manado, 05 oct 2012
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Yasuyuki Hirota(Univ. of Valencia, Spain)
mig@olccjp.netSkype: migjp2003
Manado (Indonesia), 05 Oct 2012
Economy: comes from the Greek word “οικονομία” (“οἶκος” (house) + “νέμω” (management))
Economy in East-Asian languages: “keizai” (“ 経済” ) in Japanese “Jīng jì” (“ 經濟 / 经济“ ) in Chinese (Mandarin) ”gyeongje” ( 경제“ ) in Korean All come from the Chinese phrase ”Jīng shì jì mín“ (”
經世濟民 / 经世济民“ , “manage the world and satisfy people“)
None of these concepts say about maximising profits but about the management of production, distribution and consumption
We should produce to satisfy our own needs, not to make money at the cost of people / environment!!
What is money? Answer: “An agreement within a community to
use something as a means of exchange” (Bernard Lietaer)
> So we can have our own means of exchange!: SCC
How is money created and given into the economy?
Answer: As bank credits. No debt, no money More info:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0K5_JE_gOys
Ghana: People lived well with barter (direct exchange): Little need to buy goods from British colonisers
The British gov’t introduced a Ghanan national currency and started to charge tax only payable in this national currency
Consequences: End of self-sufficient economy, dependency on British economy and impoverishment
What makes Bali so attractive to tourists?: Its unique religious and cultural performances done for local communities
Banjar: democratically-managed community-based planning and implementatiion unit for such performances
The coexistence of rupiah and banjar helps the Balinese keep their tradition while prospering as a tourist destination
More info: Lietaer (2003) and Lietaer and Belgin (2012), chapter 28
A: Human being’s growth
C: Cancer’s growth and what our money system demands us
With compound interest rate our economy is destined to eat up all natural resources of our planet
Source: Kennedy (1995)
The interest improverished most people while enriching the few rich
Source: “Inflation and Interest-free money” (Kennedy, 1995) available at: http://kennedy-bibliothek.info/data/bibo/media/GeldbuchEnglisch.pdf
Each regional economy: tends to be export-oriented > only produces exportable goods (monoculture) while giving up self-sufficiency (stops producing goods for local demands and starts importing them)
Dependency on exports: shows vulnerability (weakness) in case of economic crisis as customers stop buying your products
Self-sufficiency: way to soften the crisis
A mutual-credit account system since 1982 and most popular SCC in the world
Each member has a virtual account to clear transactions
Remarkable cases: TEM (Volos, Greece), CES (started in Cape Town, South Africa and spread into the world), Hanbat LETS (Daejeon, South Korea)
CES: http://www.ces.org.za/ TEM: http://www.tem-magnisia.gr/ (in Greek) Hanbat LETS: http://www.tjlets.or.kr/ (in Korean)
Founded in 1998 at Fortaleza, Ceará to struggle against the financial exclusion: originally operated only with real (Brazil’s official currency, R$) but now provides loans in R$ and Palma (SCC, although backed with R$) too
Their slogan: “No community is poor, but there are impoverished ones!”
Website (in Portuguese): http://www.bancopalmas.org.br/
More info in English: http://dowbor.org/ar/community_development_banks-instituto_palmas_methodogy.pdf (also try Wikipedia on Banco Palmas)
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8YLFKr7lZs
An NGO (“Our Footprints” in Spanish) working to set up community banks, among others
The NGO staff visits impoverished communities in Greater Buenos Aires and gives training courses for communities to finance itself
Website (in Spanish, English etc.): http://www.nuestrashuellas.org.ar/
Founded in 2003 as an extracurricular project at a Waldorf school in Prien am Chiemsee, Bavaria
€-backed SCC, with 3% of face value donated to the local project you want to support
5% of commission is charged on reimbursing from Chiemgauer to €
Virtually interest-free microcredits in Chiemgauer started: you need to pay interest, but it will be returned to you if you repay all your loan without delay
Website (in German): http://www.chiemgauer.info/ Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=6_Bf85tX9YE
Chiemgauer’s circulation
Proposed by German merchant and economist Silvio Gesell (1862-1930) in his masterpiece “Natural Economic Order”
Everything (food, cars, houses) is devaluated over time except money
So let’s abolish the privilege of money by charging fees! > demurrage
Natural Economic Order: http://www.silvio-gesell.de/neo_index1.htm
The most successful experience of demurrage SCC The mayor Michael Unterguggenberger issued this
SCC in July 1932 to tackle the Great Depression 1%/month of demurrage fee This SCC stimulated the local economy and people
even wanted to pay tax in advance The Central Bank of Austria forbade it in Sep 1933
Michael Unterguggenberger’s monument in front of the City Council
A picture of that SCC in 1930s
Operational since 1934 to stimulate B2B transactions among Swiss small businesses: one sixth of small businesses join
The bank provides loans in WIR (SCC), only accepted by other WIRBank-member businesses, at lower interest rate
1.55 billion CHF is traded annually in this currency. More info (in German, French and Italian): http://www.wir.ch/
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMy8zmWSrFA
An interest-free bank Savers don’t get interest but points which allow
them to take interest-free loans Democratically managed by its members Website (in Swedish, English etc.):
http://www.jak.se/ Video (part 1): https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=aW2pj109Cr8,Video (part 2): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktzRsH9qLiw, Video (part 3): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFx1V0_ysjo, Video (part 4): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rghb0KrKxxE
LETS Banco Palmas
Chiem-gauer
WIR
Food / professional
service
No Yes Yes Yes
Reimburse into offical
tender
No Yes Yes No
Loans Unnecessary
Easy Easy Easy
Extension Neighbour-hood
Neighbour-hood
Regional Regional / National
Comparison of SCC cases Comparison of SCC cases
Microeconomy: management of an enterprise, a non-profit, a credit union etc.
Macroeconomy: management of the whole economy at the local / regional / national level
SCC’s feature: involvement of different stakeholders, such as: consumers, prosumers, volunteers, non-profits, local businesses, public sector, financial sector, tourists, public transportation
LETS Banco Palmas
Chiem-gauer
WIR
Consumers Yes Yes Yes Yes
Volunteers / non-profits
Yes Yes Yes No
Local businesses Few Some Some Many
Public sector No No No No
Financial sector No Yes Yes Yes
Self-employed Yes Yes Yes Yes
Huge corporations No No No No
Tourists Yes / No No Yes No
Public transportation No Yes No Yes?
Stakeholders’ involvementStakeholders’ involvement
Means of transportation: on foot, bicycle, motorcycle, bus, funicular, taxi, private car, tramway, subway, train, ferry, airplanes…: Each means of transportation for its own purposes
The same is true with CC: need to study different typologies and to see their advantages / disadvantages
1
2
3
4
5
Official tender
WIR
CHIEMGAUER
LETS
1: Set your SCC’s goals 2: Set up the leadership team 3: Set the value standard 4: Determine with what the SCC is backed 5: Determine how the SCC management cost is
recovered? 6: Design how the SCC is issued, circulated and
redeemed (withdrawn from the circulation) Further info:
http://www.global-community.org/gc/newsfiles/25/Community%20Currency%20Guide.pdf
Key concept: replace imported goods / services with locally-produced ones
1: Local economy mapping 2: (Re)discover your local resources 3: Discussions in your community 4: Design the CSS model that fits your needs 5: Marketing for different stakeholders Further info:
http://www.pluggingtheleaks.org/downloads/ptl_handbook.pdf
Need for appropriately-arranged language for different stakeholders: non-profits, local shops, factories, consumers, city councils etc…
What is marketing?: “activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large” (American Marketing Association, 2007)
What value can SCC offer for non-profits, local shops, factories, consumers, city councils etc.?
Economy: Not to make profits but to satisfy our needs
Money: An agreement within a community SCC: Our own means of exchange! Current money: Issued by commercial banks
for them to make profits Compound interest: calls for exponential and
unsustainable development and redistributes the wealth only for the rich
Different experiences: LETS, Banco Palmas (Brazil), Nuestras Huellas (Argentina), Chiemgauer (Germany), WIRBank (Switzerland), JAK Bank (Sweden etc.)
Demurrage: to assure money’s circulation and put an end to the privilege of money
SCC as a macroeconomic tool: Need to involve different stakeholders
SCC: Our own means of exchange! Important: Appropriate design, leveraging
unused recourses and customised marketing for different stakeholders
“The Future of Money” (Bernard Lietaer, Century, 2001) “Inflation and Interest-free Money” (Margrit Kennedy,
http://kennedy-bibliothek.info/data/bibo/media/GeldbuchEnglisch.pdf )
“Creating Wealth” (Bernard Lietaer and Gwendolyn Hallsmith, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island (Canada),2011)
“People Money” (Margrit Kennedy, Triarchy Press, 2012) “New Money for a New World” (Bernard Lietaer and Steven
Belgin, Qitarra Press, Boulder (Colorado, US), 2012) “Sustaining Cultural Vitality in a Globalizing World: The
Balinese Example” (Bernard Lietaer, 2003) available at: http://www.complementarycurrency.org/ccLibrary/materials/sustaining_cultural_vitality.pdf
Yasuyuki Hirota(Univ. of Valencia, Spain)
mig@olccjp.netSkype: migjp2003
Manado (Indonesia), 05 Oct 2012
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