med332 soul, funk and protest (civil rights movement)

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Slides from the lecture. Theres a video playlist and audio playlist over on http://pop-music-cult.com/

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#med332    Soul,  funk  and  protest  

I  know  you  got  soul…  

‘Soul  ain’t  nothin’  but  a  feelin’    – Wilson  PickeB  

‘I  am  not  a  blues  singer  or  an  R&B  singer,  I’m  a  soul  singer.  We  go  into  the  studio  without  anything  prepared,  just  record  what  come  out.  That’s  soul  –  the  way  you  feel’  

– OKs  Redding    

I  know  you  got  soul…  

•  ‘(Soul)  is  what  comes  from  within;  its  what  happens  when  the  inner  part  of  you  comes  out  …  Everyone  wants  to  know  where  I  got  that  funky  style.  Well,  it  comes  from  the  church.’  – Milt  Jackson  

I  know  you  got  soul…  

•  ‘Soul  to  me  is  a  feeling,  a  lot  of  depth  and  being  able  to  bring  to  the  surface  that  which  is  happening  inside  …  Its  just  the  emoKon,  the  way  it  affects  other  people’  – Aretha  Franklin  

Origins    

Gospel   PlantaKon   R&B  

Origins    

Gospel  Paul  Robeson  

PlantaKon  Huddie  LedbeBer  

R&B  Robert  Johnson  

•  Go  Down  Moses  -­‐  Let  My  People  Go  •  Joe  Hill    •  We  Shall  Overcome  (Peter  Seeger)  

•  Go  Down  Moses  -­‐  Let  My  People  Go  •  Joe  Hill    •  We  Shall  Overcome  (Peter  Seeger)  

1950s  consumer  boom    

•  Staple  Singers,    •  Ray  Charles,    •  Sam  Cooke,    •  CurKs  Mayfield  and  The  Impressions    

•  Jim  Crow  laws  •  ‘separate  but  equal’  •  Civil  Rights  movement  

1960s  

Motown  Detroit  

AtlanKc  New  York  

Stax  Memphis  

Chess  Chicago  

•  Uncloudy  Day  -­‐  Staple  Singers  (1957)    •  A  Change  is  Gonna  Come  -­‐  Sam  Cooke  (1964)  •  People  Get  Ready  -­‐  CurKs  Mayfield  &  the  Impressions  (1965)  

•  Mississippi  Goddam  –  Nina  Simone  (1964)  

I  was  born  by  the  river  in  a  liBle  tent    Oh  and  just  like  the  river  I've  been  running  ever  since    It's  been  a  long,  a  long  Kme  coming    But  I  know  a  change  gonna  come,  oh  yes  it  will      It's  been  too  hard  living  but  I'm  afraid  to  die    Cause  I  don't  know  what's  up  there  beyond  the  sky    It's  been  a  long,  a  long  Kme  coming    But  I  know  a  change  gonna  come,  oh  yes  it  will      I  go  to  the  movie  and  I  go  downtown  somebody  keep  telling  me  don't  hang  around    It's  been  a  long,  a  long  Kme  coming    But  I  know  a  change  gonna  come,  oh  yes  it  will      Then  I  go  to  my  brother    And  I  say  brother  help  me  please    But  he  winds  up  knockin'  me    Back  down  on  my  knees      

 Ohhhhhhhhh.....      There  been  Kmes  that  I  thought  I  couldn't  last  for  long    But  now  I  think  I'm  able  to  carry  on    It's  been  a  long,  a  long  Kme  coming    But  I  know  a  change  gonna  come,  oh  yes  it  will  

Sam  Cooke  –  ‘A  Change  is  Gonna  Come’  (1964)  

Mass  direct  acKon  

•  boycoBs,    •  sit-­‐ins,    •  Freedom  Rides,    •  marches    

Rosa  Parks  (1955)  Montgomery  Bus  BoycoB  

•  BoycoB  lasted  381  days  •  90%  parKcipaKon  •  Organised  by  Montgomery  Improvement  AssociaKon  –  President:  MarKn  Luther  King  Jnr  

Freedom  Rides  (1961)  

Race  riots  

•  Birmingham,  1963  •  MarKn  Luther  King  •  KKK  

Nina  Simone  –  ‘Mississippi  Goddam’  (1964)  

Malcolm  X  

•  NaKon  of  Islam  (unKl  1964)  •  Black  naKonalism  •  Black  supremacy  •  Pan-­‐Africanism  (post  1964)  

Race  riots  1964  

•  Major  riots  in  Harlem  Detroit,  Chicago  and  40  other  ciKes    

•  WaBs  Riots  alone  len  34  dead,1000  injured  and  4,000  arrested  Military  and  police  ‘locked  down’  major  US  ciKes  (Ward  1998:  179)  

Harlem,  1964  

•  James  Powell  (age  15)  

WaBs,  1965  

Riots,  1966-­‐67  •  Atlanta,    •  San  Francisco,    •  Oakland,    •  BalKmore,    •  SeaBle,    •  Cleveland,    •  CincinnaK,    •  Columbus,    •  Newark,    •  Chicago,    •  New  York  City  •  Detroit    

Malcolm  X  assassinated  (1965)  

MarKn  Luther  King  assassinated  (1968)  

Sly  &  The  Family  Stone  

Sly  &  The  Family  Stone  

Don’t  Call  Me  Nigger,  Whitey  (1969)  Luv  N’  Haight  (1971)  Africa  Talks  to  You,  the  Asphalt  Jungle  (1971)  Thank  You  For  Talking  to  Me  Africa  (1971)  Family  Affair  (1971)  

Stevie  Wonder  –  ‘Heaven  Help  Us  All’  (1970)  

1970s  urban  crisis    

In  1969  or  1970,  I  began  to  re-­‐evaluate  my  whole  concept  of  what  I  wanted  my  music  to  say  […]  I  was  very  much  affected  by  leBers  my  brother  was  sending  me  from  Vietnam,  as  well  as  the  social  situaKon  here  at  home.  I  realized  that  I  had  to  put  my  own  fantasies  behind  me  if  I  wanted  to  write  songs  that  would  reach  the  souls  of  people.  I  wanted  them  to  take  a  look  at  what  was  happening  in  the  world  -­‐  Marvin  Gaye  on  What's  Going  On,  1973    

Marvin  Gaye  

•  What’s  Going  On  •  Inner  City  Blues  •  Mercy,  Mercy  Me  (The  Ecology)  

Marvin  Gaye  –  ‘Inner  City  Blues  (Makes  Me  Wanna  Holler)’  (1971)  

CriKcal  of  black  urban  experiences:  

•  Mayfield’s  Cur%s  Mayfield  (1970)    •  Mayfield’s  Superfly  (1971)    •  Isaac  Hayes’  Sha2  (1971)    •  Stevie  Wonder’s  Talking  Book  (1972)    •  Stevie  Wonder’s  Innervsions  (1973)    •  Stevie  Wonder’s  Songs  in  the  Key  of  Life  (1975)  

Overt  poliKcal  consciousness  

•  Say  it  Loud:  Im  Black,  I’m  Proud  –  James  Brown  (1970)  

•  For  the  Love  of  Money  –  The  O’Jays  (1973)  •  The  Revolu%on  Will  Not  Be  Televised  -­‐  Gil  ScoB  Heron  (1971)  

•  Machine  Gun  –  The  Commodores  (1974)  

Gil  ScoB  Heron    -­‐  ‘The  RevoluKon  Will  Not  Be  Televised’  (1971)  

Funkadelic  –  ‘One  NaKon  Under  a  Groove’  (1978)  

Grandmaster  Flash  –  ‘The  Message’    (1982)    

Summary  Ward (1999: p388) argues that aim of this music paralleled Civil Rights movement – to bring about a shift from racial segregation to integration – idea challenged by some material that is belligerent to racism and inequality. Black artists also started to get involved in the movement as political activists: Nina Simone, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke (Ward, 1999) ‘Black consciousness’ and ‘black is beautiful’ invoked new identification with black culture. Ideas explored by Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Sly and the Family Stone et al. Soul-funk provided an important voice of social commentary on the problems of racism, poverty and the ‘urban crisis’. In the 1970s it produces both ‘utopian’ and ‘realist’ responses to these problems through musical and lyrical styles drawn from quasi mythical African heritage and Western religions.

Playlist  for  videos  

•  hBp://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRCHqijqFjGudPuMuab5EjGoarYPcK7x4  

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