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Santiago de Chile8th August 2012
Massive Integration of OffshoreWind Power using HVDC
Fran
cisc
oM
. Gon
zale
z-Lo
ngat
t@fglongatt@fglongatt
Department of Electrical EngineeringCoventry, United Kingdom
Asociacion Venezolana de Energia Eolica
Photo: http://www.bard‐offshore.de/media/fotos.html
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Historical Perspective on HVDC Transmission
This section presents a brief history and facts related to the HVDC transmission systems
AC versus DC
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War of Currents: AC versus DCWar of Currents
• George Westinghouse and Thomas Edison became adversariesdue to Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electricpower distribution over alternating current (AC) advocated byseveral European companies and Westinghouse Electric based inPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
George Westinghouse, Jr(October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914)
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931)
− Thomas Edison (DC) vs George Westinghouse (AC)− AC won…or so it seemed.− Why?
However, AC transmission is hard to control(power flows where it wants to flow)High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)transmission is more efficient and morecontrollable
“Take warning! Alternating currents are dangerous, they are fit only for the electric chair”, Thomas A. Edison
(1847-1931)3
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The beginning• 1882 – First Demo of 1.5 kW HVDC
• Marcel Deprez was a Frenchman who created the DCdistribution system for the Exposition in Paris helped Millercreate the first long distance high voltage direct currenttransmission ever.
• They transmitted 1,500 watts at 2000 volts over 35 miles fromMiesbach (the foothills of the Alps) to the Glaspalast in Munich.
Marcel Deprez (December 12, 1843 - October 13, 1918)
“The two systems shake hands fraternally in order to give each other help and assistance…” (1889) R.
Thury
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Thury Systems (1/2)• 1889 – Rene Thury developed a
new 630 kW system transmittedpower at 14 kV DC over 120 km.
• He was known for his work with highvoltage direct current electricitytransmission and was known in theprofessional world as the "King of DC.
Schematic diagram of a Thury HVDC transmission system
René Thury (August 7, 1860 – April 23, 1938)
In 1882, Thury's 6 pole dynamos were more compact than Edison's. The small 1,300 kg (2,900 lb) version produced 22 kW at 600 rpm, while a larger 4,500 kg (9,900 lb) version produced 66 kW at 350 rpm
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Thury Systems (2/2)• 1913 – fifteen Thury systems were in place up to 100 kV
• 1930 – Thury system were obsolete due the rotatingmachinery required high maintenance and had high energyloss.
NameConverter Station 1
Converter Station 2
Cable (km)
Overhead line (km)
Voltage (kV)
Power (MW)
Year of inaug.
Year of decomm.
Remarks
Gorzente River -Genoa DC
transmission scheme
Italy -Gorzente
RiverItaly - Genoa ? ? 6 ? 1889 ?
upgraded later to a voltage of 14 kV, power
of 2.5 MW and a length of
120 km, dismantled
La Chaux-de-Fonds DC transmission
scheme
Switzerland -?
Switzerland -?
? ? 14 ? 1897 ? dismantled
St. Maurice -Lausanne DC
transmission scheme
Switzerland -St. Maurice
Switzerland -Lausanne
? ? 22 3.7 1899 ? dismantled
Lyon-Moutiers DC transmission scheme
France -Lyon
France -Moutiers
10 190 ±75 30 1906 1936
Wilesden-IronbridgeDC transmission
scheme
UK -Wilesden
UK -Ironbridge
22.5 ? 100 ? 1910 ?
Chambéry DC transmission scheme
France - ? France - ? ? ? 150 ? 1925 1937
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Early History• 1906~1936 –Mountiers-Lyon System transmitted 8,600 kW
over 190km, 10km which was underground.
• 1932 – General Electric used mercury-vapor valves and a 12kV DC transmission line in Mechanicville, New York.
• 1941- Berlin used a similar line underground, however,project terminated due to the fall of government in 1945.
At the Moutiers power plant, there were four generators switched in series, whereby one turbine drove two generators. As the power demand changed, the number of generator switched in series varied, and so did the voltage in the transmission line.The line was bipolar with a maximum of 75,000 volts to ground and so 150,000 volts between the conductors. The line was 200 kilometres long, with 190 kilometres run overhead and 10 kilometres as paper insulated underground cable. Originally the cable was rated for 75 A, but was later run with 150 A. Even after this increase in current the cable was still in good condition when the scheme was dismantled in 1936
HVDC Mechanicville–Schenectady was the first experimental HVDC transmission line in the United States. Built in 1932, the circuit traversed 37 kilometres (23 mi) from Mechanicville, New York to Schenectady, New York.The system used mercury arc rectifiers at a voltage of 20,000 volts and a rated power of 5 MW. The facility was dismantled after World War II.
Mechanicville Hydroelectric Station
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Modern History• 1950- First modern HVDC system was in service between
Sweden and the island Gotland (ASEA Swedish industrycompany), rated 20MW, 100kVdc
• 1960- Three additional order were received by ASEA in NewZeland, Sweden/Denmark, and Japan.
Mercury arc valve at Ygne, Gotland
Thyristor valves at Ygne converter station, Gotland
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Modern History• 1961 1st Cross Channel link from England to France rated
160MW, 100kVdcThe first HVDC Cross-Channel went into service in 1961 between static inverter plants at Lydd in England and Echinghen, near Boulogne-sur-Mer, inFrance. This scheme was equipped with mercury vapour rectifiers. In order to keep the disturbances of the magnetic compasses of passing ships as smallas possible, a bipolar cable was used. The cable had a length of 64 kilometres (40 mi) and was operated symmetrically at a voltage of ±100 kV and amaximum current of 800 amperes. The maximum transmission power of this cable was 160 megawatts (MW). The cable was built by ABB Group.
Anglo-French InterconnectorEchinghen, near Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
Lydd in England
52km
225 kV, 60Hz
275 kV, 50Hz
Électricité de France
CEGB (the Central Electricity Generating Board UK)
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Modern History• 1964 Volgograd-Donbass overhead line link rated 750MW
400kVdc and 450km long The HVDC Volgograd-Donbass is a high voltage direct current line between the static inverter plants at Volzhskaya (situated near the hydro-electric power plant Volgograd) and Mikhailovskaya in the Donbass area, which went into service in 1964.
It consists of a 475 kilometre long overhead line.The static inverters of the HVDC Volgograd-Donbassare equipped with mercury arc rectifiers for a voltage of 100 kV and a maximum current of 940 ampere, which were partly replaced at the beginning of the 90's by thyristors.The HVDC Volgograd-Donbass is a bipolar HVDC with an operating voltage of 400 kV. It can transfer a maximum power of 750 megawatts.
475 Km
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Recent History• 1969- First HVDC system to use solid state valves.
• 1970s – First HVDC system implemented within an ACnetwork (Los Angeles, California).
• 1972 Eel River Canada back-to-back rated at 320MW 1stthyristor based link
• First microcomputer based control equipment for HVDC in1979.
It is Commissioned in 1972, bwteween Hydro-Quebec (QHQ)and the New Brunswick Electric Power Comission (NBEPC).it supplies 320 MW at 80 kV d.c.
The link is of zero length and connects two a.c. systems of thesame nominal frequency (60Hz).
The largest thyristors used in converter valves have blockingvoltages of the order of kilovolts and currents of the order 100sof amperes.
Source: HVDC Power Transmission Systems: Technology and System Interactions by K. R. Padiyar
Eel River Controller
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Recent History• 1986 - 2nd Cross Channel link from England to France rated
2x1000MW 270kVdc – still the largest power cable link“Interconnexion France Angleterre” (IFA)Connection to France; Owned by National Grid and RTEBecause the first installation did not meet increasing requirements, it was replaced in 1985–1986 by a new HVDC line with a maximum transmission rate of 2,000 MW between France and Great Britain, for which two new static inverter plants were built in Sellindge (UK) and in Bonningues-lès-Calais (Les Mandarins station), near Calais, (France).
The cable and substations were built by Areva.
This HVDC-link is 73 kilometres (45 mi) long in route, with 70 kilometres (43 mi) between the two ends.
The undersea section consists of eight 46 kilometres (29 mi) long 270 kV submarine cables (four pairs), laid between Folkestone (UK) and Sangatte (France), arranged as two independent bipoles.
The landside parts of the link consist of 8 cables with lengths of 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) in England, and 6.35 kilometres (3.95 mi) in France
Interconnexion France-Angleterre : Station de conversion courant alternatif-courant continu des Mandarins (Pas de Calais)
http://www.rte-france.com/fr/mediatheque/medias/infrastructures-62-fr/interconnexions-interconnexions-fr
In 2006, 97.5% of the energy transfers have been made from France to UK, supplying the equivalent of 3 million English homes. The link availability is around 98%, which is among the best rates in the world. The continued size and duration of this flow is open to some doubt, given the growth in demand in Europe for clean electricity, and increasing electricity demand within France
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Recent History• 1984-87 Itaipu Brazil 2x3150 600kVdc 800km overhead line
linkThe HVDC Itaipu is a High Voltage Direct Current transmission line in Brazil from the Itaipu hydroelectric power plant to the region of São Paulo.The project has two bipolar lines, which run from the generator site at Foz do Iguaçu in Paraná to the "load" (user) site Ibiúna near São Roque, São Paulo.
The lines were put in service in several steps between 1984 and 1987, and are among the major installations of HVDC in the world
Bipole 1.1. stage: ± 300 kV, 1575 MW in July 19842. stage: + 300kV,2362.5 MW in April 1985
- 600 kV3. stage: ± 600 kV, 3150 MW in May 19864.stage: ± 300 kV, 1575 MW commissioned
Bipole 2.5.stage: + 300 kV, 2362,5 MW at the
- 600 kV same time by6.stage: ± 600 kV, 3150 MW August, 1987
Simplified diagram of the Itaipu Transmission System
SOURCE: ITAIPU HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 10 YEARS OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE, http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/81f41178f000ca94c1256fda004aead6/$file/sepope2.pdf
Itaipu HVDC System maincircuit and evolution
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Recent History• First active DC filters for
outstanding filtering performance in 1994.
• First Capacitor Commutated Converter (CCC) in Argentina-Brazil interconnection, 1998
“Garabi” the Argentina – Brazil 1000 MW Interconnection Commissioning and Early Operating Experience
Source: http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/336dd56474cadec5c1256fda004aeadd/$file/erlac01.pdf
60Hz60Hz
50Hz
50Hz
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Recent History• First Voltage Source Converter (VSC) for transmission in
Gotland, Sweden , 50MW 80kVdc, 1999
Backs
Nas
Wind Farms
P = 50 MWD = 70 kmVdc = 80kVBipolar
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Recent History• 2010 Borwin 1 400MW 150kVdc, VSC 1st large offshore
wind farm connection
•By 2015, the DolWin2 wind farm will be connected with theworld’s largest offshore HVDC system.
http://www.tennettso.de
125 km sea cable
400 MW Offshoreconverter
Source: ABB
400 MW HVDC Light® system off-shorestation on platform with sub-sea structure
80 Wind Turbines40 m Deep100 km
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Recent History• 2011 XianJiba- Shanghai 6400MW 800kVdc (next year there
will be a 7200MW link commissioned in China
2,071km
±800kV DC
FulongSubstation
FengXiangSubstation
State Grid Corporation of China
Source: ABB
Source: ABB
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Recent History: Evolution of Voltage
China 2011Evolution of the voltage level used on HVDC Systems
18
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Development of HVDC TransmissionWorldwide installed
HVDC “Capacity”: 80 GW in 2005
1951, Kashira-Moscow 30 MW
This is 1.8% of the Worldwideinstalled generation capacity
Sources: Cigre WG B4-04 2003 – IEEE T&D Committee 2006
Additionally, over 104 GW are expected from China alone by 2020
Development of DC Transmission Worldwide installed Capacity
19
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HVDC Installation around the World
This section present a general picture of the deployment of HVDC systems around the world.
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HVDC Installation around the World
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UHVDC Prospects 600kV-800kV
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UHVDC Prospects 600kV-800kV in China
23
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Drivers of the Expansion on HVDC Market• China is building vast quantities of generation in the west but most load is in
the east. By end of decade approx 20 HVDC links of 800kVdc 5GW+ ratingto be commissioned
• Brazil has major generation planned in the north but with major loads in thesouth Offshore windfarms in Europe and North America
• Plans for multi-GW solar generation in N Africa to be transmitted to Europe
• Constraints on building transmission lines particularly in Europe
• Development of XLPE cables suitable for dc use.MW Installed/ordered
Year
Pow
er -
MW
24
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Alternatives of Power Transmission
This section discuses the alternatives of electric power transmission
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Alternatives for Power Transmission• High Voltage (HV) and Ultra High Voltage (UHV) serves a dual
purpose:
– System interconnection: Operate the whole system inperfect synchronism often prevents the transfer of power byalternating current.
– Bulk energy transfer: there are various alternatives, not allof them involving electric-power transmission, and aneconomic assessment is essential in each case.
26
High Voltage AC High Voltage Direct Current
500 kV conventional as also series compensated750 kV conventional as also series compensated1200 kV conventional as also series compensated
± 500 kV bipole± 550 kV bipole± 600 kV bipole± 800 kV bipole
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High Voltage Alternating Current: HVAC• During the latter part of the 19th century, electricity started to
become increasingly important for society.
• The three-phase alternating current has been the dominantoption for the transmission of electric power over long distances.
• Developments led to higher voltages, increasing the scope forthe transmission of more power over greater distances.
Development of Voltages Levelsfor AC Power Transmission
110 kV Lauchhamme–Riesa/Germany (1911)
220 kV Brauweiler-Hohenec/Germany (1929)
287 kV Boulder Dam/USA (1932)
380 kV Harsptanget-Halsberg/ Sweden (1952)
735 kV Montreal-Manicouagan/Canada (1965)
1 1200 kV Ekibastuz-Kokchetav (1985)1
23
1
2
4
5
6
3
5
6
4
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High Voltage Alternating Current: HVAC
Resistance: 0.0107Ω/kmReactance : 0.267 Ω/kmCapacitance: 14.15 nF/kmSurge Impedance: 245 ΩSurge Impedance Load: 4080MWCharging impedance load: 4.45MVAr/kmMaximum Surface gradient: 14.7 kV/cm
Voltage 1000 kVPhase conductor wire 8x403/52 ACSROuter diameter 27.7 mmSub conductor spacing 400 mm
28
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High Voltage Alternating Current: HVAC
Bundle of 8Conductors
1000 kV Test Line in China
Rated Voltage:1000 kV
Maximum OperationVoltage: 1100 kV
29
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Limitation of HVAC• Some limitation of HVAC systems are:
– Distance limitation: The power carrying capability of an ACline is inversely proportional to the transmission distancewhere as DC is not affected by the distance.
– Line compensation: AC transmission lines requirecompensators which reduce the problem of charging currents
– Asynchronous connection: HVDC controllability allows toconnect AC grids of different frequencies.
– Frequent tripping: large power oscillations in the AC gridcan lead to frequent tripping and disturbances can betransmitted from one system to another.
30
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Limitation of AC transmission Line
System Modeling for Line Loadibility
Max Angular Displacement = 44º
Max Voltage Drop = 5%
Source: EPRI
31
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Limitation of AC transmission Line• Limitation of AC transmission line
Typical values of SIL for overhead transmission lines
Note: No series or shunt compensation
Lin
e L
oad
abil
ity-
p.u
. of
SIL
765 kV1500 kV
Ratedvoltage
[kV]
Thermal Limit[MW]
SIL[MW]
230 400 135-145
345 1.200 325-425
500 2.600 850-1075
765 5.400 2.200-2.300
1100 24.000 5.200
32
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Alternatives for Power Transmission
AC transmission is here tostay …but is not perfect
33
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Comparison between HVDC and HVAC
This section presents a simple comparison between the HVDC and HVAC transmission
systems
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Electric Power Transmission
HVAC HVDC
12 sin( )s Rs R
E EP
X
2
12 cos( )s s Rs R
E E EQ
X
Ud1 Ud2
R
21 2
12d dU U
PR
P
Rectifier Rectifier
+ -+
-
+
-1dU
2dU
RUI
1 2d dU UI
R
1 1.dP U I2 2.( )dP U I
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Electric Power Transmission using HVDC
10 Ω1000 A
Inverter
300 kV 290 kV
10 Ω2000 A
Inverter
310 kV 290 kV
10 Ω1000 A
Rectifier
290 kV 300 kV
300 290 101000
10 10
kV kV kVI A
1 300 .1000 300P kV A MW
2 290 .( 1000 ) 290P kV A MW
310 290 202000
10 10
kV kV kVI A
1 310 .2000 600P kV A MW
2 290 .( 2000 ) 580P kV A MW
( 290 ) ( 300 ) 101000
10 10
kV kV kVI A
1 ( 290 ).1000 290P kV A MW
2 ( 300 ).( 1000 ) 300P kV A MW
Inverter
Rectifier
Rectifier
300MW
600MW
290 MW
+
‐
+
‐
+
‐
+
‐
+
‐
+
‐
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Economical ConsiderationsComparison
Conclusions
• HVDC is more economical for transmission distances longerthan the break-even distance
• If capitalization of losses and right-of-way cost are included inthe cost comparison, the break-even distance is further reduced
Terminal Cost
Line Cost
Righ-of-Way-Cost
Higher
Lower
Lower
Lower
Higher
Higher
HVACHVDC
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Capitalised Losses / Break-Even-Distance• The AC system tend to be more economical for distances below
the breakeven distance and DC system become economicalabove the break even distance.
• The breakeven distance depends on factors such as thetransmission medium and local factors.
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Right-of-Way
50 m
± 500 kV DCroute width:50m
800 kV ACroute width:85m
110 m
2x500 kV ACroute width:110m
± 500 kV DC 800 kV AC 2x500 kV AC
Typical Transmission Line Structures for approx. 2000 MW
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Applications of HVDC
This section presents an introduction of the most frequent application of HVDC systems
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Applications of HVDC
AC System 1 AC System 2
1U 1
1f
2U 2
2f
AC System 1
1U 1
1f
AC System 2
2U 2
2f
DC link in parallel with AC links
DC link between two AC networks
41
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Emergency Frequency Control
Emergency frequency Control• HVDC can rapidly increase or reversepower flow direction to compensateunbalance active power to recover systemfrequency.
• When a large generator is tripped, the system frequency falls down over acceptable level.
42
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Automatic Frequency ControlAutomatic Frequency Control• When you require to improve frequency deviation in normal operation and after large disturbances, application of Automatic Frequency control (AFC) function is recommended.
Frequency Detector
Frequency Detector
-
+
-
+
+-
Converter Control
ObserverState Feedback
ServeFrequency Reference
43
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Power Swing Damping ControlPower Swing Damping Control
• The modulation control of the DC power improves power swingstability and effectively dampes power oscillations, (this function isnot limited for HVDC-HVAC line in parallel, but also applies toHVDC linked between two AC networks)
44
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Commutation Techniques for HVDC Converters
This sections introduces the commutation techniques used on HVDC converters
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Natural Commutated Converters (NCC) (1/2)• This technique relies on the natural reversal of the sinusoidal ac
line voltage across the valves of the converter.
• Natural commutated converters are most used in the HVDCsystems as of today (LCC Systems).
• The component that enables this conversion process is thethyristor, which is a controllable semiconductor that can carryvery high currents (4000 A) and is able to block very highvoltages (up to 10 kV).
8.5kV, 125mm thyristor
Thyristor column
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Capacitor Commutated Converters (CCC)• An improvement in the thyristor-based commutation, the CCC
concept is characterised by the use of commutation capacitorsinserted in series between the converter transformers and thethyristor valves.
• The commutation capacitors improve the commutation failureperformance of the converters when connected to weaknetworks.
Filter SeriesCapacitor
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Capacitor Commutated Converters (CCC)• Reactive power through converter transformer is minimized which reduce
converter transformer rating.
• Current through commutation capacitors can be controlled by firing of thevalve.
• Voltage across capacitors is controlled by the current through the DC current.
• No AC side zero sequence current through capacitors - valve side of thetransformers winding are not grounded.
• Stresses of the commutation capacitors is reduced.
Reactive power ratings for a classic converter and a CCC
0.483filterQ 0.127transfoQ 0.356vQ
0Q
0.13filterQ 0.115transfoQ 0.358vQ
0Q 0.343cQ
600 1.0 .P MW p u
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Forced Commutated Converters (FCC)• The valves of these converters are built up with semiconductors
with the ability not only to turn-on but also to turn-off.
• Two types of semiconductors are normally used in the voltagesource converters: the Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) or theInsulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT).
• Both of them have been in frequent use in industrial applicationssince early eighties.
• They are known as Voltage Source Converters (VSC).
2.5kV, 3kA GTO Thyristor
3.3kV, 1.2 kA IGBT
GTO IGBT
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Forced Commutated Converters (FCC)• The operation of the converter is achieved by Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM).
• With PWM it is possible to create any phase.
• This type of converters introduces a spectrum of advantages, e.g.feed of passive networks (without generation), independentcontrol of active and reactive power, power quality.
02
3
2
2
acU
2dcU
2dcU
acU
2dcU
+-
+
-
+
-
2dcU
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Forced Commutated Converters (FCC)• Thus, PWM offers the possibility to control both active and
reactive power independently.
• This makes the PWM Voltage Source Converter a close to idealcomponent in the transmission network.
• From a transmission network viewpoint, it acts as a motor orgenerator without mass that can control active and reactivepower almost instantaneously.
tranfX lim
2bX
1V 2V 3V
acI
Im
Re1V
acI 3V
V
3 1 sinV V
PX
3 31
cosV VQ V
X
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Comparison of LCC and VSC
LCC HVDC– Current-sourced– Line-Commutated
VSC HVDC− Voltage-Sourced
− Self-Commutated
+
‐
Idc
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Comparison of LCC and VSC
LCC HVDC•Use semiconductors which can withstand voltage in either polarity•Output voltage can be either polarity to change power direction •Current direction does not change•Store energy inductively•Use semiconductors which can turn on by control action•Turn-off and “commutation” rely on theexternal circuit
VSC HVDC•Use semiconductors which can pass current in either direction a•Output voltage polarity does notchange•Current direction changes to changePower direction•Store energy capacitively•Use semiconductors which can turn on or off by control action•Turn-off is independent of externalcircuit
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The Multi-Level Approach
2dcU
+
-
-
2dcU
+
acU +-
Small Converter AC Voltage Steps
Low Rate of Voltage Rise
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Modular Multilevel Converters (M2M)• With advances in multilevel converters, the type of multilevel
converter that is attracting attention is the modular multilevelconverter (M2C).
acU +-
+
-
dcU
Low Generation of Harmonics
Low Level of HF-Noise
Low Switching Losses
NO Snubbers required
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Types of HVDC
This section presents several different types of HVDC configurations
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Types of HVDC SystemsDifferent common system configurations and operating modes
used for HVDC transmission
Monopole, Midpoint Grounded
(a) Monopole (b) BipoleBipole
(c) Multi-TerminalMultiterminal
Bipole, Series-ConnectedConverters
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1. Monopole Link• Monopolar systems are the simplest and least expensive systems
for moderate power transfers since only two converters and onehigh-voltage insulated cable or line conductor are required.
• Monopolar link has one conductor and uses either ground and/orsea return.
Since the corona effects in a dc line are substantially less with negative polarity of the conductor as compared to the positive polarity, a monopolar link is normally operated withnegative polarity.
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A. Monopole, Ground Return• The power is transmitted from one converter station to another
station through one conductor (positive or negative polarity) andreturn is grounded at both stations
Low-voltage electrode lines and sea electrodes to carry the returncurrent in submarine cable crossings
I
I
I
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A. Monopole, Metallic Return• The power is transmitted from one converter station to another
converter station through one conductor and metallic conductoris used as return and grounded at one end.
A metallic return can also be used where concerns for harmonicinterference and/or corrosion exist.In applications with dc cables (i.e. HVDC Light), a cable return isused.
I
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B. Monopole, Midpoint Grounded• This is an economic alternative to a monopolar system with
metallic return.
• The midpoint of a 12-pulse converter can be connected to earthdirectly or through an impedance and two half-voltage cables orline conductors can be used.
• The converter is only operated in 12-pulse mode so there is neverany stray earth current.
I/2
I/2
I I
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C. Back-To-Back• Both rectifier and inverter stations are located at same place.
• The normal configuration is to use monopolar blocks, but severalconverter blocks can be installed in parallel, each with separateddc circuit.
In this arrangement there is no dc transmission line and both converters are located at one site.
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C. Back-To-Back• The purpose of this kind of configuration is to connect two
asynchronous systems.
• It reduces the total system cost, due to absence of lines/cables;current rating of the system shall be increased with reducedvoltage.
• Thus, transformer size could be reduced.
60Hz 50Hz
e.g. Itaipu Brazil (60Hz)-Paraguay (50Hz)
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2. Bipolar Link• Bipole has two conductors, upper pole is operating in positive
current and positive voltage and lower pole is operating innegative voltage and negative current.
• Both poles transmit a power in same direction.• It is grounded at both stations.
I
I
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-
+
-
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2. Bipolar Link• Both poles are operating at equal currents during steady state,
therefore zero current through the ground.
• It can be operating as a single pole during fault at another pole.
I
I
I=0I=0
The most common configuration for modern overhead HVDC transmission lines is bipolar with a single 12-pulse converter for each pole at each terminal.
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A. Bipolar Link: Outages• Monopolar earth return operation, often with overload capacity,
can be used during outages of the opposite pole.
I
I=0
II
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B. Bipole, Metalic Return• Metallic return operation capability is provided for most dc
transmission systems.
• This not only is effective during converter outages but alsoduring line insulation failures where the remaining insulationstrength is adequate to withstand the low resistive voltage drop inthe metallic return path.
I
I
2I
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C. Bipole, Series Connected Converters• For very-high-power HVDC
transmission, especially at dcvoltages above ±500 kV (i.e.,±600 kV or ±800 kV), seriesconnected converters can beused to reduce the energyunavailability for individualconverter outages or partial lineinsulation failure.
Bipole, Series-ConnectedConverters
Operating in this mode also avoids the need to transfer to monopolar metallic return to limit the duration of emergency earth return.
Series Connected Converters. two series-connected converters per
pole in a bipolar system, only one quarter of the transmission
capacity is lost for a converter outage or if the line insulation for the affected pole is degraded to
where it can only support half the rated dc line voltage.
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Components of HVDC Systems
This section presents a brief introduction of the components involved on HVDC systems
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Elements of HVDC System• The three main elements of an HVDC system are: the converter
station at the transmission and receiving ends, the transmission medium, and the electrodes.
Terminal A Terminal B
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Overview and Organization of HVDC Systems• Basic structural diagram of a bipolar HVDC system.
Monitoring, Control, Protection
Pole 2
Pole 1
To/From other terminal
1. AC Swichyard2. AC Filters3. Transformers4. Converter Valves5. Smoothing
Reactors and DC Filters
6. DC Swictyards
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Types of HVDC Systems• The detailed structure and components of a HVDC system
depend on the configuration and operating mode.
Monopole, Midpoint Grounded
Bipole
MultiterminalBipole, Series-Connected
Converters
Different common system configurations and operating modes used for HVDC transmission
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Basic HVDC Single Line Diagram• Basic HVDC Single Line Diagram
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HVDC Converter Station Design
Shunt Capacitor
bank
AC filter banks
AC Switch yard
Converter building
DC Switch yard
ACFilter
DCFilter
DCFilter
Source: ABBImprovement: FGL
Source: ABBImprovement: FGL
Approximately 80 x 180 meters
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Longquan Converter Station, Panorama View
The Longquan HVDC converter station in China (above) is similar to the converter stations ABB will deliver in Brazil. Converter stations of this type are used in large hydopower transmission projects, in China and other countries.
Source: ABB
Converter Station size:600m x 360m The 500kV LongquanConverter Station is one of supporting the power transmission project for Three Gorges Dam Power Delivery in China. The construction site is located in XiangyanshiVillage of Longquan Town of Yichang County in Hubei Province. Project was completed on June 30, 2002
500KV DC bipolar, transmission capacity of 3000MW, 2 × 6 groups complete duplex valve blocks, each pole with a 12-pulse valve block, 12 units of converter transformers (plus 2 backup), and 8 groups of AC filter for a total 1076Mvar.
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Three Gorges –Guangzhou, Jingzhou
Source: ABB
Two converter stations for the 3,000 MW HVDC power link to transmit electricity from the Three Gorges hydropower plant in central China to the Guangdong province.
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HVDC Classic Converter Station• HVDC-CSC
Converter Transformer
Smoothing Reactor
AC Filters
DC Filters
Converter
DCDCACAC
Thyristor Valves
OutdoorOutdoorIndoorIndoorOutdoorIndoor
Source: ABBSource: ABB
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HVDC Classic
HVDC ClassicThyristor valvesThyristor modulesThyristorsLine commutated
Thyristor Module
3 phase arrangement inside a valve hall (500 kVdc / 825MW)
One valve module, including thyristors, RC snubber circuits and reactors
Valve Arrangement
Direct Light Triggered Thyristor (LTT) and fiber optic connectors
ThyristorSingle Valve
QuadrupleValveDoble
Valve
Source: Siemens
Source: Siemens
Source: Siemens
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HVDC VSC Converter Station• HVDC-VSC
OutdoorOutdoorIndoorIndoorOutdoorIndoor
IGBT Valves
HVDC Light Converter Station
Source: ABB
Source: ABB
Shoreham HVDC Light converter station overview. Shoreham, NY, USA.HVDC Light®
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HVDC Light®
Coolers
AC filters
Phase Reactor
IGBT ValveEnclosures
StakPak™ IGBTs with six and four sub-modules
The HVDC Light® converter station consists of four parts:1. The DC yard, with DC filtering and switches;2. The converter, with the IGBT valves and the converter reactors;3. AC filter yard;4. The grid interface, with power transformer and switches.
Source: ABB
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HVDC Light®
HVDC LightIGBT valvesIGBT valve stacksStakPaksSubmodulesSelf commutated
Two of three thyristor valve stacks used for long distance transmission of power from
Manitoba Hydro dams
IGBT Valve Stacks
StakPak™
Submodule
Chip
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Solid-state converter developmentSource: ABB
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Solid-state converter development
Voltaje (kV)
Current (kA)
4 inch 5 inch6 inch
New Generation of Thyristors6” Thyristor (8 kV /4.5 kA) forXJB-SHA UHVDC Project
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Suspended Valve: AREVASource: Areva
Source: ArevaSou
rce:
Are
va
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Valve Hall
Converter Transformer
Suspended Valvue
Wall Bushing
Source: Siemens
Source: Siemens
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wer
usi
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VDC
Sys
tem
s
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t per
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Santiago de Chile - Chile
Valvues Hall
Source: ABB
Double Valves 500 kV DC, Zhengping
Chandrapur site
Converter Housing
ACFilter
DCFilter
DCFilter
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Offs
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VDC
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s
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Sys
tem
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Santiago de Chile - Chile
Baltic Cable, DC yardSource: ABB
Wall Bushing
Converter Bulting
DC Yard
ww
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Offs
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VDC
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s
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tem
:
Santiago de Chile - Chile
HVDC Terminal RequirementsAC SwitchyardConnects the Terminal to the AC System
ACFilter
DCFilter
DCFilter
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Offs
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VDC
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s
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t per
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sion
of t
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Chandrapur AC yard
Source: ABB
AC Yard
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Offs
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VDC
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s
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Santiago de Chile - Chile
Baltic cable, ac side
Source: ABB
ACFilter
DCFilter
DCFilter
Source: ABBImprovement: FGL
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Offs
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VDC
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s
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of t
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Santiago de Chile - Chile
HVDC Terminal Requirements
ACFilter
DCFilter
DCFilter
AC Filters, Capacitor BanksReactive Power SupplyFilter harmonic Currents
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tem
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Santiago de Chile - Chile
Longquan AC Filters
Source: ABB
ACFilter
DCFilter
DCFilter
Capacitor
Reactors
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New Zealand, ac filters
Source: ABB
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Shunt Capacitor
Source: ABB
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s
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HVDC Terminal RequirementsConverter Transformers
• Obtain the AC Voltage needed for the required DC Voltage
• Obtain 12-Pulse Operation (Star and Delta Connection)
• Allow for Series Connection of 6-Pulse Bridges
ACFilter
DCFilter
DCFilter
Source: Siemens
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Santiago de Chile - Chile
HVDC Terminal RequirementsSmoothing Reactors and DC Filters
• Smoothen the DC Current
• Avoid Resonance with DC Line
• Limit Interference caused by DC Side Harmonics
DC Switchyard
• Achieve required DC Side Transmission Configuration
ACFilter
DCFilter
DCFilter
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VDC
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New Zealand, dc filter
Source: ABB
ACFilter
DCFilter
DCFilter
Source: ABBImprovement: FGL
New Zealand, smoothing reactor
New Zealand, DC Filterw
ww
.fglo
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t.org
.ve
Mas
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Inte
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ion
of O
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ind
pow
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HVD
C S
yste
ms
All r
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s re
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New Zealand, sound barriers
Source: ABB
ACFilter
DCFilter
DCFilter
800kV HVDC Smoothing Reactor 4000A 75mH
Sound Barriers
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DC Smoothing Reactors•Connected in series in each converter with each pole• Decreases harmonic voltages and currents in the DC line• Smooth the ripple in the DC current and prevents the current from becoming discontinuous at light loads• Limits crest current (di/dt) in the Rectifier due to a short circuit on DC line• Limits current in the bypass valve firing due to the discharge of the shunt capacitances of the dc line.
•Two Smoothing Reactors per pole•Inductance - 125mH
•Nominal DC Voltage – 500KV•Max DC Voltage – 515KV
•BIL – 950/1425KV
(Typical Value for 2000 MW ± 500 KV Bipole HVDC
Link)
Wall Bushing
Smoothing Reactor
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DC Filters
Source: ABB
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DC High Speed Switches
DC Switch
Snubber Capacitor Snubber Reactor
Arrester
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HVDC CONTROLS SYSTEMGENERAL CONTROL CONCEPTS
This section present an introduction of the general concepts used to control HVDC systems
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HVDC Control: General Concept
What are the basic principles of HVDC Controls?
P
Rectifier Rectifier
+ -
+
-
+
-1dU 2dU
RUI
1 2d dU UI
R
1 1.dP U I2 2.( )dP U I
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HVDC Control: General Concept
• What are the basic principles of HVDC Controls?
• Id in one direction only.
• Magnitude of Id or power is controlled depending on the difference in the terminal voltages (Ud1, Ud2)
•Direction of power is controlled depending on the polarity of the terminal voltages (Ud1, Ud2)
d1 d2
P2dU1dU
2dU1dU
P
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HVDC Control
I
V
V
I
I
dII
V
V
I
General Control Loops for Classical HVDC w
ww
.fglo
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t.org
.ve
Mas
sive
Inte
grat
ion
of O
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re W
ind
pow
er u
sing
HVD
C S
yste
ms
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Multi-Terminal HVDC Systems• Future Electricity Network use the concept of Multi-
Terminal HVDC SystemsMultiterminal
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Practical Multi-Terminal HVDCw
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.fglo
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t.org
.ve
Mas
sive
Inte
grat
ion
of O
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re W
ind
pow
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HVD
C S
yste
ms
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Control Strategies for MTDC Schematic representation of MTDC control system hierarchy
VSCdcn
iP ,dc iP
,dc iUiV
,g iP,l iP
1gP
1lP
Time Scale
The terminal controllers determine the behavior of the converter at the system bus.
They are designed for the main functions for controlling: active power (P), reactive power (Q), AC and the DC voltage (Vac, Udc)
The master control optimizes the overall performance of theMTDC by regulating the DC side voltage.It is provided with the minimum set of functions necessary forcoordinated operation of the terminals in the DC circuit, i.e.start and stop, minimization of losses, oscillation damping andpower flow reversal, black start, AC frequency and AC voltagesupport.
sec
<smss
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Control Strategies for MTDC
refQQ
acV,ac refV
*qi
*di
refPP
dcU,dc refU
,ac CtrlV
CtrlQ,dc CtrlU
CtrlPTerminal Controller
Terminal Controllers are based on locals actions and measurements.Wide-area measurement and control can improve the system performance.
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VDC
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Control Strategies for MTDC
refQQ
acV,ac refV
*qi
*di
refPP
dcU,dc refU
,ac CtrlV
CtrlQ,dc CtrlU
CtrlP
refQ
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KK
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,,
i iqp iq
KK
s
LL
Q Controller P Controller
Udc ControllerVac Controller
Idq Controller
Terminal Controller
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(i) Voltage Margun Method (VMM)
,AdcU
AP
dcU
upperPlowerP
When the active power is to be transmittedfrom Terminal B to Terminal A (PA<0,PB>0), the voltage margin (Udc) issubtracted from the DC reference voltagefor Terminal A.
(i) Voltage Margin Method (VMM)w
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(ii) Voltage-Droop Method (VDM)
,AdcU
AP
mc
dcU
upperPlowerP
,adc refU
brefP
brefU
arefP
(ii) Voltage-Droop Method (VDM)
When Udc drops the slack converter station(VSCA) will increase the active powerinjection in the DC grid PA until a newequilibrium point.
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OffShore Wind Power: Motivation
This section presents a set of driver to use HVDC in the integration of offshore wind power
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Context: Where Decarbonise?
Roadmap 2050: A practical Guide to a Prosperous, Low-Carbon Europe
80% CO2 EMISSION RED
CUTION95%
5.9 GtCO2/yr
5.2 GtCO2/yr
1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 20402030 2050
Oil
Gas
Coal
Hydro
Nuclear
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Biomass
CCSB
illio
n B
arre
ls o
f O
il E
qu
ival
ent
per
yea
r
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
The 80% CO2 reduction overall implies 95% reduction in Power
Roadmap 2050: A practical Guide to a Prosperous, Low-Carbon Europe
Energy Supply in 2050(High Res Pathway)
Historical
Roadmap 2050
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 20500
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
All RES
Wind
EU Energy Policy to 2050, EWEA
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North Sea National Targets 2030w
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UK Wind Farms: East Anglia
IR ISH SEA
ENGLISH CHANNEL
BELG
UNITEDKINGDOM
IR ELAND
IR ISH SEA
ENGLISH CHANNEL
BELG
UNITEDKINGDOM
IR ELAND
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Firth of Forth Phase 1
1075 MW
Firth of Forth
Phase 3790 MW
Firth of Forth Phase 2
1820 MW
Forth Array
Neart na Gaoith
Inch Cape
Bell Rock
UK Wind Farms: Dogger Bank, HornSea, Firth of Forth
IR ISH SEA
ENGLISH CHANNEL
BELG
UNITEDKINGDOM
IR ELAND
IR ISH SEA
ENGLISH CHANNEL
BELG
UNITEDKINGDOM
IR ELAND
"They could see gross value added to the UK economy of £7 billion and a cumulative cost-reduction impact of £45 billion for the whole offshore wind sector in UK waters by 2050,"
Wind farm 'may save £45bn' in costs
Offshore wind could boost GDP by “huge” 0.6%The figures build on 2010 research from the Offshore Valuation Group which found that by harnessing less than a third of the UK’s offshore wind resource, the UK could generate the equivalent of one billion barrels of oil a year by 2050
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Integration of Wind Power using HVDC
This section presents a introduce of use HVDC technologies to integrate offshore wind farms
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Connections for offshore wind farmsw
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Electrical view of an offshore wind farm• Schematic layout of an offshore wind farm; the collecting point
can be an offshore substation.
PCC: point of common coupling
Use of DC or AC
Single/Multiple Use of DC or AC even low frequency
Single/ MultipleCollecting point
Multiples AC or DC technologies
Single/ MultipleInterface
Single/ Multiple
NKT Anholt cable
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Offshore SubstationsPossible layout for a 980MW (196x5MW) offshore
wind farm
(a) Alternative A
(b) Alternative B OSS: Offshore Substation
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Offshore Wind Farms• Structure of Typical Electrical Infrastructure used on offshore
wind farm: High Voltage AC approach
Transmission System
POI
Transformer substation
Collecting point Local WT collector system
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Terminal Substation
Integrationsystem
Wind Turbine
MV Distribution systemHV Transmission system
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High Voltage Alternate-Current Transmission• The basic configuration of 600 MW wind farm with a high-
voltage alternating-current (HVAC) solution.
SVC: static VAR compensator; XLPE: polyethylene insulation sources.
30 kV
300 MVA400 kV
Onshore network
600 MVA
150 kV150 kV, XLPE cable
Rating 200 MW
Onshore converterstation
30 kV
30 kV
30 kV
300 MVA
150 kV
SVC
150 kV, XLPE cableRating 200 MW
150 kV, XLPE cableRating 200 MW
SVC
HVACHVAC
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Siemens: 20 (AC) offshore substations so far
Copyright © Siemens all rights reserved
1st Generation
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Siemens: 1st Generation
Copyright © Siemens all rights reserved
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Siemens: 2nd Generation
2nd Generation
Copyright © Siemens all rights reserved
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Siemens: 2nd Generation• Compact Design
Copyright © Siemens all rights reserved
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Thanet 300 MW grid connection June 2010
Prof. Francisco M. Gonzalez‐Longatt at Thanet Wind Farm
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Thanet 300 MW grid connection June 2010
Copyright © Siemens all rights reserved
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Thanet Wind Farm• 100 wind turbines each with a
control• loop which has:
– Feedback– Gain– A finite delay– A sampling frequency
• Set in an array of 100 cablesof
• assorted lengths and crosssections– every joint is a reflective node– outages create thousands of
states• Fed from the grid where the
source• impedance / fault level may
change• May need to allow for filters
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HVDC: LCC + STATCOM• Basic configuration of 500MW wind farm using a line-
commutated converter (LCC) high-voltage direct-current(HVDC) system with a STATCOM (for a configuration for a1100MW wind farm using an LCC HVDC system with dieselgenerators on the offshore substation.
F: filter; HFF: high frequency filter; the statcom can be replaced with a diesel generator.
HVDCHVDCOffshore wind farm
145 kV, 50 Hz Statcom
F
HFF
Offshore substation
Three-phaseTwo-winding
Convertertransformer
Integrated returncable 500 MW
500 kV1000 A
HFF
F
F
F
F
380 kV
Single-phaseThree-
windingConverter
transformer
380 kV, 50 Hz
Onshore converter station
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Voltage Source Converter based HVDC • A 600 MW wind farm using two voltage source converter
(VSC); high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems, eachconverter station with a 300 MW rating.
Source: based on Eriksson et al, 2003
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Voltage Source Converter based HVDC • A 500 MW wind farm using one VSC HVDC system based on a
converter station with a 500 MW rating.
BorWin 1, 400 MW HVDC Light
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Voltage Source Converter based HVDC
Copyright © Siemens all rights reserved
Standardisation•Consistent block sizes for wind farms• Allow suppliers to compete head to headBest practice design
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Siemens: 3rd Generation
Copyright © Siemens all rights reserved
Source: ABB
400 MW HVDC Light® system off-shorestation on platform with sub-sea structureOnshore station at E.ON substation DieleCables
DC cable submarine (2x125km)DC cable on land (2x75km)Fibre optic cable (200 km)
Source: ABB
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Comparison: Rating• Presently, AC cables have a maximum rating of about 200MW per three-
phase cable.
• This rating is based on a voltage level of 150–170 kV, compensation at bothends of the cable and a maximum cable length of around 200 km.
• For shorter distances, voltage ratings may increase to 245 kV, which wouldraise the maximum rating to 350MW over a maximum of 100 km, or 300MWover 150–200km.
Number of cables needed for different wind farms and different technical solutions
Note: CS ¼ converter station; HVAC: high-voltage alternating-current; HVDC: high-voltage direct-current; LCC: line-commutatedconverter; VSC: voltage source converter
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Comparison: Losses• The losses of HVDC connections show only a very limited correlation with
the length of the cable, depending on the efficiency of the converter stations.
• The efficiency of LCC stations is usually higher than that of VSCs. Thismeans that for short distances the losses from a HVAC link are lower thanthose from a HVDC connection, owing to the comparatively high converterlosses.
• There is, however, a distance X where the distance-related HVAC losses reachsimilar levels to those of HVDC links
Comparison of losses for high-voltage alternating
current (HVAC) and high-voltage
direct current (HVDC)
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Selection of Transmission Technology• Choice of transmission technology for different wind farm
capacities and distances to onshore grid connection point basedon overall system economics (approximation); economics ofhigh-voltage alternating-current (HVAC) links, line-commutatedconverter (LCC) based high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) linksand voltage source converter (VSC) based HVDC link.
50 100 150 200 250 300
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
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HVAC(up to 170 kV)
HVAC or VSCbased
HVDC
HVAC (245 kV) or VSC based HVDC
VSC based HVDC
VSC based HVDC
LCC based HVDC
VSC based HVDC or LCC based HVDC
HVAC (245 kV) orVSC based HVDC
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System SolutionUse of Low Frequency
• Connection of an offshore wind farm using a low AC frequency.PCC: point of common coupling.
Source: based on Schutte, Gustavsson and Strom, 2001.
2/3
2/3
Frequencies lower than 50 or 60 Hz are currently used mainly in electrified railway systems. The railway systems in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden and Norway, for instance, use 16 2/3 Hz at 15 kV, Costa Rica uses 20 Hz and the USA mainly 25 Hz.
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DC internal Collector System• DC wind farm design based on wind turbines with AC
generators.
PCC: point of common coupling.Source: based on Martander, 2002.
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Use of DC Generators• DC wind farm design based on wind turbines with DC
generations (DCGs)
PCC: point of common coupling.Source: based on Lundberg 2003
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Multi-terminal VSC HVDC network• The MTDC transmission system can connect several large
offshore wind farms distantly located and export the wind powerto several onshore grids widely dispersed.
offshore onshore
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Topologies of multi-terminal VSC-HVDC transmission for large offshore wind farms
This section shows some of the candidatee topologies to be used on the massive integration of
wind power
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Two WFVSC link to Single GVSC• Two WFVSC link to Single GVSC The DC tie-cable
interconnecting offshore substations or onshore substations can provide system redundancy and control flexibility.
offshore
onshore
if the distance between offshore substations is less than onshore substations, the tie-cable will bebuilt offshore
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Single WFVSC link to two GSVCs• Single WVVS link to two GVSCs The DC tie-cable
interconnecting offshore substations or onshore substations can provide system redundancy and control flexibility.
if the distance between onshore substations is less than offshore substations, the tie-cable will bebuilt onshore
offshore
onshore
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2 WFSCs link to 2GVSCs• Two WFVSCs link to correspondent GVSCs with an onshore tie-
line
offshore
onshore
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2 VFVSCs link to 2 GSVCs• Two WFSCs link to correspondent GSVCs with an offshore tie-
line
offshore
onshore
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3 WFVSC link to 3 GVSCs• Three WFVSCs link to correspondent GSVCs with wind farms
ring
offshore
onshore
onshore
The wind farms ring topology can withstand different faults without losing wind power using minimal number of HVDC circuit breakers
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Conclusions
This section presents a general conclusion…
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Multi-Terminal HVDC Systems
Future Electricity Networks will be radically different to the present
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Santiago de Chile8th August 2012
Massive Integration of OffshoreWind Power using HVDC
Fran
cisc
oM
. Gon
zale
z-Lo
ngat
t@fglongatt@fglongatt
Department of Electrical EngineeringCoventry, United Kingdom
Asociacion Venezolana de Energia Eolica
Photo: http://www.bard‐offshore.de/media/fotos.html
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