managing obese pets
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ManagingObese
Pets
Managing Obese Pets
Definition and incidence
Assessing body condition
Energy balance
Preventing obesity
Treating obesity and preventing recurrence
Definition and Incidence
Definition- Increase in body fat
→impairs health or function- > 20% above ideal body
weight
Definition and Incidence
Increasing incidence of obesity
Definition and incidence
- Estimated 25-40% pets are overweight or obese
- Owners and veterinarians tend to underestimate incidence of obesity
- Body condition scoring is useful tool for recognition of obesity
Incidence
Definition and incidence
Owner evaluation of pet weightUnder
2%Over 18%
Average 80%
Dog Cat
Under 4%
Over 19%
Average 77%
1992 AAHA Survey
Definition and incidence
- Associated with or exacerbates specific diseases
- May make pets less tolerant of metabolic stress
- Can complicate therapeutic and diagnostic procedures
Health risks of obesity
Health Benefits and Risks
Obesity issues
Metabolic Functional Disease risks
Hyperlipidemia Joint stress Dermatoses
Hyperinsulinemia Dyspnea Reproduction
Glucose intolerance Hypertension Immunocompromise
Diabetes mellitus Tumors
DOD/osteoarthritis
Assessing Body Condition
Diagnosis of obesity- Body weight- Compare to
weight at 1 year
- Body condition scoring
Assessing body condition
Body Condition Scoring A clinical assessment of body fat Accounts for animal’s frame size
independent of its weight Uses defined criteria to help make
the process more objective Recommend a 5-point system for
body condition scoring
DEXA
Assessing body condition
5-Point Body Condition Scoring System
1 – Very Thin
2 – Underweight
3 – Ideal
4 – Over weight
5 - Obese
Assessing body condition
3 – Ideal Ribs – Easily felt with
slight fat cover Bony prominences –
easily felt with slight fat cover
Side view – Abdominal tuck
Overhead view – Well-pronounced waist
Assessing body condition
4 – Overweight Ribs – Difficult to feel
under moderate fat cover
Abdominal fat pad – Moderate
Side view – No abdominal tuck
Overhead view – Back is slightly broadened at waist
Assessing body condition
5 – Obese Ribs – Difficult to feel
under thick fat cover Abdominal fat pad marked Side view – No waist; fat
hangs from abdomen Overhead view – Back is
markedly broadened Fat deposits – Limbs & face
Assessing body condition
BCS = 1
Assessing body condition
BCS=3
Assessing body condition
BCS = 5
BCS % Body Fat% Ideal Wt.
1 5 852 6-14 86-943 15-24 95-1064 25-34 107-1225 35-45+ 124-146+
Toll P, et al. SACN, 4th Ed, 2000
Assessment of body condition
ENERGY BALANCE
Caloric intakeActivity
Intake > Use = Weight GainUse > Intake = Weight Loss
Energy Balance
Internal– Genetics (breed)– Gender/neuter status– Age– Decreased metabolism– Exessive appetite
External– Food availability– Food palatability– Food composition (high
fat/calorie)– Owner’s behavior
RER TEF Environmen
t Activity Production
EnergyExpenditure
EnergyIntakeFactors
Energy Balance
Variation in Energy Requirement for Body Weight Maintenance of Dogs
Number of Dogs
% of average metabolizable energy intake per kg metabolic body weight
151413121110987654321
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Preventing Obesity
Risk factors
– Owner– Patient– Food– Activities
DVM assessment
Preventing Obesity
Owner risk factors– Relationship to
food– Overweight– Age– Child substitute
Preventing Obesity
Patient risk factors– Life stage– Gender– Neutering– Breed
Preventing Obesity
Life stageObese puppies
and kittens
Obese adults
Percent Body Fat - Canine
Age: p = 0.0001Age2: p = 0.0001
55
1010
1515
2020
2525
00 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Years of Age
%F
at%
Fat
Preventing obesity
Percent Body Fat - Feline
Age: p = 0.046Age2: p = 0.042
1010
2020
3030
4040
00 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Years of Age
%F
at%
Fat
Preventing obesity
Preventing Obesity
Effects of Age on Obesity
1 - 4 5 - 7 8 - 11 > 1210
30
50
% ofDogsOverweig
ht
Age (years)
Source: Mason, Vet Rec 86:612 (1970)
Preventing Obesity
Effects of Age on Energy Req.
< 1 2 3-7 > 7
kcal DE/kg
Age (years)
Kleazle & Rainbird, Waltham Symp, 1990
Labrador Retrievers140
150
135
110
Preventing Obesity
Effects of Gender on K-9 Obesity
Intact Neutered Intact Neutered
10
30
50
% ofDogsOverweight
Male
Source: Edney & Smith, Vet Rec 118:391 (1986)
Female
Preventing Obesity
Feline Obesity Study
Preneuter Postneuter(3 mos.)
Preneuter Postneuter(3 mos.)
80
60
40
20
0
Food Intake (g/day)
Male Female
Preventing Obesity
Feline Obesity Study
Preneuter Postneuter(3 mos.)
Preneuter Postneuter(3 mos.)
40
30
20
10
0
%Weight Gain
Male Female
Preventing Obesity
Food risk factors– High palatability– Ad-lib intake– Competition– Treats– Table scraps– Hunting and
scavenging
Commercial Foods - Forms
Frequency of feeding
Dog dry Cat dryCat moist
Once daily 45% 22% 43%Twice daily 26% 19% 30%Bowl always full 26% 51%
3%< once daily 1% 2%
18%
Habits & Practices Study, Sept 2002
Preventing Obesity
Activity risk factor assessment– Lifestyle of owner and
pet– Concurrent diseases in
pet
Treating Obesity
Success in obesity treatment– Humans 0-5%
– Animals up to 50%
Treating Obesity
Successful treatment depends on:– Owner education– Owner motivation– Veterinary involvement– Provision of key nutritional
factors
Treating Obesity
Veterinary involvement– Estimate ideal weight– Select reducing food– Calculate food dose– Recommend exercise– Graph weight vs. time
Treating Obesity
Weight Loss Performance Chart
Weig
ht
321 4 75 9 1110 12 1413 1586
GOAL
Time (Weeks)
Treating Obesity – Energy Restriction
Determining energy req’t– Resting Energy Requirment
RER = 70BWkg0.75 or 30BWkg
+70– Daily Energy Requirement
Dog 1.6 X RERCat 1.2 x RER
Treating Obesity – Energy Restriction
Determining energy req’t
Use care in feline caloric restriction
Dogs: 1.0 RER(60% DER)
Cats: 0.8 x RER(70% DER)
@ estimatedideal weight
Treating Obesity
Food dose calculation– Example: 13.5 kg obese dog
10 kg ideal weight
– RER (kcal/day) = (30 Wtkg+70)[30 (10) + 70] = 370 kcal/day
Treating Obesity
Select a reducing diet:
260 kcal/can370 kcal 260 kcal/can =1.4 cans (vs. 0.75 can maintenance food)
200 kcal/cup370 kcal 200 kcal/cup =1.85 cups (vs. 1.25 cups maintenance food)
Treating obesity
Nutritional technology for weight loss:- Calorie Control – reduce caloric density- Intake Control
- Reduce internal drive to eat – satiety via fiber, water, AA’s
- Metabolic Control- Shift metabolism from storage to usage- Carnitine
Treatment Options
Reducing diet characteristics– Moderate kcal restriction
(20-50%)– Non-energy nutrients
balanced to dry matter intake
– Low fat– High fiber for satiety and
kcal– Protein and micronutrients – Profile suitable for dogs and
cats
Treating obesity
Key nutritional factors for weight loss (DMB):- Energy canine < 3.4 kcal ME/g- Energy feline < 3.6 kcal ME/g- Fat 5-12% for dogs, 7-14% cats- Fiber 12-30% crude fiber- Protein >25% for dogs, >35% for
cats
highhigh
highlowlow
lowlowFiber (energy dilution)
Energy Diet
Low
Fat
, Low
Fib
er
Inta
ke
Inta
ke
Low
Fat
, Low
Fib
er
Low
Fat
, Mod
erat
e F
iber
Low
Fat
, Hig
h F
iber
The Effect of Fiber on Energy and Total Diet Intake
Effect of a Dry Fiber-Enhanced, Low Calorie Food* for Weight Loss in DogsEffect of a Dry Fiber-Enhanced, Low Calorie Food* for Weight Loss in Dogs
-1.7-1.6
-37.9 -40.4
2.5 -2.0
-39.0
-7.6
-47.0
-8.6
-30.4
-39.0
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Weight, g/d Fat, g/d Muscle, g/d %BW/wk
Tis
su
e C
ha
ng
e (
gra
ms
/d)
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
* Prescription Diet Canine dry r/d Fed at 1.0 x RER at ideal weight
Treating obesity
Typical Energy Metabolism
Treating feline obesity
Metabolic Control for Weight LossTreating feline obesity
Treating feline obesity
Ketones are normal metabolites produced in mitochondria as a by-product of fatty acid metabolism
Ketone levels when fat metabolism is increased (benign dietary ketosis)
Ketones can be measured in the serum.- beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA)- acetoacetate- acetone
Magnitude of Ketogenic Effects
Condition Quantity of Ketones
Fed State 0.1 mmol/L
Overnight Fast 0.3 – 0.7 mmol/L
Low CHO diet 1-3 mmol/L
Diabetic Ketoacidosis >15 mmol/L
Treating feline obesity
Treating feline obesity
Treating feline obesity
Preventing Recurrence
Maintain lifestyle changes – exercise helpful
Monitor weight Portion control
– Lower energy food
– Limit treats
Summary
Obesity is most common form of malnutrition
Body condition scoring is a useful clinical tool
Body composition is controlled by energy balance
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure
Summary
Health risks associated with
obesity are reversible Effective obesity treatment
requires a team effort – vet, technician, owner
Dietary fiber enhances satiety
Feline obesity can be managed via traditional reducing diets or low CHO diets
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