max arthur macauliffe_from templeglantine to the golden temple_full
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8/7/2019 Max Arthur Macauliffe_From Templeglantine to the Golden Temple_full
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· Evangelicals and 'Catholics
in Nineteenth-Century Ireland
Junes H.,Murphy
EDITOR
. '
£:\
oPOUR COUP:.. TS PRiESS
8/7/2019 Max Arthur Macauliffe_From Templeglantine to the Golden Temple_full
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From T i mpl lantin to th Golden Templ :
religion mplre nd Max Arthur Ma auliff
TA H, F y
r ligi n 10 C loni: I iruation ,
u h c ntexr. It
in n0 rei. ted a ti itics: the
rod i n r. nd III '111 i-
f the new' den . f
blc.
8/7/2019 Max Arthur Macauliffe_From Templeglantine to the Golden Temple_full
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Sot;wty. p ktu .re fo 'q l1 cly P llt] t: i n ];,8l,~).1tile n e w "En .g li sh · n :a .do. ll s w O ' u W d carc~~y
be cloces ,of t~,e or.igim!l smek ]oiu'tJ['8idjJ.~t:! "nlO~lstroiijJ:S,fantily'. ~Wh at th e
Society advo -alied, as against liM borizontal 'f!:gtnent ofplebeiau Br~tishsocj-
,ety,·'IlW,'S.a \1'Clrti.C1!JI. eross-sectice, ldeally including :r,e pre .s en nll:]\! T s o f ~U d<l!isi!;\
The m·igina] function ormis:s iona ie:s was to service ' 1 i 1 - ) I I : ' colony. t hat : is , th e
settlers, J , O , l i U i I E1IiQ~ 'Cairnes 'stat'ed th~J! :I d ] , e '!I],t-;lnd object· ,o f du: ,govet:nme'll~ of
'ngl-,J'l. h :l in s early period ,of eclenization or 'p] nlti!tiQI]l1 [149,3-.11 776]\~ [:0
·'en:flJlI:i~·~utldr'QE:l~.it}'· of rehgion at hom~) .B'lli~.a vari ety of .religi()'n~, \...as
ex ported ! to th e- Q oW oni· s, such ; ' ISpUlribni-smll. to N~,v F,Jn,[91.and.Quakerism to
Pennsylvania, and. Rontlln Ca,tholidslI1 U), Marylafld,I.vhile in Virg~nia ~!:Jd
Co:!![ lO,Unii. ~b .e C hurch . e f E !!lg}and " ' ' \ ! ' i I . S 1~.u~:lbl i~hed.b y ]a\'-'II',Th.e l i ',e] igi,o'Ll$ bel ief
p W V i ! J il j_ ~ ! l in a c olO lD ) r ' ! iN3- ' i. refit: te d ~11. l1S Jcguibc ive Issembl]y an d l~ t nbQwe . in
i 't~, ~a.v!'i'5.4Howeve:r '" 3lcc6lm i W l ; g to Hem1ian M~'l':i 'V,aJe,"Wi t h lrn] lty of [eJ~g;i.'olll '! i
belief 31mbon· ' le . sUlch qee snons need not b de·harted·'b uc 'in th e p.reseru condi-
~j.o:nof the Brki'!ih co.lfll.munity th.ey II,l'ecome ofmo.:ic p:re!l~in:g and pn,ctic::lil
interest.'S In I t h e btt,e"f pa.rt of tbe' r u n e l . 1 e ' ( l ' n t ! ; ' I i Ol!!utury" with ~lCi' predicted dum-
inarlon of th e doctrine of [roe tliil.de and th e , jJiP:parendy irreve-,ts-ible : 1 " 1 cvemem
to....' 3 .f Id lsco~o n i~! ie l f 'g ;o ,vemm imit ., l' ihe :eco nom ic and p o o t . i C : : : ' 3 ! I bonds wh i'l;h hild
" I ,l In i rb led ' t he ,em p ire h ad " .•1 ' :1 .th e view o f m a : L ' D r ) ' , te bereiPl~ced " ¥ . cule uml bond! .In ~ h ew oK is .·ofCjf i~es. ' Inseead of ag~altpoHciC3J,. w e llallilbe agrearmoral ,tutity: b01l1nd. together 'no, l ionge:r indeed b}f imperial ]i:g~llr:1!e:nitS suppH d &om
~ l Ie Co loni al O f ff ii oe ,bu t b y the s tro: lJ g :e r I I : l i I : J f i { _ l B ,of bl: i Jod~· I .ml]j~ge , and. re'lig;icn. '~
Acco:rding (, M ,~ rw ide .lid Qtho:~.,dlle imperial a,nd ' .o[omi ,~ .goY-crmt1 l ." l I l ts :.10,
h : :! !d l3 i O L ! 1 i :y OfpltOllllOdl:l:g t i h . e -civiliution' of.na:ti,ve t d t i , t ; ' s i~ t h e colloldes. ] - l e
claimed t h a t : in history "noiaseanee C . i i J n b e snow n of th ere -h .l.i i 'i ld ngo f , 1J;Vil~S
by any ,O ' th e [.i n£l.l1ence I t h m ' ! ' [hat o:f'reli,gi!Jn.~~Thi: viewwas @ i , t' ~ u : : r a l i ly a .re~'Ded
by the ,w~oll1l2:er5;the only d1-batc centred on whether ,the rmti~s lnHllJa be
cirviliz.ed,be 'O ~ beililg ChriS'ri3Ili~ed. or vice '1e~. T I ~ e s pe ctre of cO:lllVer.. - ioll i l l
~ b e o tb e r' d i l l e c l 1 i O ' I l ' \ws,rn.r1Ifly. ifever . b roached il~these eexts,
lnllr1Jl3in, el1lthuinsts fo r ' ( > I i $.~1'aiffi 'ofietl negleceed t. app.ly ' their docttitilt:
't'otihe :rdati.onsh~p b etw een reJ ig jou : a u d it!.e s t ; . l ' t 1 ; ' . I . I ~ i s s m u . ' c t l t 1 - H : : $ , d i L f f i , c u l ' t to dis -
' t in g u i s lh b e > r " y " .f t W i ilapritudpIed l~b nil d i, ~te, r c h u r c b eS'l:abli~l11ent and a CiI] -
(ul~ted PQgnl.atruslliI f € l a . w - f l l l . l .o:f its p 0 5 $ i b : h : consequences, S~ate s u p p o r t fo:r
c.hurch.!l:s. m!llgin;g&om, full ~tt.lblis1ullJi"l1t to, . . .. .id of v riOIll_ k i . l l d l . ' l ' , di d not 0 f : iCC 'S -
J QilJme. . i iI! IJobn£lIli :at Cairllcs,'ColO.rl!il ' itiOfl lit rolcmial. ,co,vemmmt,' il~"'bmB -: lan "mJT~d l ~ g : Fo I! l! - Jl (cds)I,Jo~h!m Emo '~ C a irn es , C o . l ' k - C l ~ { J ilrol'kS. 6- "ob ClQfl;dol'i and N ~ ,.v York:
R\il ' IJ:tikdgt:,l ! :oo..t.~,.i i J • • . Adiai,:;,,j' CisarJi;r.. 0 1 : 1 9 \ ,~ ,3;tn I:xtn:ml.'lly grnc;::!bl re ~[)r ' M a i ]! JI re e ~ 'i O ' C ~ Ill I I1 C 1 1 r
fur t J : 1 J i ! ! ~Hi!lidllti'I~,ghdj) she ' ll<lsgil1ell mc w.h lh d1i c~'lf': :; Ibid., 'l '1.! •ql!ll -ring'SJnLld
i " i l i w , I . d 5 . bi~ho]l of N,orwid'l. ,] C : J i l rnes," l,J~mlization ;m,d ~(I~~~ ~:all!ioVelr~.'I~~i;!'i:U:',p' rIJ , ,
Ibid., pp I, ~~!\). ~ Helr'llI~ 11Mcr·h.rJl] ·.lLlfi'I.I\i'~WI c; t , .}~r~i: t~t ip , '1wid p,j'ol!il!s, tfl'iirJi'f4!t} I J l j i l l ' l rh ~
UJj i r~ iq r! O;~fi.l fIlill ut19'" 1,,;'0, <lrul ,I~ ,I (Lgf!~IQn: n gm an ,. ~ n:ei! ', 'olIlgtl~1!n.an d H.ob'rv..
fli ! l6 I ) s 'P 'o 5~9. 6, ;jilirlle~. 'C!<l~()l l l i l ..1lt i ,C)u:<inc!col(!llI~ll'l ~\~rnuIHnt'. p. " .~ . "Mcd'.'1'Ih;"
Clilltl.ri.I 'I\,m m ' l 1 l # mJ,~ ' J ! : ' 1 0 , p. -V-I·
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R efix i " empire a"J Max tthur 1a 1 I 1 1 1 i J } e
arily 11a' th me consequ m ce at 'hom'
th . d i . tab lis h rn or of (h e
in th colonies .
reli ion in the colonie . ' 1 1
erning Ir land 3C Or ing r
Ireland. In B r it ai n. N '" m an
crver : 1 '
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Ma x A rd l'U J ]'"M ~ auli :fre is 3, m!f~neunk';.l:own. inthe "rest. It d oes not arppt!:Jt
in ' the' Oictj'cJI'IIIlqo f If~tiOJ~al biolmpfry and, d 1 G U , g b he d~erl in E ng li:!fld. he is IDO~
j ;t : i. e :l 1 lt iO l 'l e d. i n WII t~ 'IIllr W J : I )f l ? In h :~ 1999 'souece book. ' , r , l t S $ e . n ; l . r n ~ ~ of! 'I~r i k ' , r;d~i()"J.:! in : i !l!1i t tb .ologyof \IVr:~tirl1lgsan S . r u k h i ~ m by western 'w r~ ter-s& om th e e i:gh -
teemh to till e tweliltiedl. cenblllri:e$,. Qlut loftw,e~l'ty e ss ay s, th e e di .to r. DJf$~,dtn
SillIgh. ,repr~nted ~Q' :fe\¥C't tbillml ~reJJ. by Ma~3iIl; i l i iJh:.l l l.A , c . . 'O ! I 1 J t e m . p o [ ' 3 ! l 'Y ~UlthQr~
ilit}~w'H. McLeod, speab, with surprise '(If,the ,0pa,ucity of scho~arilystndie5 ot
M ~c.a.uliHf/~'contar~b udtmm]~ '· th oug h h e "MaS ,3,pro:rnrinell1t ife:t<mncr ofui.netecnth-
Ibetrtury S.~khism'lInd 'hlf :prodlliJ,ced th e classic i l i : i t 3 : f : ' l J d a t i o l ! l of the Gf'r,u G i ' m . u l l
' saf,Jih, th e holy 'b ook of '[ h e S ikh s., T hh trJinSi~aliQiIl'iilla$ cont ": ~ r1~d . i n ' \",rll,~n
McLeod des(l:"~hed ~ M a . c 3 . 'U I ~ " f f e '; s , ' " faf I1.0iJ:5and endl l1 : r ingworik ' . ' 1 1 H : S U d , ! rd•.
1:i tm: r r " S g~ililiJ,s~crod l ~ t I ' ; i n g . s ~,td Qflr/~l>i 'S" pIlbHs:hed~n ~j . VOliLl'1l1CS in [ ' ! J o g by , , - h e
Cl ar en don P re s s, O : xw :r d" am iruuui ng 1,:0al,mo~t ':'.,00 'P~ge5. '9 Aprpnreud}f i ' thil
: r H : ' l i t : it ' g . om . . : our ofp t-i n:r. H arb a l I 1 s Si:n;gh, e n e ·ofithe : f~r !!cbolats who haw writ-ten. 0:0 .M a,C '~ i ld j1fe .de~ ( :r ibed :hinl as . I n Y O l l U g Eng [ i s h l : S k ] d"l i tm1all 'wll0~C: itr.ans-
:Iation WitS the resl.dJl:,,ora: ' s!u~ l: ai ned , (! li ndI I lLo : i1uIDe:nta I iaoour oflove.i
'a '"ort: .
recognri l~d e-xc'eUence and d i ! g m l . i : t y ' whic.h , a:¥e;r drle yea:rs" had been " : 1 . b eaeen in
'the' Sikh I l i i~~r;wywcrr]d. ' Aooorom,g: il!U S\ln~, M acauli.ffe:S trnllWa:tio,I'II of th e S iH
,:tttiptl1res 3:0d. ' h r u s l iv e s , o f '! fa,e 'Gt:l:ru'S still t:entii.ined'lilJ:1SU.fpilSsed':
F o![ as ~ Qm g3·, r :b iere i s f lInyoue 'wnting 00 explore ,tli..&.Ith throtJ,gh t h , t : ,
medium of the Ellgl.Uih bn:l:gua.,ge"l . 1 . i 1 l O C A - th u r M a c;;li 1.d jJ f~'S name w m live
[ . .. ].. H e is , ~Qd<ly renle'ulbeu:,di in . (h e P i l! ll' lj ab , i , t ' l l m u' b .a(£ e;.·tiOI] an d
reverence as ~m e K < ! l u . ' l J p , j e 'of a c 1 \ I : i J i a n who [... ] diC'Iloted hhnsd( (Q
res earc h and mearn:i :n,! 1l;E m : 'the '~ torntiolllJ . or inte.rpt:etation of SCHue a ?t'ct:
oftbe Easrer.D cuJnul2' .~o
H lS w Q :rk nude th e Sn~hre.jj,gi'()~ "more .;x.tens:ivd.y 'blO'iIr'U lld c - r e a l c e d i among
i ts votaries 3 : flreli lnteUectu3.J fefilUI;ut:.The I f l r l 1 1 b l i c a t i o n in '9 0 9 ' of '"nil' S.jfo:hrdi-
g i C l r , 1 laid die fulmdati.on ,o.fSikih lw t e F Jt u r e i i 1 E I .1 g J : i~ h : ·; 1 I I
M.a.cauUffels e[nbr.u::e lof'Indj~nidcas'w3S'l1ch that he I ;O :n.v~f~ed to th e ~i:l.;,h
r e I i g iQ n : r o d , 1 I, ; r a s,3 1, i e a d r u n g : nllf 'l rb e -r o fTa t K h LS<I .t h e weE ; t em - j I lOue l 1o~d radical
seeelon of the Sblgh Sabb~ r.efonn i1n(li"~lIllel'n, founded In Amri~u'f in W'"73·
T h c;m :g h ilL traf1s bnio:n w as undolllJbt',~dl,y um:, .~ti,a] , Q.coQ'rding 'to Mcleod. "its
~ nnt1'ence h as been prefound ..No other work ' III. ' o t'ff~;;;tjvelly i,l'Ji~trf1J,r·t~d wesr-
ern i I i l . : " < l d t : i f Sabolllt S i k h . n: t ,WJd' l i rh e p·ult d l a : t d1C' . at K h a l s a i~!I ltcrpre!i1ltuoll1 of ( lhe
Sikh faith and c > o m n n l £ l 1 it y I'l3S~eei!l1f ilnl*ty ilixed in thcw-eterrli 1!lnd'TSJlJ]tdlllg:~!
'[ 8 l : i : i I \ g i 1 (~d . ). W a fe r :u imt!,~I"i , / M M i " '" 1l9W.I i .McLc-od, '1[. R . d ii , g i o n s : 'i ' ! Y .: !W s !J l th e U I I C : ' P I : l f l ' l
(9); M~:\ i :Af't lhur M ;q,ell: l .i l i lfe ' (S~p. ' I l . ·mbel l i29. IRl1-M;)rch .I:S. 19'1]); Ot;(.;IJii91lirl ,'~i1;I!I'~:Bn'~iJN , l ._• • ll·
. 'l1~~~jl.f~,uhc ; ! \f m C ) 1 o,f~!'I,~il)JJs. 7 1 0 1 r ( 1 ' ~ 9 I ' i } ' . I P O J ( 1'" "1 _ , . zo H a r t l , , ; ! Sil1g11,.'·EI1g 1li~! tr:Jrisl:\i'iol'! :Jof!'ll~'
MUl l s :c riflm ~ - < ! J I j l.rd~n:)II!t.!U li ion 'Of:l & ~ l l l ll j a b ei\ri! i ," '1:un K.S.lkdi,lld .S. lJ~:~tc,~s)• .G ' ~ l l l \ l '
IJi\Il li sl 'O I J !f . , Ii iC N 1 r rr , " a~rl (l'J'I',rIm,lII.lrl': (l/1'llfft) iO Dr ,'lUi R o l I J " d i u l ! l ' t : ! (#I fll!' l i ;w J : r ; / l . r r , ; n 1 . I ~ / ' J i ~ ·r - ' J r h i i : !ril'IJd~
dll1i ( J I l , Ii 'n (M ew D c lh i :A l 1) 'l 'It ~1"119'70).1l.IJ,t). :n ~.bid ' . l} . I,H.. n Mcleod.·Nb("-i! i lbiT~·.
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A ll commers ta tors on M aCi lul iE f~ are ml 'suken ,1lbotlt d le d ate and·X3C[ plac '
of!h is b irth , and ' none of th em is aware that tbe or iginal iJers.Qf} afhisMme ",....~ 1 J $
Micha",IM cA u~ dre ..He was bornin G~e~1I]_noI'eM .on,a;gea~Co. Limerick, on II,S ep km 'b er .1 83 8 .,He was ed l l !C3 t~d .at Gtenmore a nd T em p1 eg J 3l1 .ti ue s ch oo ls (his
father t3l1gb't. at both scnooL" , .' be 'Q![u i J l I; ) headmas ter at ~ h e latter), t Springfield
Co l le g e, E un is , Co. Clare, and in Queen. College Galway. where h e graduated
in lan.pg~ in I860. hl 186211e j oin ed th e In .ru an Ch; r~ lServin:' and w as poseed
1: 0 th e Pun jab . where h e e vc .nw ::tD y became a jud ge:. B as ed in A m.rim :r" J J ~ b!:1flu
tramdatiJlll :g tbtl GM'IlIII' inllO .Engl isb ; in 1'8 .93 h e resigned :from Id s ()fficialposi-
liollll to engagefiJn-time in t n, is g rea r eute~prise..Huwaru Lal sta:lles tha~. as ' \ ,vdi
as , tllis m~glJwn 01ms . M acall.liffe ~]u.bHshed widely over almon(oir tyyeaTS and
spoke before g :ad "edng s o fs c :hob ,r s il] India, ' I t : a l y " Fracee, and En,gialld.2l He
died in London: O:UI~5 Much I~)I3.
An 01lm110St~~luhre ly "I,lltuCllisl: pos twkuuru . t heory · f ind s i td i ff ic ti :i t to. desl
'i. i th . 1 1 . c oJ oni al.teg itne th at c an ce leln :a.te ,an ! ind i! ge no us ,,) fS:t.eJtlt ,ofbenefhl th einN!reSt of in ; own poliioaI and eCOI1Ol'llk .nnbitioo.lS, J i l l ' ! : he Cas' of th'"Sikh.. . .Aotonly w a s '5 uooltertl peech aU o'Wed .. ~ ('li,i\! 3sin tn.;1.ny cases 1 1 1 i l , n _ i f e n l y encourn.ged,.
It is uitde-[ s {(i j1! th blc tb nt ene m ig ht b e s us piciolJ s of an. imperial tt:ajectory thllit
begim. with th e dt'nigratioll1 and ends \i!rlth th e glQIif i .atJ.Ol1of the odu:r ' .Tbis ,
was a d ivi .de -and - conquer str .u;e~ a.'.killing wid'} 'kifl!~', wlMch \l\~ l inked to
the i ncorpo r< lti 'on o fS i .k h 'm i li ta ry P ':m~ s s a s g , IJ ~ ~N i 'i :mo fch Je"Ra j " In his valu-
able book . Orimtal i m m~d race :Aryanism in t h e B r ~ t, is h e " , 1 l # r . r . , T m l y B a U a - T l ty H l .; ,! S
project is to decenree the f:np.i:rc.see.ing it as :a com pieK Il!:tw ork 111w~b instead
of . spoked. wbee l , : H e ; ; 'p~i):ysdol.vo e he dOnUn aue e o.r th e c en t! 'e 'o ve r 1 ! a · pcn,ph~
e!r~es<'lIldemphasizes d ' 1 . ' i ' : ,agcn.cy of th e c olo ni s e sp~c i ;] tly .i n [h.e CQTI'Stt"tlction of
knol!;'led:ge, Arcoming to BilUi1firy:n,.:. ',[Illate (l1,ght'cctlth-cell.'tury OrienuIi: ; , [S
i·m.bu~dby c05l'no,p li~nism and con-v'inced by the unity of h um anity, found.
U : l t l i ln . y :ttlinilties b tween Hindiu and Chid~tiRn lb t;li ,t:f.' T h is ~ . ,d olJ b tJ c~ s ly true.
B ut UTe}y th e p urp ,o se Q 1 f chis h om aae 'to H il1d ui" U l is t - hc poI it ic i ll and eco-
nomic s l l b J U g 1 l ' i :i o n o f] Iin du s, T h o ug h Brub:ntynlc'S~[gcts a re Ed : \I \~ r dSa i d ~nd
an d V i S " . f 3 1 1 'd ,au, h is ow n perspeceive b basicaU'y clu1ru[ 'ansi [~ ! . lotac kn ow le d ..,_ ,
in:g tl at th e celeb rn:tion of, i t idced i !:te ' omple te M cm i tk ati on witb . • •_1 c u l t l n ' l l ; ; (a s
tn Ma ca.u li ff~ '. c as {" ) - I ,I'liot i l : lcO!mpa't ible\~. ith. indeed 'nl!ly w ~U b eone ' o r th,eh,est fflOde- of ach i ev ing , PQ l i ti c ~ l d.OnUn.'t t iOI1. As in fb • orh~''11talart of j tjdo"t;he
,o pp ,o ru ;n 'fs' o w n. ~ tre ng th a nd w~igh ! : a re used 'r;o d,~feat them.
In lang uag e th ~ t r calls it Henry M aim;"l ire i. t~m tioiPS of he trepe of th e
' 't h1 :l l! h~~EaM " \ i t : h . ir s 'darkt'lJc s', i t t > " nig ht: • bs < to rpo r' ., its' Ieep', an d i~.gc l o ' l l l b t =
lessd gmaric 'slumber' - < \. v~ion. ·oflndia a a ~eawunt nd unchanging !i det)oomnnnliGl'ted'1;o th ou anru of young men etl'tcILin· th e I 'n cli ~ n l.C iv i l Service"
P" '10. 2 i J , H,adnll LnJ,'l'hc weswnJ gJIt{'W~J.y to'iklliir.m: rhe urt: and wo~ 'ufM~x Al1hllJf
M~caul i fl~· . il~Kar.y J)li'(l ' 11 (ed.),ikl' I li flrmd Ii, rll flm' (l.o:ldon illid Ne.w'tfurk: RQlld·~tg·,
I?J!)). po p I ur-:;o, 7 . " U . J!,mtyul!'. Orit'"r!l/Ilw! r l l u : 1 m~~\ ( ; I < . 117. 25 , tb i d • • ll. p,
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- Macauliffeconcluded his et>say,"How the' Sikhs became a . m ili tan t p eop le',
wi~hthese words regarding ehe Sikh Gurus;
In them the Ease shook ofl' th,e torpor of ag'e:s,and unburdened irselj ' of
the heavy weight of ultra-conservatism w'hiich has paralysed the geniu.
and intelligence of hs people'. Only ehose who know India !b y actl1a]
expe rience , ca n adlequ:ncly apprec iaee the dru t ff icw t ies ' ui h ,eGuru;~encoun'-'
c ere d i n the i r efforts, to reform and aw ak en th e s leep ing nation [[",..J [am
not without hope that when enlightened uaeions become acquaint"d
with the merits of the SH::h .re lig ion, they will not: wilUllgly let ~tperish
]]] the g re~ t ab ys s in w h ich so m<lilly creeds have been e n g n 1 : f e d i , z d
Macaulifti'e ~,~W tbe Sikhs. as India's indigenous 'English". He summed up
'some of the moral and PQlicica~merits' of the Sikh religion as follows:
it prohibit'; i c l . o l a : l i T v . hypocrisy caste exclnsiveness, the concremation ofwidows.the immurement ef'women, the U!;C' ,o f wine' and other intoxi-
canes, tobacco-smoking, infan.tkjde. slander, pilgrimages to' sacred rivers
and 'tanh of the Hindus; and it inculcates loyalty, gratitude ((Iran [a,vours
received, phjl~ultbropy.justj(e, imp:n:ti;ahty, truth, honesrg and aU th e m oral
a nd d om e sti c virtues know n to the holiest citizens 0-[ any country, *7
Cenrral to M,acluhffe"s later thinking was th e 'Vie...,,'that Sikllmsm WaJS ind'e-
pendent of Hinduism, in western terms, a 'reformation' of it, indeed, the
A .ng licanis m of th e O rient.. ~8H e w rote, however. ]]'1 I 8 :8 I that.' [o][otwi!i:nstand=
ing th e exereicns of the gu:nls. the Sikhs of dle Punjl~.bhave now cornpleeely
r elaps ed i nto idobtry, and! ~.. , ,] their worsb ip in all respects resembles that of theHindus,' But" he claimed, the Hindu couuptions of the reHgion of Nanak and.
Gobind were now 'bitterly deplored by all educated and intelligent Sikhs'. Zl) He
saw 'a wonderful analogy between the spiritual condinon of Europe and Asia'
in ~ b e middle ages :
In Europe and As i a all [earning was ]n. dllc hands of the priesthood, and
this admittedly led to serious abuses in both coerinenrs, But when things
areat their worst they often mend, During ehe veryperiod that Wy iM f e
and Lnther and Calvin in Europe were warning men of the errors (hat
had crept into Christianity" men Hke Kabir and Gura Nana.k were
denouncing priestcrnft and idclatry in India. O 1I!ndwithvery considerablesuccess. Most of the mediev aa saints wh o Jed th e crusade agains t !lupn-
261\b ..x An Jw:r Macau li :i i@> .Ho r. !! , t~ e S j kh~b e tt iH i e a mllitdlil:t prople {190S), in S i i : 1 i , ~ l (cd.)" Hi-stem
im~, pp 3Si-79; PP 3 ,7, 9 .T his pali l ! lag~ is reproduced almost word~foll"-\ll,f(lro. ii i Ma.< .....mliffco.
Sikh lefi'girm, 'Inrrodaction', i, pp hO:Jvl'i:i-Hi. 27 M~c;auliffe'.Sik~ . e J ' f g i { ) f f . 'Prefa.r:e', ip. xxiii.
: z : 8 M ax .A nh u.r M : l c. a u h f f e - ; Th e h ( } l y writ~ljg..;o f t /~:~ Si ikhs , i . D ~ S i n g h (ed,.), Wc'st;f.'Y\!,j h l ! ' l < 1 ' X I ' .p 'P
: : !~S~326: p. 2~6. 29' M acall lI i :Efe. "Sikh rdigjoll under Banda', p. 2-77.
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20 ' ,3
sririon founded-seers which still survive.bur the most rmmerous [and]
:p'owe'rflll uf aUms tih.egreat Sikh sect founded b y B ab a Nanak Y '
For Macauliffe Sikhism emphasized inner individual formation before outward
rituals" strucrures, p r , o : f e (> s i c m s ·of6~!th.He quoted M i L to n . ; without naming hjm:
G o o preferred ' ! [b]efore a ll eemples the U 1 p r . i . g h I t heart an d pure')1 He ~ecbed the
,a pp ro ac ]: l. es o f th e S c ri b es who idolisedthe letter ,o f th~ law as ag ains t tts spirit.
and of the Pharisees w he seood on ceremony and outward show and whose
related belief ill 'llllfudt)' and d .e ul::m e nt' m a de them, like tih.~Hindes, "a , see r .
apart'. Macauliffe men quoted. Ghrist's statementthat '[tlhere is nothing from
'Without a m an. th ar entering b im can ddi]e him. b ut th e d li i ! lg .iwhich com e out
Qfhitn. , thoese 3:£(: ~ h e lih:it1;gS 'Wh i c h d .e ;f i~ea m~ u,[ : :By d1i~S s tatement Chr i s 'emen-
,ci!paJt:ediB risfollow ers for ev er & om th e th rald om ofcaste, and openedth e port~ &
of progress and enlightenmene to !his£ e U O l W creatures,' J2 Sikhs 'rej ected the idol-
aU:y and snperseirions of th e Hind us" . [and] t3iught; that God was one a Jlone. ''J .J
Slkhism rejected the excessive ritualism of the Hindus. on the one hand. and
their excessive penances and austerities, on the other, 'Contmry to . the practice
,. ofthe ~ndent India:" ascetics,' M : :l G l . U l if f e wrete, "the Gurus ]H~UdlJ3!t man might
;, ob tain eternal happiness v.-:lith(),utfcrs ak ing h is ordinary w O ! r l d 1 y duties:34 ' G1llfU
~; Nanak taJught that 'a nun who married, attended eo his secular avocations, an d
r ,. neglected noe at the same time the duties of hisreligion, W;!IS as surely pursuing
f.· the: nob le path as t!h e cenob ite and d le ~nchorite:,~l~
While the m'3!jor'ity of Sikhs in the ;[87m; would have :'ie'en Sikhism as
derived fro'lll H h l J i d u js . r n . , ,~ , 6 M a . ca l L l li lf f e : spoke of Hinduism <ISbeing relaredto
Sikhism. all Romat!il Catholicism was to Procestancism. Hesaw Hinduism as
'. ,",
fi.I
l
~
like the boa-ccnsmcror of the Indian forests. Wh.en a petty enemy~ppea l l "$~ :o ''lNQlr'll"y it, it winds round j t . s opponent. crushes it in ttl> foM 'l,
and finally caases il t to di :s:app~a.rin i ts c apacious interior 1[.,, ]H~nduism
has embraced Sikhism inits folds; the still comparad ..r , e l y youngrdigkm
is making a vigorous struggle for li~e,.but it s ultimate destruction and
assimilanon in the body of th e h u g 'e ;: lu d . resistless leviathan is inevitable.
Natwiehscanding the Sikh Guru's v·iitlile.t],~denunciatioa cfBrahmins,
secular S i kh s " as 'We have seen, now rarely do anything without their
ass is tance, Brahmins h e]p th em to b e born, help them to wed, help them
to die, and help their souls. after death to obtain a state of bliss ...And
]1) M ~ c a u l : if f e , Wrili~j1 1 J f . ~ l n ~Sik~j. p, : . I E7 ., 3 I I b i d . ; p o . 2 : 8 ' 9 · , ~ 1 1 , 1 1 Q i t i t l gP a r n d i ! l : c J . i l S i : , i, :1 " .1 fI , 3 2 ;
M a C i i u J l lF e , 'The S 1 l ; i l l r :e1hgkm', ]1lI S i ng h ( ed ,,) . Ht.s(~'mi'fJ'l~, pp ] 1.'{-jj;" 3 3 7, C h r i~ t ;~ statemenr
is from Mark 1 ' : 1 : 5- 13 Mac-3uiiffe, fM y wri:I·i . IIg!, p, ~9.j,. J.t. M~G~I,l!):iff~,SJkb fCll~it 'lh
'llltrodllctiOIl', t , p . b::jv: 35 M ax A r ili l! l:r NiacmiUlfe. '1'111:' Diwali . tilt A:rnd~r; th e ~~iSiol)ofdl¢
S:i 'kh~' . in $ jn g h ( ed , , ) . , ~M~ · i r l f ' ! 1_g r ,PP 22'9'"-4,6;p, 1.3 7, 3 6 N .G ..B arrie r; 'T rnm pp an d M . ' " J :C ; i A : ! I i. f f t :
W leM "em students of S i kh h i s. ro ry and D'el:iigiOlfl';)[IF . !JjJ Singh (ed),; H i $ t N i ti ~ .$ l tr u i h i s , o o o g r a p i l , } , ' p J, f ile Sik ln (New Dc l'IU :O : ri :e nt:! ] P llb [ js b e ~ and Distributors, 197~).PIP166-8j;PP 'T;! i -J i -
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204 Tadll,<?Fly
B hmin, with all the define of Rom Catholic mi inar ics 111
P t t It ounrri .ha c p tially u eed d in per u ding the ikh t
on: to th ir ni h th th Queen of Hcs en, nd 0the In and
P a r e I aiah i t w uld ppear that th nl I ci lim tanc in \. hich the lion uld
lie own', ith th ila b \l when rh lamb w C UTe} I dge in the b .lly
the lion,
r rnc t
11
r IgJ
tr
ri
n
hi llc .
n un Ic r U:1Il IJ', p, _ 'J. l acurliflc. ,'ik!, rd(I/I.'/I,
u tour 'rem H indu "l~tc, 4 0 lb ul ..
I, ,Iiv,
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w h o s e 'mm ia !t:i.o iIB o f tllil.e Hindrn : s c : r ip M , lr e ! ! had brnughll: honour and 1l!~(jry to
thal~re]igi()l.rni'n tfue west, MUl1er, I f ! l e v e r visited India aInd p r c e s u _ i 1 ' r u ~ ' b l y he never
acqeired the: services of uative scholars, Wb,en h~ WOol];;' W;ll~ completed,
M acau. h ti e .u ;b d ~h1t it be S!cruti; i : l I j~edb-y a C()nvl:uue,e of Sild1J sCll'iprull'<'lls~hQ]-
a r B who s ug g :es te:d Y l il ll :' iO U S ' e 'I .n e n ! C i iH I t ! iO ! E . 1 i Samdgave ~ttheir 8 e < :! ~ o f ,aPJ?I)Qv:a[,bQdl
Unguis~i ( ; ; )nd t tu::o~og' i i tCi!1.A s, w ell as t ta l] !sbdng m e GriOmth, h e decided to :
i nelu de b i~ g fa,p hj es QfdlC ~e iD lG'urli~ Q(Sildllis:lU ".na of (h 'C ' Bb:a.gats" th e Sant
poeas wh.o~~WQ!'k~ <!!~s(l';;Jppe.. r iii!~h~Cmil'Ull.h : 'i!;i\i'3~ th e first l " l 1 h r u 5 s h e d exeget-
ka :~ ,:vork 01.1 the S ikh . ~Jbripit :ull iesasrprevio!]5 e~p()s;~tio:ns had! ,come down b y
we/ ,m o f 1 1 1 Jo u t h t l l i l r o u g h ,. f 'O r i l 'J i S U D . c 'e ' .h . e r - e c l i t a r y g~J~i.~.
' 1f lf l. !] !1~pp~1lm ', itmb tiOI I h l ld bee~ l CC i li 1 tun: ls s i ol il ,e d 'b y t l . '1 le ' S ecre tt3 :ry of S t a J ~ e fo'.F
[ l 1 ; d I ~ I l , . I b : u , n liiI()t s o MalCau~: i fTe~. [ - t w s ,~~1,~~ m ~ , ~ 1 ' l 1 1 ; 'S~kJ~,religim,I' {l 'un : it~ n d ,lm n t 'a g r s t o '
r i J ' ( ' : : r . t \ ; i ' J ; e o d e a J : t ~ p ! ! l c : i : f i c r u l y widllh~s question. AC(:l)fdingm N _ G - BiI.n'~er:
Siikh.lbY'lIDty E o r i l l e ftli l ~ a . d l . b t ; e n : l 1 l . e l l 1 r t ~ o m e d . bdd'lyin . : J t t b e r ~;xy:s,b1.1tcl]je
LeCJN: reesped3 ]~y In ld .e :r~OO l i ied dl l~s WiIU~ l:lSW l;) nQ f ft ce :n t S ik h e 'X $ le ]:'] cn ce .
A ' b u l " ! ; ' I , l a ! i l l ! : Q( Bfi~is'b po,we'['~n the bnd', the Sihl:t:swOl~,ld 'COir1!6nu~to
remain f[-Ilendly a r u ] i e $ , T ih e om], cl i ! .ng~r, $ O l I i d . M,l,canlitITe,\ws tbe eresiou
o f Siklbpower d i i l I Z Y - U i ~ I i : I ~ n , a d l ' ! ' Q i u : a : t e educancnsad a de-d ine i~lIp o p u rn a ,-
t n , o n . The B I 1 1 1 t t s b eOil: ] iSeqllt lendy should ,rnkJe i .n 'J1n~d i . i1~ s teps ~ o prov~de
t ' h . r ; : · Si. 'nchs wl.th nlilOlre p3!tronilllge" ' h : n p f f i i , G i c thrIDL;lgJunn th.e l e e t u r e wns ~.
me~ge th~l[such : s ; u P P O l ' t also sh Q uld b e ,e;xte'liided w M.acill[dif:fe.~'!
T h o u g h . M a cu il l ; ~ ff e ~1f\!i,I' h is labeers as~,~nl.~ng.l 1 'I D e p o U r k : J i ll ..mrtercsts; o f t h e S i l l l i 1 :S ,
lliJJeby .no nl,e3lJ:1SSaW ~fuellil as ~riri- '.i .l~lpe:[id. I,i:lde~d,h is pulbl~clecture, 'Howthe
S ~k:~ b ec amea i~nru~~~1Jt [peopl.e"., was p l r e : d . d e d . O'¥ef h y I li a l es s ,3,:S:gure t n o i l i U , L Q : 1 l d
"). lC;itcb~I1!e:rof Khartoum .e lirul the ' irm.',l)cl;t!,~tioil1 I t oO Tille S ik /1 r eU g , ic m ;o lilt: I;ltHiIlrH~;t~
3Jtt~d OO!l! ! teof d!!e ·OlJd~: !1 I t~S~! . i'o f tl1 .~ S ik h. ruru.~~~onw th e S:mlle""~.~.He ~ta :t :ed th< 'l t
aCG{).~di: l i : l :grtO 'G uru G o·b h :ad S i i r l l ; g ] : J . d~e EII~sh wQn~dceareand b e j Q i~ .(:d b y
~be :KhnJ:sa ( im:i:ria.redS i ~ k 1 ~ . : s l ,:rule'iu th e eas tas \\i'rdlas il'l: t h e \ '~( 'S![;
The combined ar:lUles ofthc'lBnglish and the s ikhs :sbil]~[ i ) ; e 'wry power-
Rill;u long ; J : S dlCY rule wiltWl.~H'jj'~~d· ( ; l I ) u n ~ i f u . TheellIlpire oft.l~H!'i3i1'iti'ih
sha:I! l '\ i~srdy inc;i\t : .<ls>e,3:IJd d l.q d 'l!i.iU h li ~~il\ly ~y o ' b l : ; i 1 ! i n pro !lp~ :!' i( :y [ [. •. ]
Th'liHll in C'II'e'ryfuOllSf: shallhe wem.hh,.in :eveli")' h ou~cf;cHg~on.in every
house ~e3 : r. ni 1n. g, !a l~dil l eve~ ~ )Q !M ;:e~l~ppi~l!~.U
~tW:I :S , C O W l I' ti nned r '¥ b · c :auk ir .r ~ ."~uch propbecies as th es e, c om b in ed wirh th erno]lO'the']~I1Il" th . ,e ab! ! Jeuce orM.'IIpl;'j$~itign and r e : ' ! t l C < ! l i r 1 t intb e matter of t& "i:-,od,
, t :~1lla:rr~t;'r,'Trtlmpp ;'IudM;,'l~;JJ~li~·c'.p, 17~. 42. M~i::atll:i!fl~,S o ' k J ~ ~i'/wj~1iI.!'P.ref~c~·.i,.p,)1v~ii.
·tJ,lbi,t.i.~" ~'i i~"; luQtlu , ;1f ~'E'S:iom: Q ft l il i : ~~\>t t :M ; ; 'U : : l, U ~ l E I t : h! t .u ,i~~~~ll.dO(':i:ll,Io ' iwrry hlOu~r:llJlP-.pi:~!~,'.sUll);!!t iuni:d'i i l e j , ! ' ~ i 1 ' i hO'[J!il~' 11WlU1U:Il'" The re tY;}~. ~~,seems, 1110'''''''D\~~m1 it~.M : f lC l t l :l I U F e s
heuse: 'l :l~fI~l.llll!t 't l i l , L ! ' : ~ i~n~ i~ldir;J(j,!i}n~hll~:ht l."Vt"tilimrrl.e&
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T n dh g F o le y
h i h h the r:JVC! t, the mo t 1 a l < nd devoted sub-
urther pa c c he . rated that
It is adrnitt d that kno ledg of th Iigi on f the people oflndia is
raturn f r th - B rit" h offic ial w h administ T i frail'S an d indi-
r th pe pi who b y em 0 mat mutual mpa-
b rodu ed. II b fore rh
ngli. h an the
h
In V r f the ngli h',41)
na l 0 1 ial I II ua c
th r, ui t-
m ai m erel
ion.the
- i i . 49
I k Y l l ' ;1 ill ";IIt'/C: 1 1 1 1 , - " " ' "
11)1)7).PI ll-4.
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JifiOI1, mpin; and H -Artl, If f a a l ll if fc
airnc , in s eric article; in th e COIiOI/lI I 10 J
at • rian \ ith 'Iri h id a "about 1.nded p p rty
Iri: h 'fa t'.$O In hi review f l: me Anthonytil irne wrote of the 'rn
the 1 w
ile
h r ',h' cmon \ t r
ick .Thi is m e gen. i (tht: docrri e
rr ts \ rrc to re L c
Iltnt rive Unioni m'.Wh n h me
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20 TodllR le y
rule v . lar r b e 'k ille
at
'n • tiona] mas-xford , th e I·_
\
1111.:r'.H n.
\ 'lilt uth, ..rn 4 : plc were C n
uh c. HilI), 1 1" ;'; ". 1, [ , I, I
[he. ikh r I gl n',l1)'Ill ,11 (t' I.), J Ihlm, " ' ' ' ' , I J ,P I ~·n-~":11,;!53" " : I I t ' t lu : I . J : r o sn r d o n , " '' '' 'I 'm i r y. r!lld 1 1 ( 1 ' ~ f (Pnnu:t n: Prill cton
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