locomotion. locomotion: the act or power of moving from place to place
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LocomotionLocomotion
Locomotion:
The act or power of moving from place to place
VocabularyVocabulary1.1. Motile = Motile =
2.2. Sessile = Sessile =
3.3. Muscle contraction =Muscle contraction =
4.4. Exoskeleton =Exoskeleton =
5.5. Endoskeleton = Endoskeleton =
6.6. Pseudopods =Pseudopods =
7.7. Cilia = Cilia =
8.8. Flagella = Flagella =
9.9. Setae = Setae =
The ability to move from place to placeLacking the ability to move on their
own or being stationaryHow muscles exert force, by shorteningSkeleton on the outside
of the bodySkeleton on the inside of the bodyTemporary projection of the
cell surfaceShort hair-like fibers on an organism the beat rhythmicallyLarger hair-like fibers, usually
only 1 or 2 per cellTiny bristles on the underside of the earthworm
Advantages for Advantages for LocomotionLocomotion
It is easier to get foodIt is easier to get food It its easier to find It its easier to find
sheltershelter An organism can move An organism can move
away from dangerous away from dangerous conditions or predatorsconditions or predators
It is easier to find It is easier to find mates and reproducemates and reproduce
Locomotion in the Deep SeaLocomotion in the Deep Sea
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtj_JSlKXgY
Adaptations in Adaptations in LocomotionLocomotion
Locomotion in Locomotion in ProtistsProtists
AmoebaAmoebaParameciumParameciumEuglenaEuglena
AmoebaAmoeba An organism moves An organism moves
when the when the cytoplasmcytoplasm moves into or out of the moves into or out of the pseudopodspseudopods
This movement is also This movement is also seen in white blood cellsseen in white blood cells
This movement is also This movement is also known as known as amoeboid amoeboid movementmovement
To see an amoeba move…To see an amoeba move…
http://www.biophysik.uni-bremen.de/radmacher/animations/amoeba.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Nb6MUF-B5Y
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU&NR=1
ParameciuParameciumm
Paramecium move by Paramecium move by cilia cilia beating rhythmicallybeating rhythmically
They move They move quicker than amoebaquicker than amoeba
To see a paramecium To see a paramecium move…move…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wdv9eYtXSpE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9ymaSzcsdY&NR=1&feature=fvwp
EuglenaEuglena Euglena moves by one Euglena moves by one
long, thin structure long, thin structure called a called a flagellaflagella
Whip-like movementsWhip-like movements pull it through the pull it through the waterwater
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA&NR=1
Locomotion in the Locomotion in the EarthwormEarthworm
Outer and inner Outer and inner layers of muscles layers of muscles shorten and shorten and lengthen the bodylengthen the body
Setae hook the Setae hook the ground in order for ground in order for the body the body to push to push and pull forwardand pull forward
To see an earthworm move…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oH8NMYi7qqw
http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=55812
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzSvNNRwGnc
Locomotion in the Locomotion in the GrasshopperGrasshopper
Exoskeleton divided into Exoskeleton divided into platesplates to allow movement to allow movement
3 pair of 3 pair of jointed legsjointed legs First 2 pair used for First 2 pair used for
walkingwalking Powerful third pair used for Powerful third pair used for
jumpingjumping 2 pair of wings for 2 pair of wings for flyingflying
To see a grasshopper move…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cevL1RWcmqQ
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Bones and CartilageBones and CartilageBones Bones Are a type of Are a type of connective tissueconnective tissue Act as an attachment for Act as an attachment for musclesmuscles Give the body Give the body shape and supportshape and support Protect the Protect the body’s organsbody’s organs Serve as a storage area for Serve as a storage area for mineralsminerals
(calcium)(calcium) Produce Produce red and white blood cells red and white blood cells in the in the
marrow (soft inside)marrow (soft inside) True red marrow produces red blood cellsTrue red marrow produces red blood cells
The The periosteum periosteum is the tough layer of is the tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds and connective tissue that surrounds and protects the bone.protects the bone.
Two types of bone tissueTwo types of bone tissue Spongy - light weight but adds strength Spongy - light weight but adds strength
to boneto bone Compact – more dense and stores Compact – more dense and stores
minerals (calcium)minerals (calcium)
Bones and CartilageBones and Cartilage
CartilageCartilage Is a type of Is a type of connective connective
tissuetissue that bends easilythat bends easily Most of the skeleton of an Most of the skeleton of an
embryo is embryo is cartilagecartilage In adults, it only remains In adults, it only remains
in the joints, the ears, the in the joints, the ears, the nose and at the end of the nose and at the end of the ribsribs
Cushions the Cushions the jointsjoints
The Human The Human SkeletonSkeleton
206 bones206 bones Two main partsTwo main parts
The The axial skeletonaxial skeleton The The appendicular appendicular
skeletonskeleton
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
Made up ofMade up of Cranium (skull)Cranium (skull) Vertebral column Vertebral column
(backbone)(backbone) Sternum (breast Sternum (breast
bone)bone) Rib cageRib cage
The Appendicular The Appendicular SkeletonSkeleton
Pectoral girdle:Pectoral girdle: Arm bonesArm bones Wrist and hand bonesWrist and hand bones Scapula (shoulder Scapula (shoulder
blades) blades) Clavicles (collar bones)Clavicles (collar bones)
Pelvic girdle:Pelvic girdle: PelvisPelvis Leg bonesLeg bones Ankle and foot bonesAnkle and foot bones
JointsJoints
The place where The place where bones meet is called bones meet is called a a jointjoint
Some are Some are immovableimmovable (i.e.. the skull)(i.e.. the skull)
Most are Most are moveablemoveable
JointsJoints
Moveable joints:Moveable joints:1.1. HingeHinge = elbow = elbow
and kneeand knee2.2. Ball-and-SocketBall-and-Socket
= shoulder and = shoulder and hiphip
3.3. PivotPivot = base of = base of the skullthe skull
4.4. Gliding joint Gliding joint = = wristswrists
LigamentLigamentss
Attaches Attaches bone to bonebone to bone
Tendons Tendons
Attach Attach muscles to muscles to bonesbones
Remember…Remember…
Ligaments attachLigaments attach
Tendons attachTendons attach
bone to bone
muscles to bone
The Human Muscular The Human Muscular SystemSystem
Muscles can exert Muscles can exert force when they force when they contractcontract, or shorten. , or shorten.
When they contract, When they contract, they move the parts they move the parts of the skeleton of the skeleton (bones) they are (bones) they are attached toattached to..
The Human Muscular The Human Muscular SystemSystem
There are three types of muscles:There are three types of muscles:
1.1. Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle (heart muscle)(heart muscle)
2.2. Smooth muscle Smooth muscle (muscles of the (muscles of the organs and blood vessels)organs and blood vessels)
3.3. Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles (muscles that (muscles that move your skeleton bones)move your skeleton bones)
Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle Muscle that makes up the heartMuscle that makes up the heart These muscles are involuntaryThese muscles are involuntary
(you (you do not do not have conscious control over have conscious control over their contractions)their contractions)
Smooth musclesSmooth muscles
Found in the walls of Found in the walls of internal organs, in the internal organs, in the walls of arteries, and walls of arteries, and the diaphragmthe diaphragm
These muscles are These muscles are involuntaryinvoluntary (you (you do do not not have conscious have conscious control over their control over their contractions)contractions)
Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles Voluntary musclesVoluntary muscles – you – you dodo have have
control of the movementcontrol of the movement They are fastened to They are fastened to the bones of the the bones of the
skeletonskeleton Muscle cells fuse together to form Muscle cells fuse together to form
muscle fibersmuscle fibers
Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles
Muscles are Muscles are attached to attached to the bones by the bones by tendonstendons
Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles
There is always a certain amount of tone in the skeletal muscles – even at rest.
Skeletal muscles are in a state of readiness known as muscle tone
Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles
Muscles can Muscles can only pullonly pull, , they cannot pushthey cannot push
Muscles move a joint Muscles move a joint in in antagonistic pairsantagonistic pairs
On one side of the joint, the On one side of the joint, the muscle muscle flexesflexes (contacts) while (contacts) while the other side of the joint the other side of the joint extendsextends (relaxes) (relaxes)
The biceps contract
The triceps relax
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