metabolic functions

Metabolic FunctionsMetabolic Functions

By: Erin McLoonBy: Erin McLoon

Rachel CorningRachel Corning

Fianna WalshFianna Walsh

Julia DavisJulia Davis

General Overview of Metabolic General Overview of Metabolic Functions & ATPFunctions & ATP

ATP- adenosine triphosphateATP- adenosine triphosphate Function: provide a form of chemical energy cells Function: provide a form of chemical energy cells

can usecan use Molecules are made and broken downMolecules are made and broken down Helps cells maintain boundariesHelps cells maintain boundaries Moves along all life processesMoves along all life processes

General Overview Cont..General Overview Cont..

Structure: Modified nucleotideStructure: Modified nucleotide Adenine baseAdenine base Ribose sugarRibose sugar Three phosphate groupsThree phosphate groups Phosphate groups attached by high energy Phosphate groups attached by high energy

phosphate bondsphosphate bonds When high energy phosphate bonds are broken When high energy phosphate bonds are broken

by hydrolysis, energy is released and can be by hydrolysis, energy is released and can be used by the cell to do work/power an activityused by the cell to do work/power an activity

ATPATP What does the cell use ATP to do?What does the cell use ATP to do?

Synthesize proteinsSynthesize proteins Transport substances across its membraneTransport substances across its membrane Causes the muscle cells to contractCauses the muscle cells to contract

When the high energy phosphate bond is When the high energy phosphate bond is broken:broken:

ATP ATP ADP + P +E ADP + P +E ADP = adenosine diphosphate, P= inorganic phosphate ADP = adenosine diphosphate, P= inorganic phosphate

E= energy E= energy

ATP supplies are replenished by oxidation of ATP supplies are replenished by oxidation of food fuelsfood fuels

Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration

Breakdown of Glucose Without OxygenBreakdown of Glucose Without Oxygen Anaerobic Glycolysis:Anaerobic Glycolysis:

Occurs in a Occurs in a cystolcystol (doesn’t use Oxygen) (doesn’t use Oxygen) Glucose is broken down into Glucose is broken down into Pyruvic acidPyruvic acid Due to lack of Oxygen, the Due to lack of Oxygen, the Pyruvic acidPyruvic acid is is

converted into converted into lactic acidlactic acid Can provide most of ATP needed for 30-40 Can provide most of ATP needed for 30-40

seconds of strenuous muscle activityseconds of strenuous muscle activity

Shortcomings of Anaerobic Shortcomings of Anaerobic RespirationRespiration

Uses a lot of glucose for a small amount of Uses a lot of glucose for a small amount of ATPATP

Accumulating lactic acid promotes muscle Accumulating lactic acid promotes muscle sorenesssoreness

Anaerobic Respiration DiagramAnaerobic Respiration Diagram

Anaerobic VS AerobicAnaerobic VS Aerobic

Anaerobic respiration produces only 5% of the Anaerobic respiration produces only 5% of the ATP that Aerobic Respiration producesATP that Aerobic Respiration produces

Anaerobic is 2 ½ times faster than Aerobic Anaerobic is 2 ½ times faster than Aerobic RespirationRespiration

Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration

Occurs in mitochondria & involves a series of Occurs in mitochondria & involves a series of metabolic pathways that use oxyenmetabolic pathways that use oxyen

Glucose is broken down completely into CO2 Glucose is broken down completely into CO2 and H2Oand H2O Some of the energy is released as the bonds are Some of the energy is released as the bonds are

broken and is captured in the bonds of ATP broken and is captured in the bonds of ATP moleculesmolecules

Provides 32 ATP per 1 Glucose moleculeProvides 32 ATP per 1 Glucose molecule

Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration Slow, and Slow, and

requires requires continuous continuous delivery of O2 delivery of O2 and nutrient and nutrient fuels to the fuels to the musclesmuscles

Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle Occurs in mitochondriaOccurs in mitochondria Produces virtually all CO2 during cell respirationProduces virtually all CO2 during cell respiration Yields a small amount of ATP by transferring high Yields a small amount of ATP by transferring high

energy phosphate groups directly from energy phosphate groups directly from phosphorylated substances to ADPphosphorylated substances to ADP

Free oxygen is not involvedFree oxygen is not involved Process called substrate-level phosphorylationProcess called substrate-level phosphorylation Phosphorylate = to add phosphate to an organic compoundPhosphorylate = to add phosphate to an organic compound ADP = A nucleotide, composed of adenosine and two linked ADP = A nucleotide, composed of adenosine and two linked

phosphate groups, that is converted to ATP for the storage of phosphate groups, that is converted to ATP for the storage of energy.energy.

Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain

Where the production of ATP occursWhere the production of ATP occurs Hydrogen atoms removed during the first two Hydrogen atoms removed during the first two

metabolic phases are loaded with energymetabolic phases are loaded with energy Hydrogens are delivered by the coenzymes to Hydrogens are delivered by the coenzymes to

the protein carriers of the ETCthe protein carriers of the ETC Form part of mitochondrial cristae membranesForm part of mitochondrial cristae membranes

H atoms split into H ions (H+) and electronsH atoms split into H ions (H+) and electrons

Electron Transport Chain cont.Electron Transport Chain cont.

Electrons “fall down energy hill” (go from Electrons “fall down energy hill” (go from each carrier to carrier of lower energy)each carrier to carrier of lower energy)

Give off their load of energy in small amounts, Give off their load of energy in small amounts, in a series of steps to enable cells to attach in a series of steps to enable cells to attach phosphate to ADP to make ATPphosphate to ADP to make ATP

Free oxygen is reducedFree oxygen is reduced H ions and electrons unite with molecular H ions and electrons unite with molecular

oxygenoxygen Form H2O and large amounts of ATPForm H2O and large amounts of ATP