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Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar
Expandedand
Revisedfrom the
workof
Francis Mason, ca.1868,
byEiselMazard, 2005,
first distributedin 2015.
""
"Editor's
Introduction (2015) p.2.
Preface (1868) p.10.
Author's Introduction (1868) p.13.Ch. 1.
TheAlphabet, Remarks on the
Originand
Historyof the
Language, etc. p.22.
Ch. 2. Permutation. p.46
Ch. 3.Tables of Declension. p.58
Ch. 4. Declension of Nouns. p.111
Ch. 6. Declension of Pronouns. p.131
Ch. 7.Verbs. p.135
Ch. 8. Indeclinable Words. p.198
Ch. 9. Derivative Words. p.205
Ch. 10. CompoundWords. p.
217
Ch. 11.Syntax
andChrestomathy p.
225
AppendixA.
Woolneron
Ashokan. p.257
Appendix B.Who
was Francis Mason? p.260
Ch. 5.Declension
ofAdjectives (incl. numbers). p.
122
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
!
!
!
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar
Expandedand Revised
from the workof
Francis Mason,ca. 1868,
by EiselMazard,2005,
first distributedin 2015.
!
!
!
!
!
Table of Contents.
!
Editor's Introduction(2015)
p. 2.
Preface (1868)
Author's Introduction(1868)
Ch.1.The
Alphabet,History of
the Language, etc.
Ch. 2. Permutation.
Ch. 3. Tables of Declension.
Ch. 4. Declension of Nouns.
Ch.5. Declension of
Adjectives (incl. numbers).
Ch. 6. Declension of Pronouns.
Ch. 7.Verbs.
Ch. 8. Indeclinable Words.
Ch. 9. Derivative Words.
Ch.10.
Compound Words.
Ch.11.
Syntaxand
Chrestomathy
AppendixA.
Woolneron
Ashokan.
Appendix B.Whowas
Francis Mason?
!!
p.10.
p.13.
p.22.
p.46
p.58
p.111
p.122
p.131
p.135
p.198
p.205
p.217
p.225
p.257
p.260
1
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
AnIntroduction (for 2015)
byEisel Mazard (അେӨ)
!
For many years now, people have been downloading and using theversions
Icreated
of Pali
textbooks by(1) Narada Thera, (2) Lily
de Silva and(3)
Charles Duroiselle(all
made available,
originally,at
www.pali.pratyeka.org).No
special argument isreally
necessary, therefore, to offer a
fourth bookin
theseries as "Mazard's version of" yet
another Pali textbook, forthe
same small
audience. However,inmany ways, Mason's book
hasmore human interest than the other three:
it
givesus
a glimpse backat
alost
worldof
traditional Pali learning and Buddhist scholarship,as the
author struggledtomake that tradition accessible
toawestern
audience forthe
first time.
!
Mason shares with the reader his sense of excitement as the first translations of the edicts of Ashoka
became known,as the
first Pali-English dictionarieswere
produced, andas Europe
discovered(or
rediscovered) ancient Buddhist philosophy through theTheraváda
tradition (and foundit
tobe
strikingly differentfrom what had
formerlybeen
known through Chineseand
Tibetan sources).
Infused with the optimismof
theera,
and with scholarly anecdotes littered throughout, this is about
asdramatic
asa textbook
ongrammar
(inadead
language) could reasonably be.
!
There mightbe
some explanation required to explain why this textis
only becoming available now
(in2015)
and not ten yearsago (2005) when
mywork on
the manuscript was completed.The real
storyofhow this book
cameinto being,
and ofwhy I chose
toeducate myself
inthis peculiar way
(thatcreated
variousresources
for othersto use as
by-products) willbe
left for another occasion.
!
The technologyof the
fonts and the underlying encoding (i.e., Unicode) evolvedwhile
I was working
onthe manuscript. I was educating myself
as tothe
correctligatures, etc.,
atthe
sametime that I
was providing feedback to the programmer totry get the
Sinhalese,Burmese and
Ashokan Brahmi
scriptsto
allwork
properly(on what
wasthen a much more
crudeversion
ofthe
Macoperating
system). Computer encodings developed last-of-all for languages suchas
Sinhalese andBurmese
(thatwere not
profitable for corporationsto pursue);
then, within eachof
these languages, there were
combinationsof letters
that onlyoccurred in
the ancient language (neverin
the modern)that
needed
tobe
addressed --one by one-- to really make word-processingin
Pali possible.In
creating thisnew
book outof
Mason'sold
one, Iwas
a direct participant in this development, thanks to the effortsof
Ka'onohiKai,
a computational linguistand
font-developerwho
corresponded with me for many
years (andto whom
I reportedon
stone inscriptions, hand-written manuscripts, and printed
typographyfrom various
eras, along with the detailsofmy
ownexperience
instruggling
to getthe
softwareto work in
typing out thissame
book).
!
2
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Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.Editor's Introduction(2015)
Theprimary source
that this bookwas created
fromis
the followingreprint of
the1868
original:
!
Francis Mason, D.D., Kachchayano's PaliGrammar with
Chrestomathy &Vocabulary,1984, Sri
Satguru Publications, Delhi, India.
!
The originaltext was of very great
quality, although riddled with errors --someof
them typographical
errors,some
of them inevitable mistakes for a pioneering workof
itsera.
More than just typing,
creating this new editionwas
aprocess of
error correction,and
constant comparisonof
conflicting
authorities.This
was, for myself,an
educational process that I valuedat the
time.
!In
Mason's Pali grammar wesee an
intermediatestage
of development, when Europeans directly
workedfrom
classical, Palisources (in
this case,Kaccáyana) to
produce a westernized accountof
the
language.Soon
enough, this western model became the default for howthe
languagewas
taught
and thought of everywhere --evenin
the most conservative monasteries.It is
difficultto
describe the
western modelas
"modern":19th
century Europeanshad
createdan
imitationof Latin
textbooksto
present Palito
a western audience (presumingwestern
studentsof
Pali to already havean
education
inLatin,
Greek, orboth).
Ifthis ever
hadbeen a good idea,
itwas evidently
lessand
lessuseful
as
the knowledgeof
Latinand
Greek declinedin
the20th
century. The teachingof
Pali has notyet
overcome this stageof
development: compare any21st
century Pali manualto
a21st
century
textbook usedto teach
French, German, etc., andit will
be obvious thatthe
Pali textbook is only a
few steps removedfrom
a19th
century Latin grammar. Ican
rememberdiscussing
the prospectof
creating a truly modern Pali textbookwith
thehead of
a Cambodian foundation,who seemed
startled atthe idea: why would language students need illustrations, exercises, questions, puzzles
and
such tolearn
Pali? The answeris:
for thesame reasons
that theyneed
them for any other language.
!
The European model for how Paliwas
taught, studiedand
thoughtof
(as a language)had
a profound
effect inAsia, but
thiseffect is
impossible to separatefrom the
declineof
traditional learning (and
traditional livelihoods) under many other headings,in
thesame era.
The disappearanceof scribal
employment (i.e., thecreation of
manuscripts, formerly offeringan
incometo
a considerable classof
people)and
the declineof
monastic education(as
a "ladder"of
upward social mobility)were
changes
that cameto
TheravádaAsia
many centurieslater
than theycame
to Europe, but when they finally
did arrive, theycame
suddenly, withgreat
implications.This is
a pattern thatcan be
observedin
Theraváda nations with very different languages, cultures,and
politicalhistories (Sri
Lankaasmuch
asCambodia, etc.).
!
The transition from locally-produced manuscriptsto
bound-and-printed volumes was,ipso
facto, a
transitionto
reliance upon centralized authorities. Formerly,each
tiny principality took pridein
producing manuscripts afterits
own fashion, with distinctive orthography, makinguse of local
3
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
dialect, etc., providing patronage for a diverse vernacular literature housed in thesame
monasteries
(including comedy, adventure-stories, romances, etc., not limitedto
Buddhist themes).The
local
monastery hadbeen
the centerof
a systemof
educationin local
dialects,but it
became, instead, the
lowest rung in a centralized system of education, that (naturally enough) served economic interests,
and pursued nationalistic goals, with very littleuse
for Pali.The
new mediaof
the newspaperand
theradio proceeded from
one office,in
a distant capital city, that and that far-offplace
was both the
centerof
prestigeand also
thelocus of
government control.It was
a newera of
government control
over language, educationand
religion: monksdid
writearticles in
newspapers, and did make
statements overthe
radio,but
they didso
onlyas
instrumentsof
a kindof
authority that had not
Editor's Introduction(2015)
existed in the feudal, village system.
!In
the modernera,
the monastery-schoolbecame
a second-rate substitute for national education,
and subordinateto
it. Students too poorto
attend"a real
school"could
find foodand
shelteras
boy-monks (or, much more rarely, girl-monks)with
thevast
majorityof
themwearing
the robes only
toprepare
for secularcareer
thereafter.As
such, "monastic education" has cometo be
implicitly
understood byall parties to be an
attemptat
secular education within monastic walls, evenat
the
university level. Without suggesting a simple cause-and-effect explanationas
to why Buddhist
learning declined, I would merely observe that thesewere
thegeneral
conditions that accompanied
the decline.In the
shortterm,
the centralizationofBuddhism
createda new vitality
atthe center,
but thissoon had to
fade dueto the
declining vitality around the periphery.
!
Giventhe
diverse economicand
political transformations thatwe group
togetherwith
thisone word
modernization,in looking
back at last 200years,
it iscertainly
easy toignore the decline
ofPali
learningas
one relativelytrivial
featureof
this process. Whetherwe are
speakingof the
recent
historyof
Burma,Sri Lanka or
Cambodia,we
think firstof civil
wars, the rise and fallof European
colonialism, etc., long before any thought is givento
the statusof
classical languages, literature and
philosophyin
these countries. However, aroundthe world,
other countries were ableto
modernize
while maintaining patronage for classical learning (e.g., Greek, Latin, classical Chinese,perhaps
latelyIrish
Gaelic, etc.)--andso
the nameof
modernity itself doesnot
fully explain why the
Theraváda countries of Southeast Asia have failed to do so.
!
The Pali traditionof
teaching Paliin
Pali (i.e., using Pali grammatical conceptsto
explain Pali) has
now gone extinct. Imet one
senior monkin Sri
Lankawho had
been the pupilof
the last living
masterof
the indigenous system of grammar (i.e., theKaccáyana
system,that
the reader willlearn
aboutin
this volume)when he was
only 8years old;
hismaster had been
roughlyone
hundred years
oldat the
time, and diedsoon
after, leavingno successor to carry on
his teaching. I remember the
expressionon
the monk'sface as he made
the efforttoremember the few
rules ofKaccáyana's
4
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.Editor's Introduction
(2015)
grammarhe
had memorizedas
a child,and
reflectedon
how cryptic they were (without extensive
commentarial explanation).
!In
North-Eastern Thailand, Ivisited
a temple thatwas partly
a shrineto the
memory of thelast
monk
therewho had
--allegedly-- learned the Pali language using theold
(Kaccáyana) system, still within
living memory.As
the knowledgeof
the languagehad
becomelocally
extinct, this one monk had,
reportedly, struggled to put together a complete manuscript of Kaccáyana's grammarrules from the
imperfect fragmentsstill
available (this partof
the story, certainly,is
believable). Therewas
a huge,
painted portraitof
the man hangingon
the wall, and lacquer boxes containing various aspectsof
his
legacy wereset out in
a sortof
museum. I wastold
by a professor that thelocal
peoplecalled the
monks who had followed him "the stone pillow school",as
the monks wereso
hard-working that
they took naps with their headson
stone between lessons.In
lookingat
the manuscript evidence
left behind by this school, Iwas
given the impression that, in fact, the attemptto
returnto
the roots
ofthe ancient language there
had failed(i.e., no such revival
ofancient learning
asthey'd
aspiredto
actually happened); however, that small chapterin
history(and
the shrine that was createdto
immortalizeits
memory) demonstrated that local people(in
those thevillages of Isan) were
keenly
aware thatin
thepast
monks had gained reading-comprehensionof
the ancient philosophyof the
Buddha (in Pali),whereas
the monksof more recent
times did not. Evenifthe whole story
ofthe
stone pillow school were fiction,itwould
bea story that problematized modern monastic education.
There was a cultural awareness that the old system of learning (i.e., Kaccáyana's grammar) was a
hallmark ofreal
abilityin
the language, whereas the new (central Thai)system
thatreplaced it
was
just a klugeof
mispronounced loan-words that allowed monkstomake
uphomilies,
butthat
definitely did not equipthem to read
the philosophyin
the ancient language,asmonks
haddone
in
ancient times.
!
The pedagogy surrounding the language has changed radicallyin
thelast
century.Not
even the
most conservative monk alive todaycan claim
that he learned toread
the Buddhist scriptures in the
sameway that monks
learned itjust
200years ago,
let alone 500 or 1,000 yearsago.
Ifanyone
were
sincerely interestedin
knowing "How did monks learn Pali priorto
European influence?", the
answer would have tobegin with
the grammarof
Kaccáyana, anditcould begin here, with a
casual
readingof
Mason's textbook.
!Asian
monksand Asian
academics alike have become dependent uponwestern
learning; itisnow
viawestern grammars,
westernpedagogy and western dictionaries that they
accesstheir own ancient
traditions. More often than not,the
translations(and
even untranslated Pali editions)are
dependent
uponwestern
sourcesalso
(andreaders
maynot
evenrealize
that theyare
lookingat
awestern
interpretation, if they encounterit after it has been
translated back into their own language).
!5
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
When I was in Laos,the
official textbookin use
forthe
monksat
the higher academy (i.e., the
monastic university, for lackof
a betterterm)
was written duringthe
French colonialperiod
by a
certainMr. Louis Finot. I
had theimpression
that most ofthe monks mistakenly assumed that the
Laotranslator (whose name was
moreprominent
onthe cover)
wasthe book's author. Finot
wasa
western author, workingfrom western
sources, defining Buddhism foran
audienceof
Buddhist
monks,who
would proceedto give
sermonson
this basis. Iwill
forever remember the expressionon
Editor's Introduction(2015)
Richard Gombrich's facewhen
Ishared
this anecdotewith
him,years
later,in
England.
!
The patternis still
ongoing: when Iwas
livinginPhnom Penh, I was horrified to
seethat
Ian
Harris's2008 book on
Cambodian Buddhismhad been translated from
English into Khmer, and was
(apparently) beingused as
a textbook to teach Cambodian monks what their own religion was
supposed tobe
in the monastic universities. Years ago, I published a reviewof Harris's work
that
was perhaps too polite and toobrief in
complaining that the text wasfull of
absurderrors
that only a
charlatancould
make,in
(evidently) muddling through Frenchsources
with neither any knowledge
ofPali
norany comprehension
ofKhmer, nor any expertise
in TheravádaBuddhism. However,
as
shamefulas Ian Harris's
contributionto
the field may be,from
my perspective, there was nobody
who could scrutinize the qualityof his
workin the
employ of Cambodia's Buddhist Institutewhen
they receivedthe
Cambodian translationfrom
him. The expertiseof
Europeans arrivesin
a
complete package,with
the imprimaturof
some famous university stampedon
the cover,and
backed
up by research-grant-money beyond the wildestdreams of
third-world countries.In
this way, a book
that was intended for awestern
audiencecomes
tobe regarded as
definitive by thevery
peopleit
was attemptingto
describe; authors become teachers to thevery
people they should, instead,be
learning from. Wewill
have the patternof Louis
Finotall
over again,in the
absenceof
colonial
occupation.!
What theTheraváda
countries of Asia now have is a second-rate imitationof European
systemsof
education,and
the contentof
whatgets
taught about Buddhismis generally
a second-rate
recapitulationof
westernideas
about Buddhism.In
thecase of
Pali educationit is
a second-rate
imitationof
something thatwas
second-rateto begin with
(perhaps leavingus at
fourth-rate?). I do
not say thiswith
any intentto
glorify the irretrievablepast,
but the current situationis so dire
thatit
seemsabsurd
toeven
speak of"Pali education",
assuch a thing barely exists. When I was only a
beginnerin
Pali myself, I showed my hand-written Pali work(in
Sinhalese,Burmese and
other
scripts)to the
professors at SriLanka's greatest university department for such things,
andthe
assembled professors immediately explained that Iwas
already too advancedto enroll
in anyof
their
classes(they encouraged me
to instead enrollin some special program
ofindependent study, etc.).
It
took me quite a while to reallyaccept the
truthof
what theywere
telling me,as
this was supposedly
thelast
bastionof
Pali educationat an
advanced/elite level, but they werein fact
muddling through
with the western method,and not
doing much betterthan
the overt disastersof
Cambodian
6
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Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.Editor's Introduction(2015)
academia,Thai academia,and so on.
Western education is marvelous for many things: Ido
not think
that the countries of Asia shouldbe
ashamed (e.g.)if
their modes of teaching dentistryor
electrical
engineeringare
imitationsof
western models. However, Paliis one area of research where
the
western world cannot (and should not) provide any such model for imitation;in
this case, thosewho
go fromwest
to eastshould
be theones
askingquestions,
notproviding
theanswers.
!
So,in
reading Mason's grammar, welook back to
a much more optimistic momentin the
historyof
Buddhist scholarship. FrancisMason
was a witnessto
the transformationof eastern
learning, and he
was himselfan
agent of that change.As
Idiscuss in the
appendix ("Who was Francis Mason?") he
was a Christian Missionary, and a despicable characterin
various ways, but his book glows with the
eagerness andoptimism
of an era whenwisdom
wasexpanding --rather
thancontracting-- in this field
of studies.
!
Themost
obvious improvement I have made to the originalhas been to
expandit to
provideall
Pali
text(and
tables)in parallel
Sinhalese andBurmese
scripts,and
alsoto
bring the system of
Romanization into conformity with modern expectations, suchas
the distinction between cand ch,
rendering the sound nyas ñ, and so on.
Direct reprintsof
theoriginal
would deter most beginners
for just thisreason
(nobody wantsto get
theirch
spellings mixed up --especiallynot when
they're
just startingon the
language, etc.).
!
The methodof
stating changes between wordsas an
equation(very
frequentin
chapters 2 &7) is
my
own additionto
the text.There are
substantial additionsof
both new tablesand
new explanations
here and there, normallywith
a sentence indicating that I'veadded
them (before or after they
appear);one
that will be immediately usefulto
beginnersis the
overviewof
grammatical terminology,
startingat §86.
!
The footnotesand
endnotesare all
myown
additions, and parenthetical notes (marked with my
initials, E.M.)warn the reader
about mostof
the other changes.In just
a fewcases
I omitted
examples provided by Mason entirely, where I thought they were misleading.The
addition of Pali
grammatical terminology in the headings (and in parentheses throughout the text)ismy
own work,
andis
often supplemented by end-notes elaboratingon
the relationship between the English terms,
Kaccáyana's terms,and
later Pali nomenclature,as
best I wasable
toresearch
the matters in that
earlier period ofmy life,
circa 2005.
!
From thesame era as
Mason'swork, and partly
based upon it,is M.E. Senart's
editionof
Kaccáyana.
Iwill
always remember Ole Pind's dismissive remarks about this edition;it is
famous, but, perhaps,
itsfame is not very
well-deserved.
7
-
!
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.Editor's Introduction(2015)
M.E. Senart, Kaccâyanaet la
LittératureGrammaticale du
Pâli,1871,
L'Imprimerie Nationale,
Paris, France.
!
I suppose themost
widely available English translationof
Kaccāyanais still the 1901
edition by
Vidyabhusana, openedwith
a pugnacious "proem" by Dhammapala. This translation waspartly
derived from theearlier work
ofSenart,
justas
Senartmade use of
Mason before him.The
Paliis
entirely typesetin
Devanagari, reflecting Vidyabhusana's backgroundas
aSanskritist,
andalso
reflecting the Maha Bodhi Society's stated purposeof
leading a Buddhist revival on the Indian
mainland at the time:
!
Satis Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana,M.A.,
Kaccayana's PaliGrammar, 1901,
Maha Bodhi
Society, Calcutta, India.
!
Iwas
fortunate to obtain acopy of
DharmakirtiSri
Dharmarama's edition of Kaccāyanafrom 1904.
Thetext is
wholly typesetin
Sinhalese script, asidefrom
a single-page introductionin
English, and a
dedication to"His
Excellency"Sir
Henry Arthur Blake, then the colonial governorof
Ceylon:
!
Kaccayana Maha Thera, Sanghanandi Maha Thera, & DharmakirtiSri Dharmarama
(editor),
KaccāyanaVutti:
theStandard
Grammar of thePali Language,
1904,Frederick Perera Abayasinha
Appuhamyat
the Satyasamuccaya Press.
!
Piyaratana's editionof
some90 years later also
presents the Paliin
Sinhalese script,with the
addition of a vernacular Sinhalese translation. Thecopy
Iused was
kindlysent to
me by Bhante
Anandajoti of Chetiya GiriyaArañña,
Pallepola,Sri
Lanka, and I wouldhere
thank him for his
generosity. Neither the covernor
the publicationdata
withinisRomanized,
sothose who would
seek it outmust check for numerous
possiblespelling variations
intheir library catalogue:
!
වෑගම %යරතන*+,
ක-චායන ව1කරණය,2539
BuddhistEra (= 1995), එ4.
5ාඩෙ8සහ
ස;
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.Editor's Introduction(2015)
variations tobe
foundwhen
comparing theroot text with
different expressionsof
the samerules in
later grammatical works (i.e.,works
paraphrasing Kaccáyana):
กจจายนมหาเถเรน วรจต, กจจายนผยากรณ, กรงเทพมหานคร, อภธรรมโชตกะวทยาลยมหาวทยาลยมหาจฬาลงกรณราชวทยาลย จดพมพเผยแพร ครงท ๑พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๐.
[Author statedas:]
Kaccāyanamahātherena Viracitaṃ, Kaccāyana-byākaraṇaṃ, Abhidhamma
Jotikavidyālaya Rājavidyālaya, Bangkok, [Thailand], First Edition, B.E.2540
≅1997.
!
The sources I consultedwere
relatively few; this is because I couldcarry
only a few books withme as
I migrated aroundAsia
during the compositionof
this text (my work commencedinHong Kong,
and
endedin
Vientiane, I believe, with relocations to Taiwanand
Thailand in-between). For many years, I
reallyhad
access onlyto the books
thatIcarried
along with me,from one
trainto
the next,from
Bangkokto
Vientiane.
!
!
—Eisel Mazard,Victoria, Canada, Dec. 2014
!
9
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
Kaccayano's PaliGrammar
With Chrestomathy & Vocabulary
!By
Francis Mason, D.D.(1868)
Expanded andCorrected
byE.
Mazard(2005)
!
!
Preface
The declensionsand
conjugationsin
Paliare
very simple and may be more readily acquiredthan
either theLatin or the
Greek.The
principle difficulty, in reading Pali,isfound
in thenumerous
changes thatare
madein
the roots,in
the formationofnew bases for declension
andconjugation,
in
adding many and variousparticles to
form derivative words,and in
the permutationof
wordswhen
combined into sentences.
!
The rootsconsist
of oneor
two consonants, but thesecond is
most frequently lostin
the changes
that occur, and occasionally the first also,so
that not avestige
of the originalroot
appears in the
derivative(see §246).
!
Take for instance the wordnigbán,
whichhas been
adopted into Burmese:နဗာန.
The root is vá,(ဝ),
වා) "togo,
toblow", and
ni(န,
E) isprefixed
inthe signification
of "out",the word thus signifying "to
goout",
asa fire
orlight.
Na(န,
න) isadded
toput it
inthe neuter
gender (see §90).
!
When ni(န, E) is
prefixed the following consonant,v, is
requiredto
be doubled(see §75), but
a
doublevv is
changed to a doublebb (§303).
Thus the neuter noun fromniand va
is နဗာန,EFාන
(nibbána).!
The Burmese write the second b(as)
p (i.e., confounding ဗ vs. ဗ --E.M.) pronouncethe
firstg, and
cut off thelast
syllablean,
thus making the word nigban.In
both the Pali and theBurmese word,
all
appearanceof the
original rootis lost,
butin Sanskrit,
when the vis
double,itremains unchanged,
and theSanskrit
preposition corresponding to theni in
Paliis nir, so the
Sanskritword
formedon
thesame
baseas
the Paliisिनरवान (nirvvána).1
!Ithas
beena prominent
object in thefollowing pages, to make these changes readily understood,
and thus facilitatethe
acquirement of the language. The changesto
which lettersare
subjectedare
Mason here follows theBangladeshi
convention, doubling thevin nirvana.
Thisis not
commonly found todayin either
Romanized
1or
DevanagariSanskrit, but
remainsthe norm in the classical Bengali
typeset (Sadhubasa)--arelatively
recent developmentin the
presses ofMason's
day(owed
to Sir CharlesWilkins).
10
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
recapitulatedat
the commencementof each
letterin
the Vocabulary, that the studentin
lookingup
a
word mayeasily
recognize readily theroot
from whichit is
formed.
!
The Vocabulary furnishes the definitions of many more words thanappear in
thelist,
because on the
pages to which referenceismade, many derivatives will
be oftenfound defined.
Andto make
it
useful topersons
imperfectly acquaintedwith
the grammar, uncommon formsare
sometimes
introduced withreference
towhere
explanationsof
them maybe
found. Manyverbs
have twoor
morebases (§210), and
while one only wouldbe
given in ordinary dictionaries,all will usually
be
foundin
this Vocabulary.
!
Thereis
agreat
need of a full andaccurate
Dictionaryof
the language, but that is in good hands.
Our present Chief Commissioner, Col. Fytch, announced thepreparation of
a Pali Dictionary several
years ago,and we
have thebest
authority for stating, thatso soon as
hecan
obtain leisure, he fully
intendsto
finish,and
publish the work.
!
Thisbook
will not be foundfree from
typographicaland
other errors, thoughit
is believedthere are
none of a veryserious
character. Whilecarrying
it throughthe
press,the
writer was teaching Bible
Exegesis toa large school,
withLand Surveying
and use ofinstruments
inthe field,
had to correct
KarenTrigonometrical calculations, and was writing a
work inBurmese
on MateriaMedica and
Pathology, was printingan
Arithmetic in twoKaren
dialects,and
writing and printingan
elementary
workin three
languages,besides
thecare
of seventyor
eighty churches, their schools, and teachers,
involving incessant applications,and
interruptions.It is not
remarkable then that oversights
occasionally occur, suchas on pages 119
and120 (of
the first edition)where
"declined"is read on
the
running title insteadof
"conjugated" (now corrected --E.M.).
!In
writing a similar bookin
Sanskrit, the assistanceof
a learned pundit could be obtained,to
relieve
the authorofmuch
ofthe labour involved, but from Tavoy
toTouugoo,
and from 1830 to 1868,not a
single native hasbeen
foundwhose assistance
in such a workcould be
of theleast
value. Manyof
the priestscan
repeatlarge
portionsof
Kaccayano's Grammar,and of
the principlesof
the grammar
theyseem
tobe
totally ignorant.
!Bishop
Bigandetsays:
"Phongyiesare
fondof
exhibiting their knowledge of the Pali language by
repeating from memory, and without stammeringor
stumbling, long formulas and sentences; but I
have convinced myselfthat very
few among them understood, even imperfectly, a small partof
what
they recited."
!
11
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
Itisan
interesting fact that the Pali, which hasthe
oldest alphabetin
India, hasbeen
printed by the
Karens,whose
own language is amongthe last
reducedto
writing. Someof
theearlier
forms show
their inexperience,but
thegeneral
characterof
the workhas been
commended.
!
The Deputy Commissionerin
his official reportto
the Government, dated23,
Oct.1867, wrote: "The
Printing department of the Institute I consider agreat
success. Dr.Mason has learned the
printer's
art,and taught
three Karens toprint.
ThePali Grammar, a
copy ofwhich I shall
sendyou with a
separateletter,
has beenprinted by
thesemen,
andI think reflects
greatcredit
onDr.
Mason andhis
pupils."!
Rev. E.B.Cross writes: "I
wrote you ahasty
noteon
Saturday, which did not fully answer my
purposes. I ought firstof
allto
have expressed my admirationof
your printingin all
the characters
and languages whichit
represents, forit is
certainlyvery
neatly and beautifully done."
!
!In
omnibusgratias
agite.
!David rex benedixit Domino coram universa multitudine et ait, Benedictus es Domine Deus Israel
patris nostri ab aeternoin aeternum.
!Tua
est Dominemagnificientia
etpotentia,
et gloria, atiquevictoria,
ettibi laus.
Cuncta enim quae in
celo sunt et in terra, tuasunt. Tuua Domine
regnum, et tu essuper
omnesprincipes.
!Tuae divitiae
et tuaest
gloria, tudominaris
omnium. In manu tua virtus et potentia, inmanu
tua
magnificareet
fortificare omnia. Nune igitur Deusnoster
confitemurtibi, et laudamus nomen tuum
inclytum.!
Quisego et quis
populusmeus ut
possimushaec tibi
universa promittere? Tua suntomnia, et que de
manutua
accepimus, dedimus tibi.
!Peregrini
enim sumus coram te etadvenae,
sicut omnespatres
nostri. Diesnostri quasi
umbra super
terram, et nulla est mora.
!Benedictus
Dominus Deus Israel, qui fecitmiabilia solus.
Et benedictu nomenmajestatis
ejus in
aeternum, et in seculum seculi, et replebiturmajestate ejus
omnis terra. Amen, atamen.
!
12
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
Introduction (by F. Mason, 1868).
!
"The Buddhist traditionsin
Ceylon,"wrote
Prof. Cowell,"all agree in
calling the authorof the
earliest Pali grammar Kaccayano, and although thisis said
to have perished...The
Hon'ble G.
Turnour,late
Colonial Secretaryof
Ceylon, drew attention tosome
of the Paliworks
formerly
extantin
Ceylon, and amongst them,to
Kaccayana's grammar, which he thenregarded as
extinct.The
Rev. F. Masonsays: "The
grammar reputedto
havebeen
written by Kaccayana still
exists. I had a copy madefrom the palm
leaf,on
small quarto paper, and the Pali text occupies
between two and three hundred pages, while theBurmese
interpretation coversmore
thantwo
thousand. I made a compendiumof the
whole, Pali and English, a fewyears
ago, on the model
ofEuropean grammars, which might
beprinted
in oneor two hundred pages,
andconvey
all
theinformation contained
inthe two or three thousand
inmanuscript."
[James d'Alwis,1863,An
Introduction to Kaccayano's Grammar,page
ii]
!
This "compendium" was submittedto
a committee of theBengal Asiatic
Society, and approved for
publicationin 1854, and
Mr. Alwis writes thathe
obtained a copyin
Ceylonin 1855.
The existence
thenof
Kaccayano'swork
was first broughtto
noticefrom
Burmah.
!
Manywill ask:
"Whowas
Kaccayano?"The
commentatorson
his grammar say hewas
oneof
Gaudama's disciples, selected byhim to
write a grammarof his
discourses; not a grammar of the
entire language, butof
thatpart
ofit used
by Gaudama, bearing thesame
relationto
the whole
language that Winer'sGreek
Grammar of theNew
Testament doesto
the wholeof
theGreek
language.!
FromSanskrit
sources welearn
that therewas
a Kaccayano, or Kakatayana, who composed a
Sanskritgrammar about the
age ofGaudama. Dr.
E.Buhler has shown
frommanuscripts recently
discovered,that
Pánini, "The fatherof Sanskrit
grammar," quotesfrom
Kaccayanoas
his
predecessor,and has
borrowed from him manyof
his grammatical terms.This
establisheshis
antiquity,and
Dr. Buhler adds:"I
believethat
Kakatayanawas
not a Brahman,and
shouldnot be at
allastonished
if itwere established by additional evidence that he
wasa follower of
Sakyamuni." [Journalof
the Asiatic Societyof
Bengal, No.II, 1864]
!
The name howeverisnot conclusive
asto the authorship, for there
areother
writers ofthe
same
name.There were
twoSanskrit
grammariansof the
name, and the Chinese pilgrim Hioun-thsang
whowas in
India A.D. 629-645, sojournedin
a monastery founded by Ashokain
which a Kaccayano
composed a theologicalwork
three hundred years afterthe
deathof
Gaudama. Still the fact that the
older grammarianwas
not a Brahmin,goes far to
sustain the Buddhist tradition.
!13
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.Introduction(1868)
Mr.Alwis
says therecan
beno
doubt but this grammarwas
writtenin the
daysof
Kaccayano, but the
natives preferno
such claim. They sayit was
preserved by oral tradition for450
years afterthe
death
ofGaudama, when with the
sacredbooks it was committed
towriting
A.C. 93.(Both
thedate and
the natureof the
event it marksis
debated; the writingof
thecanon is
traditionally ascribed to the
fourth councilof
Buddhist monks, heldin
Matale,Sri Lanka, 515
years into the Buddhistera
--E.M.)
Indeed, there appearsto
havebeen no
booksin
India anywhere in the daysof
Gautama, thoughthe
people were acquaintedwith
letters.
!
After Alexander cameto
India, theGreeks
wrote that the Indianswere
illiterate, and though letters
were used for inscriptionson
mile stones, yet"Their
laws were unwritten, and that they
administered justicefrom
memory." [Ibid., No.II, 1859]
There is no good reason then to suppose
that the grammarwas
committed to writing beforeA.C. 93,
andifthe greatest
ofpoems, the Illiad,
has reached us byoral
tradition, forit is
now admitted that the Greeks hadno
lettersin
the daysof
Homer, there is nothing incrediblein
asmall
grammar being transmittedin
the same way.
!
The conditionof
the manuscriptaccords
with thelater
dateof
writing,but with
the earlieritwould
contain anachronisms.Book II, part 3rd,
Aphorism17,
contains the following example:
GගාHා
I Jං ෙදවානංLයMN
က ဂ)ေတာ သတေဒဝ)နပယ
တ6
kwagáto si tvang devánangpíya tissa?
"Tissa, belovedof
the Devas, whitherart
thougoing?"
Now "Tissa, beloved of the devas"was
the kingof
Ceylonwho was
contemporary with Ashoka,so
the
work could not havebeen
written much before the date assigned by tradition.
!
Kaccayano's grammarcarries
with it internal evidenceof
havingbeen
composed with special
referenceto being committed
tomemory.
It isfirst
written in briefaphorisms which contain the
kernel of the work, and though theyoccupy but
twenty pages of manuscript, they containall
the
grammatical principlesin the
book.These
aphorismsare
next writtenin
paraphrasetomake
them
more easily understood, filling fifty pages,and the
following stratum is a third consistingof of
examples,of
somewhere about one hundred pages, and outside of thisagain are
exceptions with
occasional annotations.Here
the commentator steps up with a paraphrase on Kaccayano'slast
remarks,tomake all things plain.
!In
fact Kaccayano built his grammarprecisely
like the edificeof
the Paris exhibition.He laid
down
thegerm
of hisidea in
the centre, and then described aroundit
several concentric circles,each
containingall
the thingsof
a kind,and
then struck outsome
seven hundred radii, crossing these
circles,from
the centreto
the circumference, oneach of
which maybe
found every varietyin
the
book, aphorism, paraphrase, example, exception or annotation,and
commentary. The followingis an
14
-
Introduction (1868) Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar:
example from B. 6, P4, A. 3. (the third verse of the fourth division of the Akhyātakappa
€6)508,665. 2222222228. variously numbered as book 3 or book 6), i.e., verse #486, cumulatively,
refer to the table of contents for Vol. II --E.M.)”
Aphorism.
£56083)o 8)) esco:3# 3. Ghaladinang od
"Sometimes of Ghata, el celera"
Paraphrase.
650)85)06)68)o 665oG(5)008))6)o 8& 6)) &Dööö) esco:3# coo?# 222s22s22s2# 3O S. O
GOOOCO C. occesco
#
Ghaladinang dhatunang asang)ogantanang wuddhi" hoti wa karite
"On account of a causal affix, when not ending in a compound consonant, the vowel of the root
ghata el celera is sometimes lengthened."
Examples.
65GOó) * 65)GOó) es2c23 - escacc:
650C53) *- 6500C56) escesc - esogesc3
650)Göö) -- 6500)GöGö) escozec: - ex-coac2c2
650)6(56) -- 6500)6(56) escocese: ye-> exococese:
Exceptions.
650)&Oöö) &@300 & 0665) esco#33 c32% 222s-3
Ghaladinamiti kimatthang kareti
"Why ghata, et celera?"--"He causes to go"
*The cumulative verse numbers I have added throughout the text will be found to be more useful in comparing quotations across
editions; most of Mason's quotations from Kaccāyana lack any citation in his original, but in this case he has indicated the source by
book, part, and aphorism --but this is not quite consistent across all editions. The verse number supplied in the format: /486) always
corresponds to the first of the two numbers stated to the right of the paliverse in Piyaratana's Sinhalese edition: 8):00 865625) &ö,
1995 (B.E. 2539), 3)66))(55) 8)75)3)Og)(5. In Piyaratana's text (and likewise in the Sri Lanka Tripitaka Project e-text) we instead find a
long i for £50)85)o 8)), esg:# 3. etc., in this verse.
"The word is also perhaps more frequently) found as 86), °3: the Sri Lanka Tripitaka Project e-text (see note above) has erroneously
dropped the aspiration on the second "d".
I5
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
Commentary.
bා ආච[යඝටාන+M පදං
^මcංආච[ෙයන
Ycං bාIN කාෙරM ඉM අTe උgහරෙණe
සM%කා[ෙත අසං>ාගෙXN
ධාVh ඝටාTනංඅභාවා
ඉ+නා eෙcනYZ න;ාM
ေဘာ အာစရယဃဋာနမတ
ပဒကမတ
အာစရေယနဝတ ေဘာ
သ6ဣေရတ
အတအာဒ
ဥဒ)ဟရေဏသသတပ ကာရေတ
အသေယာဂေ?6 ဓာတဟဃဋာဒန အဘာဝ)
ဣမနာ သေတန ဝဒ
နေဟာတ
"OTeacher! Why
wasthe aphorism 'Ghatádinang,
et cetera,'spoken by
theteacher?
"OPupil!
Ghata et cetera,though
ofroots
notending in compound consonants [lengthening
Introduction(1868)
the vowel] on account of a causative affix,yet
by this aphorismno
lengthening may take place."
"Hecauses to do,
et cetera, are alsoamong
theexamples."
!
The languageof
the commentary indicates a spoken rather than a written work,and
itisnote worthy
that while the grammaris
a unityas
a whole,itcontains
threesmall grammars, each complete
in
itself.
(1)The aphorisms (the Pali term beingec,
သတ--E.M.), whichare
sometimes written
togetheras
aseparate
volume,
(2)The
paraphrases (Yj,ဝတ),
which might be writtenout
alone,when
they would form a
grammar by themselves, independentof
the parts that precedeand
follow, and
(3)The
examples (ප>ාග,ပေယာဂ),
which written out consecutively, would form amass of
materialfrom
which all the grammatical principles mightbe
deducedin the
previous parts.4
Nothing couldbe
better adapted for a memoriter work than Kaccayano's grammar.5!
!
This exists, under the title klමc]පm,မကမတဒပန. Other
sources (e.g., G.P.Malalasekera,
ThePáli Literature of Ceylon,
1928 &4
reprinted by the BPS in1994, ch.
9)confirm
that theaforementioned
collectionof
the aphorisms alone can be found, but has been
preservedunder the same title as
the work entire.
"From memory"(Latin).5
16
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
But onthe other hand it may be said there
isinternal evidence that
the book wasoriginally written.
When two short vowels meet they are combined into one long vowel; and Kaccayano's language,
with the following exampleis:
තnඅයං
ත ↔
ත අ
ත අ
n↵
ත
..n
ත
..n
ත ↱n
တQတအယ
අයං တ
↔
အယ
අයං တ
အ
အယ
අයං တ
အ
အယ
Qတ↵
අයං တ
‐‐ အယ
Qတ
ආයං တ
‐‐ အာယ
Qတ
ආයං တ ↱ Qတ အာယ
5.
4.
3.
2.
1.
(Thus, the solutionis: තnායං, တQတာယ.
E.M.)!
Tatra ayang, "There this."
6.
"Separate theconsonant from
its vowel."
"In the place of the consonant(tra)
put thevowel."
"Put theseparated
consonant (tra)below."
"Erase the first vowel."
"Lengthen the last vowel."
"Unite the consonant with the vowel."
To render the same matter in a brief formula, similar to
those I have added laterin
the book, wouldbe: තn
+අයං
= තnායං,တQတ
+ အယ = တQတာယ --
Infollowing out these instructions
inthe Kyoungs, the example
iswritten over
sixtimes,
asexhibited
stepby
stepabove
inthe Burmese character. Kaccayano's pupils must have used
thestylus,
but it
doesnot
necessarily follow that the whole grammar was written out.
!
Thework is also
divided into eight books treatingon
different subjects,as
below:
!
Book I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
The alphabet, permutation, and combination
Declension --nouns, adjectives, and pronouns.
Government
Compoundwords
Noun derivatives
Verbs
Verbal derivatives.
Verbal derivativesfrom unádi (උණාToා, ဥဏာဒ)
affixes
!
17
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
Eachbook
isdivided into
severalsections,
eachcontaining
fromtwenty to fifty aphorisms.
Thecopy
foundin
Ceylon by Mr.Alwis sets
down the wholeof
the aphorismsat 687,
but the copies inBurmah
say thereare 710.
!It
is probable thatwe
have substantially the work that was composed by Kaccayano, butifbooks
that
havebeen
watched over like the manuscriptsof the
New Testament have their alterations,and
interpolations,itwould
bemarvelous
ifKaccayano had come down
tous intact.
!
Thebook is said to
havebeen
brought toBurmah
A.D.387
by Buddhaghosa, and theBurmese
translationand
commentaryare
ascribed to him. Whoever the translator was, hewas
certainly a
Sanskritscholar, for Sanskrit sounds not
inPali
aresometimes represented. Thus:
"Hecrosses,"
in
the text isတရတ
(tarati) but
တရဣတ
(tara-iti)in
the commentary,from the
Sanskrit roottri.
!
A Pali grammar was publishedin
Ceylonin 1824
by the Rev. Benjamin Cloughof
the Wesleyan
Mission, but thewriter
sketched out thepresent work
before he knewof its
existence, and did not
seeka copy till
heobtained the loan
of one whilein London through the kind efforts
ofDr. Hoyle,
Secretary ofthe Wesleyan Missionary
Society;which
was in 1854, afterhis manuscript had
been
approved for publication by the Bengal Asiatic Society.
!Itappeared however on examination that Mr. Clough's grammar
was notKaccayano's, but a
translationof
Moggalláno's, a writerwho
lived A.D. 1153-1186 [Alwis, pg. xii]. Stillitcontains
the
6substanceof
Kaccayano,and
Mr. Clough's was accompanied with a large vocabulary bythe
same
author. Mr. Clough's book is very accurate,and its
valueisproven by a new edition
ofhis Vocabulary,
with inconsiderable alterations, being printed in Ceylonin 1865
withall
his English definitions, but
without one wordof
creditto
Mr. Clough!
!
As Clough'sgrammar
wasbased
onDhammakiti, not
Moggálana, thiscomment
ofMason's
is off themark;
Malalasekera(op.
cit.,cf.
6discussion in the
notes above) describes Moggállanaas rather an incisive critic of
Kaccayana, attempting "tostart
anew
schoolof
Pali
Grammarin
Ceylon" withvarious
significant divergences fromboth
Kaccayanaand the
Abhidhamma tradition(in
terminology,in
theory,and
evenin
fundamentalssuch as the meanings assigned to the cases). It is true that, in
generalrecognition of Moggálana and
Kaccáyanaas the leaders of "two
schools"of
grammar,many of the later
grammarians havethe name of
one masteror the
otherin
theirdedicatory verses, sometimes
identifying theiraffiliation
in the verytitles
of theirtexts (thus, Sílavangsa's book
istitled
Kaccáyanadhátumañjusá,naming
Kaccáyana (rather than the author) in homage).Secondly, we should
note thatthe Pali
Thesaurus
called the අpධානප]%කා,အဘဓာနပဒပကာ (Abhidhánapadípiká) to which
Mason apparently refersas
"a verylarge vocabulary by
the
sameauthor" is not
bythe same Moggállana who authored the
aforementioned grammar,but
byanother author of the same
name(see
Malalasekera,pg.
187-8);as
I havenot seen Clough's
1824 edition,it could be that the vocabulary Mason
refersto is also
derivedfrom
the Bálávatára, or from one of the Sinhalese interlinear vocabularies attached to it.
18
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
In 1863 therewas published
"AnIntroduction
toKaccayano's Grammar --by James d'Alwis."
This is
anexhaustive
workon the subject,
and isindispensible
toevery Pali scholar.
Itcontains
alsoa literal
translationof
Kaccayano'sBook on
verbs.
!
Thiswork
differs essentiallyfrom
bothof
those named.
(1.) Ittakes the facts of Kaccayano's grammar,
andre-arranges them
inthe
order of European
grammars, incorporating such additionsfrom
the author's Pali readingsas seem
apposite.
Kaccayano's grammaris
hereinwritten
likeAshoka's
rock-cut document:
ᄀက"ᄀ瀀ᄂ退%&'ᄁᄀက"ᄂ䀀ᄁ䀀ᄂ䀀ᄃ瀀ᄁᄀက",-'ᄁ
අqඑව සංrෙතනඅqමඣෙමනඅqtuෙතන
အသဧဝသခေတနအသ မဈေမန အသ
ဝသေတန
"Byepitome, by amplitude,
andby a middle course."
(2.)The differences
andresemblances between Pali
andSanskrit
areindicated, which
willbe
appreciated byan
increasingclass
of readers.
(3.)To make the
work as easy aspossible for students, the introduction
ofnew grammatical terms,
whichso
often encumber Sanskrit grammars,has been
carefully avoided.
(4.)To make the
bookintelligible to
Europeanscholars,
itis printed
in theRoman
character
throughout.
(5.)To facilitate the study
ofthe language in Burmah,
thePali
iswritten
alsoin the
Burmese
alphabet.(The
expansionof
the textto
include parallel textin
Sinhalesescript is
newto
this edition
of 2005--E.M.)
!In
Burmah, Paliisinterwoven with
thevernacular much more than Latin
is inEnglish.
Inthe
Kyoungs a boyhas to learn
the multiplication tablein
Pali,and his
first reading lessonsare half
Pali
and half Burmese. Dr. Judson studiously avoided theuse of
Pali words, unless absolutely necessary,
yet were the Pali wordsin
[his]Burmese Bible
printedin colored
letters, everypage
wouldbe
a piece
of mosaic.
!
On opening theBible at
random, there were counted in the first paragraphread (I
Cor.13:
1-8)
nineteen Pali wordsin
eight verses. Someof
theseare
repetitions, but thereare ten
different words.
To exhibit thisto
the eye, thepassage is here
reprintedin
Englishwith
the words that are, wholeor
in part,Pali
inthe Burmese Bible printed
in[Bold]:
!
"Though Ispeak
with the tonguesof men and of
angels, and havenot
charity, Iam
becomeas
sounding brass,or
a tinkling cymbal.And
though I have thegift of
prophecy,and
understand
allmysteries,
and allknowledge:
andthough I have
allfaith,
sothat I could remove mountains,
19
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
and havenot
charity, Iam
nothing.And
though I bestowall me
goodsto feed
the poor,and
though I give my body tobe burned and
have not charity,it
profiteth me nothing. Charity
suffereth long, andis
kind: charity envieth not; charity vauntethnot
itself, is not puffedup,
dothnot
behaveitself
unseemly: seeketh nother
own,isnot
easilyprovoked; thinketh
noevil;
rejoiceth not in iniquity but rejoicethin
the truth;bareth all
things, believethall
things,
hopethall
things, endurethall
things. Charity never faileth; but whether therebe
prophecies,
theyshall
fail, whether therebe
tongues, theyshall cease;
whether therebe
knowledge, itshall
vanish away."
!
To those thenwho ask "Cui
Boni"? We reply:it is
hoped that,
(1.)The
workwill
beuseful in the study
of Burmesebooks. A gentleman recently
called on the
author with a chapterof
inextricable difficulties in oneof
the booksused in
passing examination,
and nearly all arose from unexplained Pali words and phrases.
(2.) Itwill
beuseful in translating Burmese books.
Burmesebooks have
beentranslated into
English by competent Burmese scholars,but
whichare
inaccuratein the
Pali extracts.See
for
example[§296]
and Gaudama's sermon[in the
Chrestomathyof
thepresent
volume].
(3.) Itwill
beuseful in translating English
booksinto Burmese.
TheBurmans
areyet to have a
European literature,and
those who furnish it must know howto
use theBurmese
language with its
admixtureof
Pali accurately.
(4.) Itwill
beuseful to
all who wish toknow
whatthe founder of Buddhism actually taught. The
religious booksof
more than three hundred millionsof
people, a thirdof the
human race, writtenin
a highly finished language rivaling Latin and Greek, cannotbe
a matterof
indifferenceto
us, andto
understand them, a Pali grammar is a necessity.
!It can scarcely
be said thereis no
Pali literaturein the face of the
king of Burmah's Pali Bibleat
Mandalay, writtenon both sides of 729 marble
slabs, containing,it is said,
131,220 lines,and
15,090,300letters. Moreover, the
king of Burmah hasonly about half the Betegat,
as itexists in
Ceylon,where it
is estimates to contain29,368,000
letters,or
aboutten
timesasmany
as are inthe
English Bible. And thisis
only a single book!
!Nor is
a knowledgeof
Sanskrit sufficient. Take asmall
specimen, for instance,from
Ashoka's Pali
inscriptions:
ᄂ ᄀ�'ᄁᄂ䀀ᄂ�2334ᄀ 6789ᄂ ;
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
Wholly misunderstanding its purport,the most
distinguished Sanskrit scholarof
hisage rendered
the clause:
"I desirethem to
be regarded asthe precepts of the law
and that asmany
asthere may be,
male
and female mendicants may hearand
observe them."
!
And finally, a Burmese scholar of repute writes the author:"I feel
extremely obliged to you for the
portionof
your invaluable Pali grammar. Irrespectivelyof creed
or persuasion,when
thework
has
been published, you will have no doubt conferred a greatboon
uponall
that wouldenter
thearena
with the Buddhists."
!
21
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
PALI GRAMMAR
!
ChapterI.
The Alphabet.
!
When Europeans first cameto
India, they noticed several remarkable stone pillars,scattered
in
differentparts of
the countrywith
inscriptions cuton
them.In
some instances, inscriptionswere
foundin
three various characters.In the
processof
time, the languages of two were discovered,but
the most ancient characters defied every attempt to decipher them.
!
Five centuries ago, a Mahometan sovereign assembled a numberof learned
Brahmins to decipher
the inscriptionon
the pillarat
Delhi,but
their effortswere
fruitless; and a native historianwrote
of
it: "Roundithave
beenengraved
literalcharacters which the most intelligent
of allreligions have
been unableto
explain."
!Early
ignorant European travellersreported the
pillarat Delhi to
havebeen
erected by Alexander
theGreat,
and the writingon it
tobe
Greek.
!
From the daysof
Sir William Jones, the eyesof
all antiquariansin
Indiahad been directed to
these
inscriptions, but they were directedin
vain.As late as 1833,
one savantwrote
of the characters:
"They may beof
a numericalor
astronomical character,as
hidden toour
knowledge,as are
the
Egyptian hieroglyphics, for the square, triangle, circle,and Mercury are to
be frequently met."
!
The first attemptto
renderany part of these
inscriptionswas
made by a Bombay scholar, who,in
1834, translated the first thirteen letters:
BCDEᄂ倀Eᄂ倀ᄁ퀀HIJᄂLᄀကM
"Inthe two ways
(of wisdom and works?) with all speed doI approach
theresplendent
receptacleof
the ever-moving luminous radiance."
[Sourcesfor the above section: Journal
of theAsiatic Society
of Bengal,July
1837;
Supplement1864;
October1834; March 1838]
!In 1837,
James Prinsep walked up to the inscriptions,and read
them off to a wondering world,with
asmuch apparent
ease as Daniel did"Mene, Mene,Tekel, Upharsin," to the bewildered Babylonian
monarch. Then welearned,
thatthe
first fifteen letters,so
sublimely rendered above, read: "Thus
said KingDevanampiya Piyadasi."
!
!
22
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar:
Prinsep deciphered the alphabet as followed:
+ 2 /\U D &S) 6) (5) 65 60 O'D 3) ( ) (>) C EE G T a S.
d d5 8 H TH 6) & 8 &) & e so e Q so H E GT H 5T
C OF d, I C & 6) 6.0 g) gg & © Sto a 25 S R UT
A G) # D || & Öe 6) & coco e < * H 2. ~ 2. H
U lo D. T 8 6 & 6) 6) () C (9 C CO © UT UE a QT IT
J. J & A. (5 O & 8) 65 es ecs o os zT T =T a TT
U b' ö) & O C2S # 7 &
+ +
8) & Gö) Gö)
o: o: GOO GOOD
# TT f { * * * *
In his remarks on the alphabet, he says: "There is a primitive simplicity in the form of the letter,
which stamps it at once as the original type whereon the more complicated structure of the Sanskrit
has been founded. If carefully analyzed, each member of the alphabet will be found to contain the
elements of the corresponding member, not only of the Devanāgāri, but of the Canouj, the Pāli, the
Tibetan, the Hala Canara, and of all the derivatives from the Sanskrit stock." And he says what has
never been controverted, "I consider it the primeval alphabet of the Indian languages." [Ibid, June
1837
Origin of the Pali Alphabet.
All the ancient alphabets west of the Indus have been satisfactorily traced to the Phoenician, and all
east of the Indus, as show by Prinsep above, have been derived from the Pali. The Phoenician
characters were originally hieroglyphics, and were probably formed on an Egyptian basis. The origin
of the Pali is not so clear Prinsep says, that all the consonant characters may be reduced to the
following elements:
+ d C r" | U 8 J & U
The question next arises, whence did these elements originate? If we turn to the Rosella stone, we
find every one of these characters in the Enchorial, or Demolic portion of the inscription.
23
-
!
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
Thereare
twentyeight
lines in the Enchorial character,and
a careful examinationof
a facsimilehas
shown, thatthe
Pali charactersare
foundin
the different linesas
noted. (Mason's originalhere
provides a tableof reference to
which lines contain which characters, but we have omitted it,as
scholarshipon
the edictshas
much advancedin
a century,and it
would now beof
no use to Pali
students --E.M.)
!
The charactersare not
alwayserect on
the stone,as in
this Pali alphabet,and
they may have
representeddifferent sounds, for
whennew alphabets
areformed
fromold materials, a
newpower
is
oftengiven to an
old character.The
Pali ᄁ쀀furnishesan
example, forin the
Talaing [i.e., Mon]7
alphabetit is used
for"b", and when the Red Karen
language was reducedto
writing,itwas
madeto
represent "v"; as inEtruscan, a sound not found
inBurmese,Talaing, or the written
Karen. There
arepoints of resemblance between this alphabet
andthe Bactrian, but the forms represent different
sounds. Thus ᄁ "j" is read "n"; and
ᄀ"g" isread "j";
and"-rt" of
the[Etruscan]
alphabet,has
almost
the identical formof
"-kt"in
a Pali inscription foundin
the Malayan Peninsula. [Compare Journalof
theAsiatic
Societyof
Bengal, July1848, Plate
IV,with
Journalof
the Royal Asiatic Society,Vol.XX,
Plate IV]
!
Thefact
seems improbable, butit is not so
improbableas it at
first appears.It is no
more
improbable that one portionof
the Pali speaking people should usean
alphabetderived from
Egypt,
thanthat
anotherpart
shoulduse one derived from
Phoenicia; butthe
nineteenth century has
disinterredan
abundanceofmonuments
andcoins, which prove that the inhabitants of
Bactria and
the Cabul valley wrote Palianterior
to theChristian era, in an
alphabet formedon
a Phoenician
basis.!
Under the nameof "The cave character",
Dr.Wilson writes of Ashoka's alphabet: "We nowsee
clearlythat the
greattrouble taken with the adjustment of the cave character would have
been
unnecessary,if we
had noticed sufficientlyearly
its correspondencewith
the Phoenician andGreek
alphabets, from a combinationof
whichit is
manifestly derived."
!
Theterm
"Talaing"is considered
derogatoryby the people it
describes,and the reason
for thisis well explained by
Robert Halliday's7
1917book,
which neverthelesshas the same
wordfor its
title,The
Talaings(Orchid Press reprint,
1999,pg.
3-4):
Another explanation of the term, given by theTalaings themselves,
is that in thedays
of the persecution…
mothers used to say leng ran kon
ai,'[We]
areundone,
my child', and that theBurmese,
hearing theword
leng frequently repeated,nicknamed
the peopleTalaing
(taleng).
Leng, "Tobe undone", is pronouncedjust as the
Talaingspronounce the second part of the name given them by the
Burmese.There seems
no trace of this name in theTalaing writings.
'Mon' is the term used throughout,even
when others are thespeakers.
Sotoo, "Mon"
is theterm most
often used todescribe
this language andthis
"nationless people" of Burmaand Thailand today; I
also
notice thatsome sources
will simply indicate the language bythe name
of theMons'
former capital ofPegu,
thus"Peguan".
24
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
An Egyptian race issupposed
tohave
hadrule
inNineveh
ata period anterior
toauthentic history.
Mr.Thomas, the distinguished archaeologist, wroteof
certainAssyrian
inscriptions:"These
inscriptions affordat
any rate monumental evidenceof
the contactof an
Egyptianized race,far
beyond the confinesof the
mother-country, with foreign nations,whose
habitat lay,in
onecase
certainly, eastward. --We have nowto
notewhat
werethe
people who,as
Sir Gardner Wilkinson says,
'atavery
remote period' occupied Indiain
connectionwith
the ancient inhabitantsof
the Nile
valley."!
ThatEgypt was not
unknown to India, evenin
the daysof Ashoka,
we have from his inscriptions
containingthe name of
Ptolomy kingof
Egypt,and
Magnus, son-in-lawof
Ptolomy Soter:
kᄂ怀lmᄁကᄂ䀀nᄁက (Vරමා>ා චමගා ච, တရမာေယာစ မဂ)စ)
!
The Simplicityof
the Pali Alphabet.
!
The Pali alphabetisperhaps
thesimplest
of allknown alphabets, ancient
ormodern. Professor
Williams gives[a list of
the graphical comprising the Devanágari script], in his Grammar, "the
elementsof
the Devanágari character,"and
writes down forty.All
the Pali charactersare
formed
from astraight
lineᄂ怀,A triangle ᄀ瀀,A rectangle
ᄂ ,A
circle ᄁ瀀,and a dotᄀ�(which may be
regarded asa
smallcircle), or some
combinationof
their parts.
!
Thuswe
have formed ofright
lines:
ᄂ怀 ᄀ倀 ᄀ怀 ᄀ쀀 ᄁ� ᄁ倀 ᄂ ᄀ瀀 ᄀ ᄁ뀀 ᄁ耀 ᄁ䀀 ᄁ倀 ᄂ ᄁ퀀 ᄁ
r u ú k ng n b e g t djh
ñ bh d n
Andall the
vowelswhen
following consonants.
From the circle,great
and small,there are
made:
ᄁ瀀 ᄁ쀀 ᄁ怀 ᄂ䀀 ᄁ ᄀ ᄀ�
th th t m j i and a final n or m.
A right line with a circle,or
its parts, forms:
ᄂ退 ᄁက ᄁ ᄁ ᄀက
v c ch dh a
A perpendicularwith
acurve
furnishes:
ᄀ퀀 ᄂ� ᄂ倀 ᄂ퀀 ᄀ
khp y s
gh
The same figure with the terminationcapped
by a horizontal line,or
a curve, affords:
ᄂ瀀 ᄂ ᄂက
l hph
25
-
!
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
More than forty alphabets maybe seen,
placed for comparisonon
a single sheet,all
taken from the
ancient inscriptions;and if the
inventor of the Pali alphabet were acquaintedwith the
whole, he
must havebeen
agiant in
intellect compared with his forty predecessors,ifthey did precede him,
to
formfrom
such a chaos of material, asystem of
suchorder and
symmetry,as
the Pali alphabet
develops.!
Butthe skill
ofthe inventor
is seen less inthe forms adopted than
inthe
systemthat prevails
throughout the alphabet.
!
The letterswere
manifestly formedwith regard
to theorgans
that enunciated them.Hence
the
cerebalsand dentals appear to have
beenmade to correspond
with eachother.
Thus:
ᄁ瀀thwas the cerebal, ᄁ쀀th the dental,
ᄁ耀 d,… ᄁ퀀d,…
ᄁ退dh, ᄁdh,
ᄁꀀn, ᄁn
The nasal n is varied from the common form thus:
Thegutteral was ᄁ�ng, the palatal ᄁ倀
ny,
The cerebal ᄁꀀn,the dental ᄁn.
Prinsepremarked:
"There isaremarkable
analogyof
formin
the semivowels r,l,y
(ᄂ怀ᄂ瀀ᄂ倀)which tends
to prove their havingbeen
formedon
a consistent principle. The h(ᄂ)
is but the l(ᄂ瀀)
reversed." [Journalof
theAsiatic
Societyof
Bengal, June,1857] He
observes again, that theaspirates
and the smooth mutes havebeen
mainly formedfrom each
other; andit is
worthyof
remark that the
aspirate, when formedfrom
the unaspirated letter, always takean
addition, thus:
ᄁကc takes and additional half circle to form ᄁ ch.
So also ᄁ怀t takes and additional half circle to form ᄁ瀀th.
Andᄂ�p
takes a turnat its
extremity to make ᄂကph.
The modeof
denoting vowels,when
following consonants,was
incomparablymore
simple and
definite, than the mode adoptedin
anyof
the Western alphabets. A consonant [written] alone
[without any additional markings to the alphabet explained above], had ashort
a understood
[implicitly]. To make a longá,
a linewas drawn to the
right,as: ᄀ퀀ᄃ khá, ᄁ怀ᄃ
tá. Tomarke,
the linewas
drawn to the left,as: ᄀᄃ瀀ge, ᄁ怀ᄃ瀀
te. Bothlines
were usedto
denoteo:p gho, m yo. A perpendicular line
was drawn on the topof
the letter to makeshort i, and
two for longí, as: ᄂ䀀ᄃ ᄁ ᄃ ᄂ怀ᄃ䀀ᄂ退ᄃ䀀,
mi, ji, rí, ví.Uand
ú were formedin
a similar manner by lines drawnat
the bottomof
the letter,as: ᄂ�ᄃ倀ᄂ ᄃ倀,pu, bu.
26
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
Occasionally, uwas
made by drawing the line horizontally, instead of perpendicularly; and both
modes may be sometimesseen
in thesame
line,as: ᄁ뀀ᄃ倀
ᄁ퀀ᄃ倀,tu,du.
!The Age
of the Alphabet.
Nothingisknown
ofthe time when the alphabet
wasinvented, but
it is certain from alltradition that
it was in usebefore the days
ofGaudama.
Onthe other hand,
itappears probable that
itwas formed
after letterswere in use in Assyria,
for the inventorseems
to have been acquainted with a square or
rectangular alphabetthat has been called the
"Nimroud Enchorial",of
which Mr.Thomas published
aninscription [Journal
ofthe
AsiaticSociety
ofBengal, January
1850];for the
generalappearance
of
the characterismuch
morelike Pali, than any other anterior to Ashoka's edicts.
Thefollowing
specimensare
identical:
ᄂ怀ᄂ ᄁ뀀ᄁ�ᄀ쀀ᄃ ᄁꀀᄂ怀ᄃ ᄁꀀᄃ
Butother forms show a decided affinity with the cuneiform character,
sothe Pali alphabet must have
originatedafter
the formationof
the cuneiform character,but not later
than the sixth century before
the Christian era.
!
TheModern
Alphabet.
Like the Phoenician, the Pali lettersseem to
havebeen
soon subjectedto
change;but
the changes
arefew
of themimprovements.
Prinsep hasgiven
aninstructive plate, showing the changes that
had
been madein
the characterat
different periods,from
the alphabetof
Ashoka's edict, to the modern
Sanskrit,and square Pali
ofBurmah. [Journal of the Asiatic
Societyof
Bengal,March
1838, Plate
XIII]!
Theoldest
formof
the alphabet that has been foundon
theeastern
sideof the
Bayof
Bengalis an
inscriptionon
arock at
the mouthof
the riverat
Singapore, butit is so
illegible that nothingcan
be
8made outof it
beyond a few letters,and
that the lettersare
not more modern than the formsin use
inthe
secondcentury of the
Christian era.
!
Theoldest
legible inscriptions were found byCol. Law:
onein the
northernpart of
Province
Wellesley,and
the other southof
this,east of
Penang. [Ibid, July1848,
plateIV]
Prinsepwrote: "The
style ofthe letter
is nearlythat
ofthe Allahabad No.
2." [Ibid,July
1843] Itseems to
be ofthe
same
The commonlytold
storyof the fate of this stone is that it
was destroyed by aBritish
surveyorin in the course of
constructing a road
8in
1843.According to
PeterSchoppert
(Directorof the Singapore
UniversityPress), it was
intentionally destroyedto make room for
the construction of the Harbourmaster's new house, and, thereafter, its remnants were removed to the veranda of the Governor's
Mansion. These remnants werefurther
degradedinto
rubble, withthe latter then used to
pavethe
Governor's driveway. A few
reconstituted shards can be seen inSingapore's
National Museum, butSchoppert states
that one additionalfragment
is in the
collection of the CalcuttaMuseum --although
it hasnever been displayed
publicly andmay
be"lost"
within theconfines
of the
museum's storage.(The source for this is an
undatedarticle published by
Schopperton
hispersonal, internet
website;itwas
available
as such in2004.) The
originaldimensions of
theunbroken stone exceeded
six feet in width.
27
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
age asthat of the Amravati inscription.
[Ibid,March
1837,plate
XI]Both
arecharacterized by a small
curve overthe
letter, whichappears to
havebeen
soon changed into a straight line,as in the
Allahabad No. 2.
!
This maybe regarded as
the character in which the Buddhist literaturewas
introduced to the
Eastern coast;and
isthe
origin of thepresent
Burmese andTalaing alphabets.
It was inuse,
accordingto
Prinsep, in the fifth century, anterior to a new form which prevailedin
the seventh
century;and
which wascarried
with Buddhism into Tibet.
!
Buddhaghosa, accordingto Burmese
authorities, brought the Pali booksto
Peguin the
fifth century,
at thetime this alphabet was used
inIndia, and having
beenfound
onfound actually engraven
on
rocks near the borders of southern Burmah, the evidence harmonizes.
!
The formsof
theBurman and
Talaing characters afford further testimonyto the fact,
for theyare
more easilytraced
to the alphabet of thatage
thanto
any other.At
the time the Amravati inscription
was made, theshort i, when
following a consonant, hadbeen
changedfrom
a straight line to acircle;
and the long i was designated by acircle
with a dotin
it;both of
which havebeen
retainedin
the
Burmeseand Talaing
tothe
presentday, while they
ceased tobe
used inthe Sanskrit before the
seventh century.In
like manner, thee,the
á,and the
o, werechanged
to curvesdown the side
ofthe
letter; the way theyare
now written inall the
alphabetson the Eastern
coast.
!In
the modern Sanskrit,an
obliquestraight
lineis drawn
under a consonant to indicatethat
the
inherent vowelis
destroyedand the
consonantis
final [e.g., क]. At
the time the Amravati inscription
was made, thesame
thingwas
denoted by a slightly curved stroke above the letter, turning to the
right;and
thisis
preciselythe
presentBurmese
modeof
thating,or
killing the [inherent] vowelof
a
final consonant [e.g., က].So also
the symbols representing rand
ywhen
combinedwith
a preceding
consonant,were
nearly thesame in
Amravatithat
theyare
now inBurman
[e.g.,Qက
, က:].
!In
the Amravati,the
long arms of severalof
the letters werecut
offso as to bring them very
near the
corresponding Burmese character. Thus :
[Thelower part
of]ᄀbecame ဃ,ᄂ�became ပ,ᄂ倀became ယ,ᄂ退became ဝ
Several other Burman lettersare
merelythe
roundedor
otherwise slightlyvaried
forms of Ashoka's
characters, as:
ᄀ ᄁ� ᄁ ᄁ ᄁ退 ᄁ퀀 ᄁ ᄂ ᄂ怀 ᄂ퀀
ဂ
င
ဆ
ဇ
ဎ
ဒ
ဓ
ဗ
ရ
သ
28
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
Itmay
beaffirmed then without
fear ofcontradiction
thatthere is no modern alphabet which
approaches the old Pali characterso
nearlyas the
Burmese, and that thereis
therefore no character
inwhich Pali is now written
so wellentitled
tobe
calledthe Pali character,
asthe square Pali
of
Burmah.9
!
Theage of
the Amravati inscription hasnot been
ascertained, but the lettersbear
a strong
resemblanceto
the characteron
the copper plate grantsdated at
theclose of
A.D.400.
Prof. Dowson
onthese grants, and Mr.Thomas
onthe coins
ofKrauander, have both shown that different forms
of
writing existed contemporaneously, but since thisdate
synchronizes nearlywith
thedate
of the
introductionofBuddhism into Burmah, they confirm
eachother. [Journal
ofthe Royal Asiatic
Society, N.S Vol.I,page
247&
447]
!
!
In as much asPali
pertains to the historyof
South-East Asia,we
should assign its"original"
script toaperiod considerably
laterthan
9the Mauryan
dynasty:the Pyu script (of ancient Burma) and
the earliest Khomscripts (of
Khmer/Cambodia)are
demonstrably
descendedfrom Gupta script
and Pallavascript, but their
relationshipto the Ashokan "Brahmi" script (of the Mauryan dynasty) is at
best indirect.We may
be certain from the evidence of inscriptionsthat Pallava
script was one medium inwhich Pali
and Sanskritwere
conveyedfrom India to South-East Asia;
however,in case
myreader is misled by Mason's
enthusiasm,the
Ashokanscript was
never
directly themedium
used inexporting Pali
to the east.The
collectionsdisplayed
in the inscription galleries of theNational Museums
inBangkok
andSukhothai demonstrate
the cleardescent
ofancient Khmer
script("Khom")
from the adaptation ofPallava
(and this is
widely accepted as fact). Asmaterials
on Pyu script (and its relation to Gupta andmodern Burmese, etc.)
arescarce, will mention
the
followingbook,
which was sharedwith
my bythe
linguist Jason Glavy: Thiripyanchi UTha Myant,
PyuReader,
1963, U Hla Din,
National PrintingWorks,
Rangoon, Burma.Iwill
further comment,contrary to Mason, that the
few examplesof Burmese square
Pali
thatI have
seen(e.g.,
the inscription left byBurmese monks
visiting BodhiGaya
in1296-1298:
lithograph reproduced inSOAS
Bulletin
of Burmese Research,Vol. 1,
#2,2003)
show nostronger resemblance
toAshokan
Brahmi than any other ancient script from the region
(indeed, less resemblancethan
Pyu, and less thansome
ancient Dravidianscripts).
Beginnersshould
bewarned, also,
that the
decorativeuse of square
Pali continuesup to the
present day, i.e.,unrounded
figuresdo
notnecessarily indicate
amore ancient script
in Burma.
29
-
Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar.
ThePali Language.
Accordingtosome
ofthe Pali books, the Maghada language
isthe language spoken by the people
of
[the cityof]
Sáketa (සාෙකට, သာေကဋ),or Oude,
defined by native interpretersas
Sanskrit,while
Pali
isnot the language of any tribe
ofmen but the language of the Buddhas.
!As
thelast
Buddha was a nativeof
Magadha, Paliand
Magadhaare usually regarded as
thesame
language, and itis
often called Pali-Magadha(පා„මගධ, ပ)လမဂဓ),
butsome
of the books make avery
marked distinction, representing Palias
the original language of the Gods,or
Buddhas, and Magadha
asthe original language
ofmen.10
!In
one book, Gaudama goes back to theorigin of
the universe before the first Buddhahad
appeared,
and he representsthe
creatoras
a female, who, aftershe
had created animals,and
appointed them
their several abodes, gave them names.Nine
of those namesare
given, whichare all
Pali,and it is
added that this language, without givingitany name,
wasthe first language spoken and when
Buddhas subsequently appeared, they everyone in succession preached in it.
!
After animalswere
created, this divine personage, or Goddess, created three human beings, a male, a
female, and a neuter. The neuterwas
neglected, andit killed its
brother, the male, through envy,but
three childrenwere left
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