vladimir I. Galkin, Russia:
Features of Designs of Belts for Pipe Belt Conveyors..............................................................
86
Olga E. Sheshko, Russia:
Tendences of Reducing Harmful Emissions Into Atmosphere in Deep Open Pits...................
91
Svjetlana Sredic, Nada Prerad, Slobodanka Malbasic, Vladimir Malbasic,
Igor Knjeginic, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Hercegovina:
Possibility of Biomass Production from Fast-Growing Plantations at the
Degraded Areas of Iron Ore Mines Around Prijedor................................................................
97
-
Amor Husic, Rijad Sisic, Zvjezdan Karadzin, Bosnia and Hercegovina:
Possibilities of Utilizing Ventilation Air Methane from FBIH Coal Mines................................
106
Dragana Jelisavac Erdeljan, Serbia: Mining Waste Management.........................................................................................................
112
Milos Grujic, Serbia:
Basic Principles of Quantifying the Criteria for Identifying Priorities
in Solving the Environmental Protection Problems in Mining....................................................
115
Bogoljub Vuckovic, Biljana Radovanovic, Nadezda Petrovic, Serbia:
Kolubara Lignites Combustible Sulphur Environmental Impact – Naturall
and Artificial Selected Sources Comparison................................................................................
120
Zeljko Prastalo, Dragan Milosevic, Sasa Mitic, Milinko Radosavljevic,
Nenad Makar, Serbia:
Exploitation Measures Aimed in Preserving the Quality of Humus............................................
130
Nikolai M. Kachurin, Sergei A. Vorobev, Sergei M. Bogdanov, Russia:
Evaluating Polluting Atmosphere by Mining Enterprises and
Optimizing Prophylactic Measures Resources.............................................................................
135
Nikolai M. Kachurin, Sergei A. Vorobev, Dimitryi N. Shkuratckiy,
Sergei M. Bogdanov, Russia:
Environmental Danger of Worked and Liquidated Coal Mines Open Areas...............................
141
Edward M. Socolov, Tatiyna S. Sviridova, Russia:
Polluting Soils by Heavy Metals and Radionuclides...................................................................
150
Zorica Ivkovic, Dejan Dramlic, Vladica Dragosavljevic, Serbia:
Legislation to preserve and faciliate biological resources in underground coal exploitation......
154
Biljana Milutinovic, Gordana Stefanovic, Srdjan Jovic, Hivzo Skrijelj, Serbia: Development of Mathematical Model for Estimation of Economic
Indicators of Waste Treatment.....................................................................................................
162
Dragana Savic, Jelena Majstorovic, Dejan Nikolic, Dejan Zivkovic, Serbia:
Geological Investigations of Conceptual Project of Regional Landfill on Kalenic.....................
171
Drago Potocnik, Janez Roser, Milivoj Vulic, Slovenia:
Analysis of Occupational Injuries in the Velenje Coal Mine Using
Modified Sigmoid Function.........................................................................................................
179
Gregor Novakovic, Simon Kovacic, Milivoj Vulic, Slovenia:
Applicability of 3D Laser Scanning Data in Underground Constructions...................................
184
Janja Vrzel, Nives Ogrinc, Goran Vizintin, Slovenia:
Development of the Conceptual Model – Ljubljansko Polje Aquifer (Slovenia)........................
189
Zeljko Vukelic, Evgen Dervaric, Goran Vizintin, Slovenia:
Well Optimization in Velenje Coal Mine Using 3D
Finithe Elements Modeling..........................................................................................................
193
Cvjetko Stojanovic, Biljana Borovic, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Hercegovina:
Exploitation of Natural Resources in Function of Sustainable Development..............................
199
-
Zoran Despodov, Dejan Mirakovski, Nikolinka Doneva,
Stojance Mijalkovski, Zoran Panov, Republic of Macedonia:
Regulation of Saska River with Aim for Environmetal Protection at
No.4 Flotation Tailing Damp Construction in the Sasa Mine.......................................................
203
Todor Serafimovski, Goran Tasev, Republic of Macedonia:
Soil Metal Pollution Related to Active Zletovo Pb-Zn Mine...........................................................
209
Dejan Mirakovski, Marija Hadzi-Nikolova, Zoran Despodov,
Nikolinka Doneva, Stojance Mijalkovski, Republic of Macedonia: Guidelines for Preparation of Mine Waste Management Plan.....................................................
216
Marija Hadzi-Nikolova, Dejan Mirakovski, Zoran Despodov,
Nikolinka Doneva, Stojance Mijalkovski Republic of Macedonia:
Verification of the Environmental Noise Dispersion Model in Mining.......................................
226
Aleksandar Simic, Radoje Lausevic, Ana Popovic, Mirjana Bartula, Serbia:
Environmental Management and Information System for Surface Lignite Mining....................
232
Marija Zivkovic, Dejan Ivezic, Aleksandar Madzarevic, Serbia: The Role of Ecological Indicators in Processes of Strategic
Planning-Case of The City of Nis................................................................................................
238
Vesna Karovic Maricic, Branko Lekovic, Dusan Danilovic,
Miroslav Crnogorac, Serbia:
Environmental Benefits of Enhanced Oil Recovery by CO2 Injection........................................
247
Dusan Danilovic, Vesna Karovic-Maricic, Branko Lekovic,
Miroslav Crnogorac, Serbia:
Preventing Harmful Emissions Into the Atmosphere Upon Manipulation Oil Derivatives.........
253
Snezana Savkovic, Jelena Majstorovic, Predrag Jovancic, Serbia:
Analysis attainable technical-technological results word open pit mines
Elecktrical industry - EPS of Serbia.............................................................................................
258
Jelena Malenovic Nikolic, Ana Vukadinovic, Vojin Cokorilo, Serbia:
Energy Management and Systems of Environmental Safety in Mining-Energy Complexes......
262
Jelena Malenovic Nikolic, Dejan Vasovic, Serbia:
Improving Systems of Environmental Safety in Mining-Energy Complexes:
Project Management.....................................................................................................................
267
Dejan Vasovic, Jelena Malenovic Nikolic, Stevan Musicki, Serbia:
Water Framework Directive, Industrial Emissions Directive, Seveso Directive:
A Triangle of Equal Sides............................................................................................................
272
Radule Tosovic, Serbia:
Expert Economic Evaluation of Mineral Resources in Environmental Protection......................
278
Tomislav Subaranovic, Vladimir Pavlovic, Ivan Jankovic, Serbia:
Planning and Options of Mine Closure........................................................................................
285
Milorad Stojanovic, Slavica Stojanovic, Serbia:
The Impact of the Construction of Phase II of the Coal Preparation Plant
(Crusher) Tamnava-East Field and Dump Fine Coal on the Environment..................................
289
-
Gordana Milentijevic, Blagoje Nedeljkovic, Milan Milojevic, Serbia:
Exploration of Pb-Zn ore on Surrounding Areas of the Crnac Mine...........................................
296
Gordana Milentijevic, Blagoje Nedeljkovic, Milan Milojevic, Serbia:
The Impact of Flotation Processing of the Pb-Zn ore one the Living Environment
of the MIF Kopaonik in Leposavic..............................................................................................
301
Snezana Aleksandrovic, Aleksandar Cvjetic, Serbia:
Analysis of Noise Sources in Power Transformers and Rotating Electrical Machine.................
307
Jovan Zdravkovic, Mladen Vojnic, Serbia: Deep Well Dewatering on the Open Pit Drmno with Reference to Environmental Protection..........
313
Radisa Djuric, Dragan Stevic, Filip Todorovic, Serbia:
Impact of Modern Technology Application of New Machines of the Auxiliary
Mechanization for Reduction of Environmental Pollution at the Open-Pit Coal Mine Drmno...
318
Radisa Djuric, Dragan Milosevic, Zoran Maksimovic, Serbia:
Rational Maintenance of Machinery in the Open Pit Drmno Using
the New Concepts of Vehicles Used for the Collection and Distribution of New Oil.................
323
Miodrag Denic, Veselin Dragisic, Sasa Stojadinovic, Vladimir Zivanovic, Igor Svrkota,
Dragan Jokovic, Serbia:
Isolation of Old Works and the Possibility of a Durable Solution for the
Drainage of the Pit Mine Soko.....................................................................................................
331
Dusko Djukanovic, Igor Svrkota, Serbia:
Influence of Accidents in Underground Coal Mining to Environment........................................
338
Radoje Pantovic, Nenad Vusovic, Igor Svrkota, MarkoVukovic, Serbia:
Monitoring of Displacements in Support of Kriveljska Reka Collector......................................
341
Novica Momcilovic, Jadranka Vukasinovic, Serbia: Construction and Exploitation of a Landfill for Ash and Slag Disposal from the
Heating Plant Vreoci for the Purpose of Environmental Protection............................................
349
Dinko Knezevic, Nikola Lilic, Dragana Nisic, Milos Stanic, Vladan Kuzmanovic, Serbia:
Using Previously Polluted Sites for Waste Storage, Prahovo Phosphogypsum
Storage Case Study.......................................................................................................................
356
Nikola Lilic, Vladimir Milisavljevic, Uros Pantelic, Ljiljana Kolonja,
Dragan Medenica, Serbia:
Dispersion Modeling of Particulate Matter in Surface Lead and Zinc Mine Suplja Stijena.....
366
Suzana Lutovac, Cedomir Beljic, Zoran Gligoric, Branko Gluscevic, Serbia:
Parameter Determination of Soil Oscillation Law Using Quotient of the Relative Growth
Increments of Oscillation Velocity and Reduced Distances at Kovilovaca Surface Mine..........
376
Bozo Kolonja, Dejan Stevanovic, Milica Pesic Georgiadis, Mirjana Bankovic,
Ljiljana Kolonja, Serbia:
Uncertainty in Open Pit Optimization..........................................................................................
385
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Ljiljana Kolonja, Ranka Stankovic, Ivan Obradovic, Olivera Kitanovic,
Uros Pantelic, Serbia:
Development of a Business Intelligence Tool For Accident Analysis in Mines..........................
393
Ranka Stankovic, Nikola Vulovic, Nikola Lilic, Ivan Obradovic, Radule Tosovic,
Milica Pesic-Georgiadis:
Webgis Cadastre Of Abandoned Mines In Autonomous Province Of Vojvodina.......................
400
Sasa Ilic, Serbia:
Selective Mining and Dumping of Overburden on Opencast Coal Mining.................................
407
Aleksandar Cvjetic, Ljubica Figun, Vladimir Milisavljevic, Uros Pantelic,
Aleksandra Tomasevic, Serbia:
Noise Management at the Buvac Open Cast Mine.......................................................................
410
Milena Lekic, Ivana Filipovic, Zoran Nikic, Serbia:
Biological Planning Prospects of Municipal Waste Landfills in Serbia...........................................
420
POSTER SESSION
Vrhovnik Petra, Recnik Aleksander, Dolenec Matej, Daneu Nina,
Grom Nina, Slovenia:
Magnetite Ore Deposit Mala Kopa..............................................................................................
427
Vrhovnik Petra, Serafimovski Todor, Tasev Goran, Rogan Smuc Nastja,
Dolenec Matej, Slovenia, Republic of Macedonia: Metal Contamination in Makedonska Kamenica Region:Relevance to Human Health..............
428
INDEX OF AUTHORS
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209
SOIL METAL POLLUTION RELATED TO ACTIVE ZLETOVO Pb-Zn
MINE, REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Todor Serafimovski, Goran Tasev
University "Goce Delčev", Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, Stip, Republic of Macedonia
Abstract: Within this study a total content of 20 elements was determined in 24 soil samples taken from the vicinity of
the "Zletovo" mine, Republic of Macedonia, covering an area of 24.5 km2. However, in this paper we present four
elements significant from anthropogenic point of view. In that manner, in soils of the “Zletovo” mine area Fe values
ranged 19.3-76.9 g kg-1
with 24 above the optimum (18 g kg-1
) and 1 above action value (72 g kg-1
), Mn values ranged
643-28000 mg kg-1
with 24 above optimum (33 mg kg-1
) as well as 24 over the action value (330 mg kg-1
), Pb with
range of 42.3-529.66 mg kg-1
with 23 over optimal (85 mg kg-1
) and none above action value (530 mg kg-1
), and Zn
with range 138-3240 mg kg-1
with 23 over optimal (140 mg kg-1
) and 14 above action value (720 mg kg-1
).
Keywords: Zletovo Mine, Waste, Heavy Metals, Pollution, Soil
1. INTRODUCTION
Mine wastes represent the greatest proportion of waste produced by industrial activity. It is well known that
mining and metallurgical activities lead to enormous soil contamination with heavy metals [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. In fact, the quantity of solid mine waste and the quantity of Earth’s materials moved
by fundamental global geological processes are of the same order of magnitude or approximately several
thousand million tonnes per year [14, 15]. Opposite to the fundamental global geological processes such as
oceanic crust formation, soil erosion, sediment discharge to the oceans, and mountain building, which
naturally move Earth’s materials around the Earth’s crust and shape our planet, the human extracts material
from the Earth during mining and discards most of the extracted crust as waste. Although the modern
mining industry is of considerable importance to the world economy as it provides a great diversity of
mineral products for industrial and household consumers. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to
protect the environment from pollution with heavy metals from when it comes from such processes. This is
especially important for the proper waste management. There are several the most important approaches to
minimize the environmental impact, i.e. more sustainable mining operations, like proper deposition,
monitoring, reusing, bioremediation etc. [16]. Increased environmental awareness about the anthropogenic
input around the industrial facilities around the world induced the study of Zletovo Mine’s influence to the
adjacent environ. Here we are showing our work and analytical data of 2011 study of concentration of
different chemical elements in surface soil around one of the oldest Macedonian mines (Zletovo Mine) and
determination of its environmental impact to the adjacent vicinity (Fig. 1).
5th
International Symposium
MINING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
10 - 13. June 2015., Vrdnik, Serbia
-
210
Figure 1 Main sources of heavy metals pollution induced by work of Zletovo Mine, Macedonia
2. THE ZLETOVO Pb-Zn DEPOSIT SHORT FACTS
The Zletovo mine is located in the vicinity of the city of Probistip, Macedonia. The mine started operation
in 1940 and its production lasts until today with certain short-term interruptions. As it is well known the
mineralization is related to Tertiary calcalkaline magmatic rocks, mostly dacites and andesites.
Mineralization is found in a dacitic volcano-sedimentary suite that has been altered to clays and micas
[17, 18]. Detailed information about the mineral parageneses and geochemical features of major minerals
in ore veins is provided in extensive literature [19, 20]. The main ore mineral association is composed of
galena and sphalerite, followed by tetrahedrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and Mn oxides
are also common. Production during certain periods have reached 300000 t of ore per annum, with ore
grades higher than 9% Pb and 2% Zn, and variable concentrations of Ag, Bi, Cd, and Cu. Ore was
concentrated by flotation at Probistip and tailings were disposed of in two impoundments situated in
adjacent river and stream valleys. One of them, the river Kiselica, drains the flotation plant at Probistip
while the Koritnica River drains the area containing the main workings of the Zletovo mine (Figure 1).
Both of them join the River Zletovska, which flows down into the River Bregalnica.
3. SAMPLING AREA AND METHODS
Sampling was carried out at the beginning of May 2011. Soil surface samples (0 cm to 5 cm depth) were
collected in around the Zletovo Mine and its surrounding region (Fig. 1). The main locations that have
been sampled were at the drainage systems of Zletovo, Koritnica River, Globica, Kiselica, Strmos,
Buciste, Ziganci and Ularci as well as sites around these streams-rivers. Soil samples were collected at
several locations, but in general perpendicular to the stream-river flows. In total, 24 samples were
collected from 24 locations, over an area of 24.5 km2. Samples were located using the Global Positioning
System (GPS) and topographic maps at scale of 1:25 000. Each sample represented the composite
material collected at the central sampling point itself together with at least four points collected around a
central one with а radius of 1 m towards N, E, S and W directions. The composite material of each sample
(about 0.5 kg) was placed into plastic self-closing bags and brought to the Faculty of Natural and
Technical Sciences, University “Goce Delcev” Stip, Republic of Macedonia, where they were prepared
for the analysis. Hot (80°C) concentrated nitric acid digest was used to leach elements from the soil.
Solutions were analysed by ICP-AES or ICP-MS, depending on concentrations. The precision was less
than 5%. A large number of analytes were determined but only those that are likely mining related and
environmentally significant are presented and discussed here. The concentrations were compared to
reference guidelines to assess their significance.
-
211
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Studying results and statistically processing them it was determined that representative are elements such are
lead, zinc, iron and manganese and they are given in more details within this paper while there are elements
such are chromium, vanadium, nickel, cobalt, have not displayed elevated concentrations and being without
any significant impact as direct product of geological setting and anthropogenetic activity (Table 1).
Table 1.Concentrations of particular heavy metals in soil samples from the vicinity of the Zletovo Mine, Macedonia
Sample Pb
(mg kg-1
)
Zn
(mg kg-1
)
Fe
(g kg-1
)
Mn
(mg kg-1
)
ZN-1 42.3 138 19.3 643
ZN-2 102 283 29.66 1980
ZN-3 153 163 31.66 8680
ZN-4 529.66 2300 44.5 8553
ZN-5 389 1800 29.45 5920
ZN-6 201 300 31.23 1842
ZN-7 116.3 298 29.36 2016
ZN-8 192 420 42.36 2090
ZN-9 209 265 37.89 2312
ZN-10 493.8 2333 61 28000
ZN-11 435 2400 61.12 5440
ZN-12 333 1390 37.45 8666
ZN-13 480 2320 76.9 4350
ZN-14 358 3007 63.32 21560
ZN-15 443 3240 55.22 18960
ZN-16 211 444 29.45 3320
ZN-17 198 489 31.22 5550
ZN-18 211 611 29.33 2750
ZN-19 283 1230 33.71 2630
ZN-20 233 1120 30.16 2610
ZN-21 229 1326 31.78 2590
ZN-22 190 745 34.23 6870
ZN-23 165 796 29.97 7540
ZN-24 200 910 28.63 6110
min 42.3 138 19.3 643
max 529.66 3240 76.9 28000
average 284.36 1303.54 40.67 7791.75
Dutch list (Optimum) 85 140 18 33
Dutch list (Action) 530 720 72 330
Above optimum 23 23 24 24
Above action 0 14 1 24
Lead (Pb). In mining areas, Pb may be dispersed due to the erosion and chemical weathering of tailings.
The severity of these processes depends on chemical characteristics, and the minerals present in the
tailings [6]. In general, several observations of Pb balance in various ecosystems show that the input of
this metal greatly exceeds its output. The strong Pb adsorption in soils may mean that Pb additions to soil
are permanent and irreversible. The average amount of Pb in the world’s soils is 35 mg kg-1
[21], in the
European topsoil is 33 mg kg-1
[6], in Macedonia (studied part) is 26 mg kg-1
[22]. As it is obvious from
the table above (Table 1), we would like to stress out that lead values ranged from the 42.30÷529.66
mg·kg-1
Pb, while the lowest values were determined near the Zletovo village the highest ones were
determined in samples from localities Koritnica, Kiselica and Strmos. Calculated enrichment factor and
index of geo-accumulation were 16.66 and 0.327, respectively. In the main polluted area the average
concentration of Pb is 8.6-times higher than the European Pb average and Macedonian average for 10.9-
times. Although the average content of lead in the topsoil for the entire study area was found to be about
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212
284.36 mg kg-1
, there are areas with increased concentration up to 529.66 mg kg-1
, although even such
values were not above action values by the Dutch list (Table 1; Figure 2).
a) b)
c) d)
Figure 2 Measured concentrations of some heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn) vs. Dutch standard in
soils around the Zletovo Mine, Macedonia. (Note: all plots have logarithmic vertical scale)
Zinc (Zn). The most important anthropogenic sources of Zn are the metallurgy industry, burning of fossil
fuels, mines and Zn ore processing [1]. Zn is an essential element for most living organism (plants,
animals and humans) with important role in enzymes processes and cellular metabolism, in immune
function, protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, and cell division and daily intake of zinc is required to
maintain a steady state because the body has no specialized zinc storage system [23]. Even the toxicity of
Zn is relatively low, there are cases when poisoning with Zn can occur in both acute and chronic forms
[24]. The average amount of Zn in the world’s soils is 90 mg kg-1
[21], in the European topsoil is 68 mg
kg-1
[25], in Macedonia (studied part) is 55 mg kg-1
[22]. The highest concentrations of zinc were
determined near the Koritnica, Kiselica and Ziganci while the whole range was quite wide starting from
138 mg·kg-1
Zn and ending up to 3240 mg·kg-1
Zn with enrichment factor of 24.60 and index of geo-
accumulation of 0.135. For the main polluted area, the average concentration of Zn is 19.2-times higher
than the European Zn average and Macedonian average for 23.7-times. Similarly to the findings for lead,
although the average content of zinc in the topsoil for the entire study area was found to be about 1303.5
mg kg-1
, there are areas with very high level of contamination (Table 1; Figure 2).
Iron (Fe). Since about 3 000 years BC iron has been the most commonly used metal in all civilizations.
The common range of Fe contents in soils is between 0.1 and 10% (in forms of oxides and hydroxides, as
amorphous compounds and small particles) and its distribution in soil profiles is variable and controlled
by several soil parameters (ex. soil texture etc.). However, Fe plays a special role in the behavior of
several trace elements and is in the intermediate position between macro and micronutrients in plants,
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213
animals and humans. As a very chemically reactive metal, Fe tarnishes rapidly in air or water. Effects of
corrosion processes, on a global scale, are a serious source of this metal in different environmental
compartments [26]. Contents of Fe in soils are both inherited from parent materials and/or resulted from
soil processes that are controlled by climatic factors. Must to mention fact in regards to iron is that it is an
excellent metallic material for environmental remediation because it is a strong and nontoxic reducer,
effective in coprecipitating and sorbing inorganic pollutants [27]. The average amount of Fe in the
world’s soils is 35 g kg-1
[21], in the European topsoil is 21.7 g kg-1
[25], in Macedonia in the considered
area is 33 g kg-1
[22]. As it is obvious from the table above (Table 1), we would like to stress out that iron
values ranged from the 19.3÷76.9 g·kg-1
Fe. Either the iron haven’t shown significantly increased values,
the highest ones were recorded for the locations such as Kiselica, Koritnica and Strmos. Also, for iron
were calculated enrichment factor of 2.15 and index of geo-accumulation of 0.193. In the main polluted
area the average concentration of Fe is 1.9-times higher than the European Fe average and Macedonian
average for 1.2-times. Although the average content of iron in the topsoil for the entire study area was
found to be about 40.67 g kg-1
, there are areas with increased concentration up to 76.9 g kg-1
, although
only one value was above action value by the Dutch list (Table 1; Figure 2).
Manganese (Mn). The major anthropogenic sources of Mn are: municipal wastewaters, sewage sludge, and
metal smelting processes. The combustion of fuel additives (MMT) is of a lesser importance. In soils irrigated
with water affected by acid mine drainage the soluble Mn fraction increases due to reductive dissolution of Mn
oxides [28]. Manganese has not been considered to be a polluting metal in soils; however, the MAC value for this
metal in agricultural soils is estimated at the range 1500–3000 mg kg-1. Manganese is a member of the iron
family and both elements are closely associated in geochemical processes (Mn cycles follow Fe cycles in various
terrestrial environments). The behavior of Mn in surfacial deposits is very complex and is governed by different
environmental factors, of which Eh–pH conditions are the most important. There the negatively charged
Mn(OH)4 and MnO2 are responsible for the high degree of association of Mn concretions with some trace metals,
in particular with Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ba, Tl, W, and Mo. In addition, the oxidation of As, Cr, V, Se, Hg, and Pu
by Mn oxides is likely to control the redox behavior of these elements in soils. On the world scale, the range of
Mn average contents was calculated at 488 mg kg-1, while for the U.S. soils the calculation is 495 mg/kg [24]
while in the European topsoil is 382 mg kg-1 [25], and in Macedonia in the considered area is averaging 650 mg
kg-1 [22]. Manganese analyses around the Zletovo mine area have shown the highest concentrations among
analyzed elements, ranging from 643 up to 28000 mg kg-1
Mn. Calculated enrichment factor was of respectable
203.3 while the index of geo-accumulation was 0.0246. In the main polluted area the average concentration of
Mn is 14.9-times higher than the European Pb average and Macedonian average for 11.9-times. Although the
average content of manganese in the topsoil for the entire study area was found to be about 7791.75 mg kg-1,
there are areas with increased concentration up to 28000 mg kg-1, however all the measured values were above
action value by the Dutch list (Table 1). Data from geochemical analyzes were statistically processed in regular
Excel calculations procedure going through the Data menu where we chose Data analysis option with an array of
Analysis tools where we continued with Correlation and selected data range for that particular type of data
analysis. Summarizing results and findings of this process, we have found that there are strong correlations
between the aforementioned elements (Table 2) and appropriate correlation plot (Figure 3).
Table 2 Correlation of Pb, Zn, Fe and Mn in soil samples from the vicinity of the Zletovo Mine, Macedonia
Pb (mg kg
-1) Zn (mg kg
-1) Fe (g kg
-1) Mn (mg kg
-1)
Pb (mg kg-1
) 1
Zn (mg kg
-1) 0,890744195 1
Fe (g kg
-1) 0,786717042 0,791725219 1
Mn (mg kg
-1) 0,587304633 0,693057484 0,585819281 1
The first suite encloses Pb-Zn with correlation coefficient of 0.89, Fe-Pb of 0.78 and Fe-Zn of 0.79. These
values indicate a high elemental correlation for this suite where lead and zinc have “historical” roots of
their high correlation even in their primary sources. The second elemental suite consists of Mn-Pb-Zn-Fe
with correlation coefficient for Mn-Pb of 0.58, Mn-Zn of 0.69 and Mn-Fe of 0.58. All these correlation
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214
coefficients are relatively high and reflect the and the clear geochemical relationship of these elements,
which basically belong to their geochemical nature.
Figure 3 Correlation of Pb, Zn, Fe and Mn) in soils from the vicinity of the Zletovo Mine, Macedonia
(Note: all plots have logarithmic vertical scale)
However, here we are dealing with their anthropogenic input in soils around the Zletovo mine, which
clearly indicates their connection with the processing of lead-zinc ore from the mine.
5. CONCLUSION
Analytical data of the soil study around the Zletovo mine displayed contamination with heavy metals where
have been determined increased concentrations of Pb, Zn, Fe and Mn. These contaminations coincide with
the active exploitation of the mine and respective material discharges from the mining processes. Our study
confirmed that in soils of the “Zletovo” mine area Fe values ranged 19.3-76.9 g kg-1, Mn values ranged
643-28000 mg kg-1
, Pb with range of 42.3-529.66 mg kg-1 and Zn with range 138-3240 mg kg
-1, as well as
determined several geochemical pairs have shown correlation coefficients: Pb-Zn with correlation
coefficient 0.89, Fe-Pb of 0.78, Fe-Zn of 0.79, Mn-Pb of 0.58, Mn-Zn of 0.69 and Mn-Fe of 0.58. Increased
concentration of almost all analyzed metals in soil around the Zletovo mine implies direct correlation to the
processing of lead-zinc ore in the mine, while metal deposition in soil the most frequently comes through
the several medias (water, waste leachates and air).
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