lm science grade10_q2

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i

10

Science

Department of Education

Republic of the Philippines

This book was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Learner’s MaterialUnit 2

ii

Science – Grade 10

Learner’s Material

First Edition 2015

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government DJHQF\�RU�RI¿FH�ZKHUHLQ�WKH�ZRUN�LV�FUHDWHG�VKDOO�EH�QHFHVVDU\�IRU�H[SORLWDWLRQ�RI�VXFK�ZRUN�IRU�SUR¿W��6XFK�DJHQF\�RU�RI¿FH�PD\��DPRQJ�RWKHU�WKLQJV��LPSRVH�DV�D�FRQGLWLRQ�the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. 'HS(G�LV�UHSUHVHQWHG�E\�WKH�)LOLSLQDV�&RS\ULJKW�/LFHQVLQJ�6RFLHW\��),/&2/6���,QF��LQ�seeking permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. $OO�PHDQV�KDYH�EHHQ�H[KDXVWHG� LQ�VHHNLQJ�SHUPLVVLRQ�WR�XVH�WKHVH�PDWHULDOV��7KH�publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

2QO\� LQVWLWXWLRQV� DQG� FRPSDQLHV� ZKLFK� KDYH� HQWHUHG� DQ� DJUHHPHQW� ZLWK�),/&2/6�DQG�RQO\�ZLWKLQ�WKH�DJUHHG�IUDPHZRUN�PD\�FRS\�IURP�WKLV�/HDUQHU¶V�0DWHULDO��7KRVH�ZKR�KDYH�QRW�HQWHUHG�LQ�DQ�DJUHHPHQW�ZLWK�),/&2/6�PXVW��LI�WKH\�ZLVK�WR�FRS\��contact the publishers and authors directly.

$XWKRUV�DQG�SXEOLVKHUV�PD\�HPDLO�RU�FRQWDFW�),/&2/6�DW�¿OFROV#JPDLO�FRP�RU�(02) 439-2204, respectively.

Published by the Department of Education6HFUHWDU\��%U��$UPLQ�$��/XLVWUR�)6&Undersecretary: 'LQD�6��2FDPSR��3K'

Printed in the Philippines by REX Book Store, Inc.

Department of Education-Instructional Materials Council Secretariat (DepEd-IMCS)

2I¿FH�$GGUHVV�� � �WK�)ORRU�0DELQL�%XLOGLQJ��'HS(G�&RPSOH[Meralco Avenue, Pasig CityPhilippines 1600

7HOHID[��� � �����������������������E-mail Address: imcsetd@yahoo.com

Development Team of the Learner’s Material

Authors: Herma D. Acosta, Liza A. Alvarez, Dave G. Angeles, Ruby D. Arre,0D��3LODU�3��&DUPRQD��$XUHOLD�6��*DUFLD��$UOHQ�*DWSR��-XGLWK�)��0DUFDLGD��0D��5HJDHOH�$��2ODUWH��0DULYLF�6��5RVDOHV��1LOR�*��6DOD]DUReviewers: (OLJLR� &�� 2ELOOH� -U��� 0DUOHQH� %�� )HULGR�� 0D�� +HOHQ� '+� &DWDODQ������������������������������������Vic Marie Camacho, Lilia M. Rabago, Cerilina M. MaramagIllustrators: -RVHSK�9��%DOHV��5DPRQ�&��*DWSR��5HJDHOH�$��2ODUWH��0DULYLF�6��5RVDOHV��5XHO�&��4XLQGR\��$QWRQLR�,��%DVLOOD��-RVH�/HR�9LF�2��$OEDxRDepEd Specialists:�-RVHSK�5��-DFRE��0DULD�$PSDUR�5��9HQWXUDPhoto Credits: Herma D. Acosta, Dave G. Angeles, Liza A. Alvarez, Ruby D. $UUH�� $XUHOLD� 6�� *DUFLD�� -XGLWK� )�� 0DUFDLGD�� 5HJDHOH� $�� 2ODUWH�� -DQH� &KDYDUULD���������������������������������������������������������1LOR�*��6DOD]DULayout Artists: Matthew Daniel V. Leysa and Mary Grace Ann G. Cadisal

Unit 2: Force, Motion, and Energy

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Module 1: Electricity and Magnetism

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Activity 2: Test Mag….1, 2! (Testing for Evidence of Magnetism) -------93

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Activity 4: Detecting and Creating Magnetism -------------------------------96

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Part A: Watch their Domains! ------------------------------------------101

Part B: Within the Lines -------------------------------------------------103

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Activity 8: Magnetic Field Around Current – Carrying Conductors -------------110

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Part B: Magnetic Field around a Coil of Conductor --------------112

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Glossary of Terms------------------------------------------------------------------139

References and Links ------------------------------------------------------------141

Module 2: Electro Magnetic Spectrum

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Activity 1: The Electromagnetic Wave Theory--------------------------------144

Activity 2: Now you go! Now you won’t ---------------------------------------149

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Module 3: Light: Mirrors and Lenses

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Glossary of Terms -----------------------------------------------------------------219

References and Links ------------------------------------------------------------220

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81

UNIT 2

Force, Motion, and Energy(The electric and magnetic phenomena around us)

82

UNIT 2: FORCE, MOTION, AND ENERGY(The electric and magnetic phenomena around us)

Overview

The moving iron core within the Earth acts like a giant bar magnet. It SURGXFHV�D�ZHDN�JHRPDJQHWLF�¿HOG�WKDW�VXUURXQGV�DQG�SDUWLDOO\�SURWHFWV�XV�IURP�solar radiations. In like manner, the moving charges within the Sun generate DQ�HUXSWLRQ�RI� UDGLDWLRQV��7KLV�SURGXFHV�D�VRODU�PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� WKDW� VSUHDGV�WKURXJKRXW�WKH�VRODU�V\VWHP�DQG�EH\RQG���0RUHRYHU��D�VRODU�ZLQG�RI�FKDUJHG�SDUWLFOHV�FRQVWDQWO\�LQWHUDFWV�ZLWK�WKH�(DUWK¶V�FKDQJLQJ�JHRPDJQHWLF�¿HOG�

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7KH� FKLHI� JRDO� RI� WKH� DFWLYLWLHV� LQ� WKHVH� PRGXOHV� LV� WR� DFTXDLQW� \RX�ZLWK�WKH�SDUWLFXODU�SKHQRPHQRQ�LQ�VWXG\��HQDEOH�\RX�WR�REVHUYH�UHODWLRQVKLSV�EHWZHHQ� YDULDEOHV�� KHOS� \RX� WR� GHYHORS� DQG� FRPPXQLFDWH� \RXU� WHQWDWLYH�H[SODQDWLRQV�RI�WKH�SKHQRPHQD�RU�PRGHOV��DQG�OHDG�\RX�WR�IXUWKHU�LQTXLU\�DQG�deeper understanding.

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ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

I. Introduction

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<RX�ZLOO�IXUWKHU�H[SORUH��GHPRQVWUDWH�DQG�H[SODLQ�WKH�LGHD�WKDW�D�FKDQJLQJ�HOHFWULF� ¿HOG� SURGXFHV�PDJQHWLVP�� DQG� D� FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� SURGXFHV�HOHFWULF�FXUUHQW�LQ�WKH�OLJKW�RI�WHFKQRORJLFDO�DSSOLFDWLRQV�WKDW�DUH�KHOSIXO�WR�PDQ�

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II. Learning Competencies/Objectives

1. 0DNH�D�VLPSOH�GHYLFH�WKDW�VKRZV�KRZ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�H[HUWV�D�IRUFH�on a wire.

2. 'HPRQVWUDWH�WKH�JHQHUDWLRQ�RI�HOHFWULFLW\�E\�PRYHPHQW�RI�D�PDJQHW�through a coil.

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Unit 2MODULE

1

84

III. Pre-Assessment

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1. ,Q�ZKLFK�FDVH�RU�FDVHV�LV�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�SUHVHQW"I. $�VSDUN�MXPSLQJ�EHWZHHQ�WZR�QHDUE\�URGV�II. $�FKDUJH�WKDW�LV�PRPHQWDULO\�DW�UHVW�III. A rotating bar magnet.

a. ,�RQO\� �b. ,�DQG�,,�RQO\� �c. ,,�DQG�,,,�RQO\��d. I, II and III

2. ,Q�ZKLFK�FDVH�FDQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�EH�SURGXFHG"a. A charged comb.b. $�IDOOLQJ�JODVV�URG�c. $�ZHOGHU¶V�DUF�ÀDVK�d. $�UROOLQJ�SODVWLF�F\OLQGHU�

�����:KLFK�GHYLFH�FDQ�EH�XVHG�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�SRODULW\�RI�DQ�XQPDUNHG�PDJQHW"a. a charged glass stirring rod b. D�JROG�OHDI�HOHFWURVFRSHc. D�VSULQNOH�RI�LURQ�¿OLQJV�d. an improvised compass

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a. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�LV�VWURQJHVW�QHDU�DQG�DURXQG�WKH�ZLUH�b. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�FRQVLVWV�RI�VWUDLJKW�OLQHV�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�ZLUH�c. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�GRHV�QRW�YDU\�ZLWK�WKH�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�ZLUH�d. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�JHWV�VWURQJHU�ZLWK�LQFUHDVLQJ�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�ZLUH�

�����:KLFK�VWDWHPHQW�DERXW�DQ�HOHFWURPDJQHW�LV�758("a. 7KH�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�VXUURXQGLQJ�D�EDWWHU\�SRZHUHG�HOHFWURPDJQHW�

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core.c. 7KH�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�VWUHQJWK�LV�LQYHUVHO\�SURSRUWLRQDO�WR�WKH�FXUUHQW�d. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV�SURGXFHG�DUH�DOO�VWUDLJKW�

85

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D���$�SHUPDQHQW�PDJQHW�LV�QHDUE\�E���7KH�SRZHU�VZLWFK�ZDV�WXUQHG�RII�IRU�ORQJ�F���7KH�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO�EHFRPHV�PDJQHWLF�G���7KHUH�LV�D�FRQVWDQW�DQG�XQLIRUP�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DURXQG�WKH�FRLO�

����$V�SDUW�RI�D�WUDI¿F�OLJKW�V\VWHP��ODUJH�ORRSV�RI�ZLUH�DUH�EXULHG�EHQHDWK�URDG�LQWHUVHFWLRQV���:KLFK�RI�WKH�VWDWHPHQWV�LV�127�758(�DERXW�WKH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�WKLV�WUDI¿F�OLJKW�V\VWHP"��a. 9HKLFOHV�GULYHQ�RYHU�WKH�EXULHG�FRLOV�DFWLYDWH�D�WUDI¿F�OLJKW�VHQVRU��b. 7KH�FRQGXFWLQJ�ORRSV�DFWLYDWH�D�FRORU±GHSHQGHQW�¿HOG�c. The alternating current sent through the buried coils produce an

HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�¿HOG�LQ�HDFK�FRLO��d. $�PLQLPXP�QXPEHU�RI�YHKLFOHV�RYHU�WKH�FRLOV�FDQ�WULJJHU�WKH�WUDI¿F�OLJKW�

to change green.

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a. a horse shoe magnetb. D�ÀDW�UHIULJHUDWRU�PDJQHWc. D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ��FLUFXODU�ORRSd. D�9�VKDSHG�VWUDLJKW�ZLUH�WKDW�FDUULHV�D�FXUUHQW

����'XULQJ�WKH�6WXGHQW�7HFKQRORJLVWV�DQG�(QWUHSUHQHXUV�RI�WKH�3KLOLSSLQHV�������67(3��&RPSHWLWLRQ�LQ�/DQGVFDSLQJ��D�ZDWHU�SRQG�WUDQVIRUPHU�FKDQJHV����������9�DFURVV�WKH�SULPDU\�WR����9�DFURVV�WKH�VHFRQGDU\��,I�WKH�VHFRQGDU\�FRLO�KDV��������WXUQV��KRZ�PDQ\�WXUQV�GRHV�WKH�SULPDU\�FRLO�KDYH"

a. ���WXUQV� �b. 18 turns c. ����WXUQV� �d. 228 turns

86

�����:KDW�EDVLF�SULQFLSOH�HQDEOHV�$//�HOHFWULF�PRWRUV�WR�RSHUDWH"a. ,URQ�LV�WKH�RQO\�HOHPHQW�WKDW�LV�PDJQHWLF��b. 2SSRVLWH�HOHFWULF�FKDUJHV�DWWUDFW�DQG�OLNH�FKDUJHV�UHSHO��c. $� PRYLQJ� FRQGXFWRU� ZLWKLQ� D� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� ZLOO� H[SHULHQFH� DQ�

HOHFWURPRWLYH�IRUFH�d. $�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRQGXFWRU�SODFHG�ZLWKLQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�ZLOO�H[SHULHQFH�

D�PDJQHWLF�IRUFH��

�����$�PDJQHW�PRYHV�LQVLGH�D�FRLO��&RQVLGHU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�IDFWRUV�,��VWUHQJWK�RI�WKH�PDJQHW,,��QXPEHU�RI�WXUQV�LQ�WKH�FRLOIII. speed at which the magnet moves

:KLFK�FDQ�DIIHFW�WKH�HOHFWURPRWLYH�IRUFH��emf��LQGXFHG�LQ�WKH�FRLO"a. ,�RQO\� �b. ,,�RQO\��c. ,,,�RQO\d. $OO�WKUHH�IDFWRUV�

�����:KLFK�VWDWHPHQW�DERXW�WUDQVIRUPHUV�LV�)$/6("a. $�VWHS�GRZQ�YROWDJH�WUDQVIRUPHU�VWHSV�XS�WKH�FXUUHQW�b. 7UDQVIRUPHUV�XVH�PXWXDO�LQGXFWLRQ�c. 7UDQVIRUPHUV�DUH�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�RI�)DUDGD\¶V�DQG�/HQ]¶V�/DZV�d. $�WUDQVIRUPHU�FDQ�IXQFWLRQ�ZLWK�HLWKHU�DQ�DOWHUQDWLQJ�FXUUHQW��$&��RU�D�

VWHDG\�GLUHFW�FXUUHQW��'&��

�����:KDW�LV�758(�DERXW�WKH�LQWHUFRP�V\VWHP�WKDW�LV�VKRZQ�EHORZ"

a. 7KH�SDUW�$�RI�WKH�LQWHUFRP�V\VWHP�VHUYHV�DV�D�PLFURSKRQH�RQO\��ZKLOH�SDUW�& VHUYHV�DV�D�ORXGVSHDNHU�RQO\�� �

b. (LWKHU�SDUWV�$�DQG�&�RI�WKH�LQWHUFRP�ZKHQ�VZLWFKHG�DV�VXFK�FDQ�EH�used as a microphone or as a loudspeaker.

c. 7KH�PLFURSKRQH�SDUW�RQO\�EDVLFDOO\�FRQVLVWV�RI�ZLUHV��D�FRQH�diaphragm, a magnet, and a coil.

d. 7KH�ORXGVSHDNHU�SDUW�RQO\�EDVLFDOO\�FRQVLVWV�RI�ZLUHV��D�FRQH�diaphragm, a magnet, and a coil.

87

�����:KDW�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�FDQ�WDNH�SODFH�LQ�DQ�LPSURYLVHG�JHQHUDWRU"a. PHFKDQLFDO�HQHUJ\�LQWR�HOHFWULFDO�HQHUJ\b. HOHFWULFDO�HQHUJ\�LQWR�PHFKDQLFDO�HQHUJ\c. alternating current into direct currentd. direct current into alternating current

�����$�ORRS�RI�FRQGXFWRU�OLHV�ÀDW�RQ�D�KRUL]RQWDO�WDEOH���$�WR\�PDJQHW�LV�KDQJLQJ�VWLOO� RYHU� LW� ZLWK� WKH� PDJQHW¶V� QRUWK�VHHNLQJ� SROH� SRLQWLQJ� GRZQ�� :KDW�KDSSHQV�QH[W"a. The magnet produces a clockwise current in the coil. b. 7KH�PDJQHW�GRHV�QRW�SURGXFH�DQ\�FXUUHQW�LQ�WKH�FRLO�� �c. The magnet produces an upward electromagnetic current. d. The magnet produces a counterclockwise current in the coil.

IV. Reading Resources and Instructional ActivitiesGETTING HOOKED ON ELECTRICITY AND

MAGNETISM APPLICATIONS AVPs: Veni, vidi, vici. (Audio-Visual Productions: I came, I saw, I conquered.)

3HRSOH�UHDGLO\�DGRSW�HPHUJLQJ�WHFKQRORJLHV���7KH�XVH�RI�DXGLRYLVXDO��$9��ZRUNV�EH�LW� LQ�¿OP�SURGXFWLRQV��LQ�EXVLQHVV�GLVSOD\V��RU�SHUKDSV�LQ�HGXFDWLRQ�LQQRYDWLRQV�EHFDPH�D�WUHQG�DQG�LW�LV�KHUH�WR�VWD\���([DPSOHV�DERXQG�OLNH�RXU�JURZLQJ� ORYH� IRU� WKH� KLJK� TXDOLW\� DXGLRYLVXDO� FRPSRQHQWV� ZH� OLVWHQ� WR� DQG�ZDWFK�RU�WKH�HQGHDYRU�RI�VFKRRO�VWDNHKROGHUV�WR�SURYLGH�SURMHFWLRQ�WHFKQRORJ\�LQ�HYHU\�FODVVURRP���

7KH�ULVH�RI� LW�DOO�$9�SURGXFWLRQ��UHFRUGLQJ��DQG�VWRULQJ�WHFKQRORJ\�DQG�LQGXVWULHV�ZHUH�PDGH�SRVVLEOH�EHFDXVH�RI� WKH�GLVFRYHU\�RI� WKH� OLQN�EHWZHHQ�HOHFWULFLW\�DQG�PDJQHWLVP��+RZ�GRHV�RQH�EHJLQ�WR�XQGHUVWDQG�WKLV�SDUWQHUVKLS"�)RU�D�VWDUW��FRQVLGHU�GRLQJ�WKH�DFWLYLW\�UHJDUGLQJ�DXGLR�UHFRUGLQJ�GHYLFHV���

Activity 1For the Record…

�$GDSWHG�IURP�WKH�(0,�7HDFKLQJ�6HTXHQFH�E\�-HQDUR�*XLVDVROD�DQG�.ULVWLQD�=X]D�

Objectives:x� ,GHQWLI\�WKH�EDVLF�UHFRUGLQJ�HTXLSPHQW�RI�D�GLJLWDO�UDGLR�VWXGLR�x� &ODVVLI\� ZKHWKHU� GHYLFHV� XVH� HOHFWULFLW\� DQG�RU� PDJQHWLVP� ZKHQ�

used in recording audio.x� 6WDUW� D� OLWHUDWXUH� VHDUFK� RQ� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF� LQGXFWLRQ¶V� UROH� LQ�

UHFRUGLQJ�WHFKQRORJ\��

88

Materials:x� SLFWXUHV�RI�WKH�UDGLR�VWXGLR�FRQWURO�DQG�DXGLR�URRP��OR

x� YLGHR�FOLS�RQ�D�UDGLR�VWDWLRQ�WRXU��YLGHR�SOD\HU��VFUHHQ��DQG�DFFHVVRULHVx� SHQ�DQG�DFWLYLW\�VKHHW�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��

Procedure:

PART A. Virtual Tour of a Radio Broadcasting Studio� ���5HDG� WKH�VFHQDULR�DQG�VWXG\� WKH�YLGHR�FOLS�RU�SLFWXUHV�VHOHFWHG�E\�\RXU�

WHDFKHU��VLPLODU�WR�ZKDW�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUHV���WR���

Figure 1. $�FRQWURO�URRP�RI�D�ORFDO�UDGLR�EURDGFDVW�VWXGLR�FRPPRQO\�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�DQQRXQFHU¶V�ERRWK����8VHG�ZLWK�SHUPLVVLRQ�IURP�WKH�531�';.2�5DGLR�DQG�7HOHYLVLRQ�%URDGFDVW�6WDWLRQ�LQ�

&DJD\DQ�GH�2UR�&LW\��

����2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�DFWLYLW\�QRWHERRN��PDNH�D�WDEOH��VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH����/LVW�DOO�WKH�HTXLSPHQW�WKDW�\RX�FDQ�LGHQWLI\�LQ�WKH�SKRWR�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����,QGLFDWH�ZLWK�D�FKHFN�PDUN�ZKHWKHU�WKH�HTXLSPHQW�GHYLFH�QHHGV�HOHFWULFLW\�DQG�RU�magnetism to operate.

Activity Scenario: �'XULQJ�QRQ�FODVV�KRXUV��\RX�IUHTXHQWO\�PHHW�\RXU�IULHQGV�SOD\LQJ�DQG�PDNLQJ�PXVLF�WRJHWKHU���2QH�DIWHUQRRQ�\RX�GHFLGHG�WR�JR�WR�\RXU�ORFDO� UDGLR�VWDWLRQ� WR�DVN�ZKDW�HTXLSPHQW�DQG�VRIWZDUH� LV�QHHGHG� WR�VWDUW�recording at home.

$W�WKH�EURDGFDVW�VWXGLR��ZLWK�WKH�UDGLR�WHFKQLFLDQ�RXW��WKH�VWDII�DOORZHG�\RX�to take pictures inside the control room and live audio room, similar to what LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUHV���WR���

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Table 1. Radio Broadcast Studio Equipment (Control Room/Announcer’s Booth)

Equipment/Device Needs Electricity Needs Magnetism

Guide Questions:� 4����+RZ�PDQ\�RI�WKH�GHYLFHV�\RX�LGHQWL¿HG�LQVLGH�WKH�FRQWURO�URRP�������������������QHHG�HOHFWULFLW\�WR�RSHUDWH"�

� 4����+RZ�PDQ\�RI�WKH�GHYLFHV�\RX�LGHQWL¿HG�LQVLGH�WKH�FRQWURO�URRP�������������������QHHG�PDJQHWLVP�WR�RSHUDWH"

����2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�DFWLYLW\�QRWHERRN��PDNH�DQRWKHU�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH����/LVW�DOVR�DOO� WKH�HTXLSPHQW� WKDW�\RX�FDQ� LGHQWLI\� LQ� WKH�SLFWXUHV�VKRZQ� LQ�)LJXUHV���DQG����,QGLFDWH�ZLWK�D�FKHFN�PDUN�ZKHWKHU�WKH�HTXLSPHQW�GHYLFH�QHHGV�HOHFWULFLW\�DQG�RU�PDJQHWLVP�WR�RSHUDWH�

Figure 2. $�OLYH�DXGLR�URRP��FRPPRQO\�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�QHZVURRP��ZKLFK�LV�XVXDOO\�VHSDUDWHG�IURP�WKH�FRQWURO�URRP�YLD�JODVV�SDUWLWLRQV�

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Figure 3. %DFN�SRUWLRQ�RI�D�ORFDO�QHZVURRP

Table 2. Radio Broadcast Studio Equipment (Live Audio Room/Newsroom)

Equipment/Device Needs Electricity Needs Magnetism

Guide Questions:� 4���+RZ�PDQ\�RI�WKH�GHYLFHV�\RX�LGHQWL¿HG�LQVLGH�WKH�OLYH�DXGLR�URRP������������������QHHG�HOHFWULFLW\�WR�RSHUDWH"�

� 4���+RZ�PDQ\�RI�WKH�GHYLFHV�\RX�LGHQWL¿HG�LQVLGH�WKH�OLYH�DXGLR�URRP������������������QHHG�PDJQHWLVP�WR�RSHUDWH"

� 4���:KDW�RWKHU�GHYLFHV�QRW�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�SKRWR�PD\�EH�XVHG�LQVLGH�WKH������������������OLYH�DXGLR�URRP"

More Reading Support on Recording Technology::KDW�GHYLFHV�GLG�UHFRUGLQJ�WHFKQLFLDQV�XVH�LQ�WKH�SDVW�WR�UHFRUG�VRXQG"

KEY CONCEPTS• $�W\SLFDO�EURDGFDVW�VWXGLR�FRQVLVWV�RI�DQ�DXGLR�FRQVROH��PLFURSKRQHV��

FRPSXWHUV��VWXGLR�PRQLWRUV��DQG�GLVF�SOD\HUV�• 7KH�DXGLR� FRQVROH� FRQYHUWV�DQDORJ�DXGLR� �YRLFH� YLD�PLFURSKRQH��DQG�

SKRQH�FDOOV�WR�D�GLJLWDO�RXWSXW��,W�DOVR�DOORZV�IRU�WKH�PL[LQJ�RI�DOO�VRXQG�VRXUFHV� IURP�&'V�� FRPSXWHUV�� DQG�RWKHU�GLJLWDO� VRXUFHV�EHIRUH�EHLQJ�VHQW�WR�WKH�WUDQVPLWWHU���$�VOLGHU�FRQWUROV�WKH�YROXPH�RI�HDFK�VRXQG�VRXUFH�

• 7KH� OLYH� DXGLR� DQG� FRQWURO� URRPV� DUH� FRQQHFWHG� E\� FDEOHV� IRU� WKH�H[FKDQJH�RI�DXGLR�DQG�GLJLWDO�GDWD�VLJQDO�GXULQJ�UHFRUGLQJ��PL[LQJ��DQG�HYHQ�HGLWLQJ�RI�DOO�DXGLR�YLGHR�HOHPHQWV�GLJLWDOO\�VWRUHG�RQ�KDUG�GULYHV�

��

PART B. My Own Home Recording Studio! For Life…

���<RX� FRXOG� EH� DQ� DVSLULQJ� VLQJHU�� D�PXVLF� DUWLVW�� D� VWXGHQW�ZKR� QHHGV� WR�UHFRUG�DXGLR�SUHVHQWDWLRQV�RU�VLPSO\�RQH�SODQQLQJ�WR�KDYH�D�VWDUW�XS�KRPH�UHFRUGLQJ�VWXGLR��8VH�7DEOH���DQG�H[WHQG�\RXU�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�WKH�UHFRUGLQJ�LQGXVWU\�E\�PDWFKLQJ�WKH�GHYLFHV�LQ�&ROXPQ�%�DQG�WKHLU�UHVSHFWLYH�IXQFWLRQV�LQ�&ROXPQ�&�ZLWK�WKH�LWHPV�LQ�&ROXPQ�$� :ULWH�WKH�OHWWHU�DQG�QXPEHU�IRU�FRGLQJ�\RXU�DQVZHU�

Table 3. A Home Recording Studio Start-Up EquipmentA

CodedAnswer

B C

3LFWXUH Device 1DPH )XQFWLRQ

1. 1 ___ ___ A.headphone

,��8VHG�IRU�SOD\LQJ�VRPH�digital instruments, recording, DGGLQJ�HIIHFWV��DQG�PL[LQJ�GLIIHUHQW�VRXUFHV�RI�VRXQG�signals

2. 2 ___ ___%��VWXGLR���monitor

,,��0LFURSKRQHV�DQG�PXVLFDO�instruments are plugged into this, which in turn is connected to the computer

������ 3 ___ ___&��DXGLR�����LQWHUIDFH

,,,��3URFHVVRU�VKRXOG�EH�UHDVRQDEO\�IDVW�HQRXJK�WR�UHFRUG��HGLW��PL[��VWRUH��DQG�PDVWHU�D�FRS\�RI�WKH�UHFRUG�

4.4 ___ ___

D. digital audio VRIWZDUH��'$:�

,9��&RQYHUWV�VRXQG�LQWR�electrical signal

5. 5 ___ ___E. computer unit

9��8VHG�IRU�³UHIHUHQFLQJ´�RU�IRU�FKHFNLQJ�ZKDW�WKH�PL[�ZRXOG�sound like on the equipment

6.6 ___ ___ )��FRQGHQVHU�

RU�G\QDPLF�microphone

9,��8VHG�IRU�FRQQHFWLQJ�DXGLR�LQWHUIDFH��PLFURSKRQHV��VWXGLR�PRQLWRUV��DQG�GLIIHUHQW�instruments

7. 7 ___ ___ G. cables

9,,��&RPPRQO\�NQRZQ�DV�speakers but these give a sound close enough to the real sound input

��

([WHQVLRQ�$FWLYLW\��/HDUQ�PRUH�DERXW�WKH�EDVLF�DXGLR�YLGHR�UHFRUGLQJ�GHYLFHV�DQG�PDNH�D�JUDSKLF�RUJDQL]HU�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��:KDW�SDUWV� LQVLGH�WKHVH�GHYLFHV�XVH�HOHFWULFLW\�DQG�PDJQHWLVP�WR�IXQFWLRQ�DV�VXFK"�

Guide Question:� 4���:KLFK�GHYLFHV�RQ�7DEOH���DUH�SRZHUHG��HQWLUHO\�RU�SDUWLDOO\��E\����������������������HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ��WKH�SKHQRPHQRQ�RI�D�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�����������������RU�HOHFWULF�¿HOG¶V�HIIHFW�RQ�HOHFWULFLW\�RU�PDJQHWLVP�"

More Reading Support on Recording Technology:,Q�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�UHFRUGLQJ�DQG�GDWD�VWRUDJH�WHFKQRORJ\��ZKDW�

TXHVWLRQV�PLJKW�HQJLQHHUV�DVN"��

7KLQN�RI�VRPH�TXHVWLRQV�E\�QRZ�DERXW�UHFRUGLQJ�WHFKQRORJ\���&DQ�KDQG\�PRELOH�SKRQHV�RU�GLJLWDO�FDPHUDV�VHUYH�DV�DXGLR�YLVXDO�UHFRUGHU�DQG�SURGXFHU"��+RZ�GR�WKHVH�GHYLFHV�DSSO\�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ"�����

7R�XQGHUVWDQG�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ�DQG�LWV�DSSOLFDWLRQV�HVSHFLDOO\�RQ�HOHFWULF�PRWRUV�DQG�JHQHUDWRUV��WKH�QH[W�VHW�RI�DFWLYLWLHV�ZLOO�KHOS�\RX�UHYLVLW�FRQFHSWV�DERXW�PDJQHWV�DQG�IRUFHV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�LW��FKHFNLQJ�SRODULWLHV��DQG�DQDO\]LQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOGV�

KEY CONCEPTS• 0DQ\�RI�WKH�UHFRUGLQJ�WHFKQRORJ\�DUH�IRXQGHG�HQWLUHO\�RU�SDUWLDOO\�

RQ�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�HOHFWULFLW\�DQG�PDJQHWLVP�NQRZQ�DV�electromagnetic induction.

• Devices that detect and convert audio inputs to electric outputs RU� YLFH� YHUVD� DUH� FDOOHG� WUDQVGXFHUV�� 0RVW� WUDQVGXFHUV� OLNH�PLFURSKRQHV�DQG�VSHDNHUV�XVH�WKH�³JHQHUDWRU�HIIHFW´�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\� WKH� SURGXFWLRQ� RI� IRUFHV� GXH� WR� D� FKDQJLQJ� HOHFWULF� VLJQDO�ZLWKLQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�RU�D�FKDQJLQJ�¿HOG�QHDU�D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�conductor.

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SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETISM

Activity 2Test Mag...1, 2!

7HVWLQJ�IRU�(YLGHQFH�RI�0DJQHWLVP

Objectives:x� ,GHQWLI\�WKH�IRUFHV��DWWUDFWLRQ�UHSXOVLRQ��EHWZHHQ�

a. two magets, and� � E��D�PDJQHW�DQG�PDJQHWLF�QRQPDJQHWLF�PDWHULDOV�

x� 'LVWLQJXLVK�D�PDJQHW��SHUPDQHQW�RU�WHPSRUDU\��IURP�D�QRQ���PDJQHWLF�object.

Materials:x� SDLU�RI��´���´�EDU�PDJQHWV�x� �����REMHFWV�PDGH�RI�GLIIHUHQW�PDWHULDOV�IURP�LQVLGH�WKH�URRPx� science notebook and pen

Safety Precautions:x� Handle magnets with care so as not to drop those. These might

EUHDN��FKLS�RII��DQG�ZHDNHQ�XSRQ�LPSDFW��x� .HHS�PDJQHWV�DZD\�IURP�FRPSXWHU�XQLWV�VFUHHQV��PHPRU\�VWRUDJH�

drives and disks, magnetic tapes, mechanical watches, and the like.

Procedure: 1. 8VH�D�EDU�PDJQHW�DQG�H[SORUH�WKH�SRVVLEOH�HIIHFW�V�LW�FDQ�KDYH�RQ�WKH�RWKHU�

PDJQHW�ZKHQ�PDGH�WR� LQWHUDFW��2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��PDNH�D� WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH���DQG�UHFRUG�WKH�REVHUYHG�IRUFH�HIIHFW�V��$QVZHU�DOVR�WKH�guide questions.

Table 4. Interaction between two permanent bar magnets

What I did to the pair of magnets to cause interaction…

Observed effect/s (attracted or repeled)

2. 7KLV�WLPH��XVH�RQO\�RQH�EDU�PDJQHW�DQG�H[SORUH�LWV�SRVVLEOH�HIIHFW�V�RQ�VL[�WR�WHQ�GLIIHUHQW�REMHFWV�IRXQG�LQVLGH�WKH�FODVVURRP���5HFRUG�WKH�REVHUYHG�HIIHFW�V�RQ�D� WDEOH�VLPLODU� WR�7DEOH���� �([FOXGH� UHFRUG�RQ�REMHFWV�ZLWK�QR�REVHUYHG�LQWHUDFWLRQ�ZLWK�WKH�PDJQHW����

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Table 5. Interaction of a bar magnet with other objects

Objects that interacted with the magnet… Observed effect/s (attracted or repeled)

Guide Questions:� 4���:KDW�FRQGLWLRQV�ZLWK�REVHUYDEOH�HIIHFWV�PDNH�PDJQHWV�LQWHUDFW������������������ZLWK�DQRWKHU�PDJQHW"�

� 4���,Q�JHQHUDO��ZKDW�FRQGLWLRQV�ZLWK�REVHUYDEOH�HIIHFWV�PDNH�PDJQHWV������������������LQWHUDFW�ZLWK�QRQ�PDJQHW�PDWHULDOV"� � 4���:KDW�W\SH�V�RI�IRUFH�FDQ�D�PDJQHW�H[HUW�RQ�DQRWKHU�PDJQHW"

���������4����:KDW�W\SH�V�RI�IRUFH�FDQ�D�PDJQHW�H[HUW�RQ�QRQ�PDJQHW�REMHFWV"

���������4����+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�GLVWLQJXLVK�PDJQHWV�IURP�QRQ�PDJQHWL]HG�PDJQHWLF�������������������PDWHULDOV"

([WHQVLRQ�4XHVWLRQ��:KDW�DUH�WKH�PDJQHWLF�PDWHULDOV�IRXQG�LQ�WKH�DXGLR�DQG�YLGHR�UHFRUGLQJ�WDSHV"���

KEY CONCEPTS• 0DJQHWV�H[HUW�HLWKHU�D�IRUFH�RI�UHSXOVLRQ�RU�DWWUDFWLRQ���• ,I�D� IRUFH�RI�DWWUDFWLRQ�RQO\� LV�SRVVLEOH�EHWZHHQ�DQ�REMHFW�DQG�D�

magnet, then the object interacting with the magnet contains a IHUURPDJQHWLF�VXEVWDQFH�DQG�LV�FRQVLGHUHG�QDWXUDOO\�PDJQHWLF��

• ,I�D� IRUFH�RI� UHSXOVLRQ� LV�DOVR�SRVVLEOH�EHWZHHQ�DQ�REMHFW�DQG�D�PDJQHW��WKHQ�WKH�REMHFW�LQWHUDFWLQJ�ZLWK�WKH�PDJQHW�PD\�DOVR�EH�D�SHUPDQHQW�PDJQHW�RU�D� WHPSRUDULO\�PDJQHWL]HG� IHUURPDJQHWLF�material.

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Activity 3Induced Magnetism

Objectives:x� Induce magnetism in a magnetic material.x� ,QIHU�WKH�SRODULW\�RI�WKH�PDJQHWL]HG�REMHFW�

Materials:x� bar magnet x� IRXU���LQFK�LURQ�QDLOV��VFUHZV��RU�SDSHU�FOLSV�x� science notebook and pen

Safety Precaution:

x� +DQGOH�WKH�PDJQHW�ZLWK�FDUH�VR�DV�QRW�WR�GURS�LW���,W�FRXOG�EUHDN��FKLS�RII�and weaken upon impact.

Procedure:1. 8VH� WKH� EDU� PDJQHW� DQG� QDLOV� WR� ¿QG� DQVZHUV� WR� WKH� TXHVWLRQV� EHORZ��

5HFRUG�\RXU�DQVZHUV�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��8VH�GLDJUDPV�WR�VXSSRUW�\RXU�DQVZHUV�

Guide Questions:� 4����:KDW�KDSSHQV�LI�\RX�EULQJ�WZR�LURQ�QDLOV�FORVH�WR��RU�WRXFKLQJ���������������������HDFK�RWKHU"

� 4����,I�\RX�EULQJ�D�EDU�PDJQHW�FORVH�WR��RU�WRXFKLQJ��WKH�¿UVW�LURQ�QDLO��������������������FDQ�WKH�¿UVW�LURQ�QDLO�DWWUDFW�DQG�OLIW�D�VHFRQG�QDLO"�$�WKLUG�RQH"�

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2. &KRRVH�WKH�FRUUHFW�WHUP�IURP�WKH�HQFORVHG�FKRLFHV�WKDW�VKRXOG�JR�LQWR�WKH�EODQN�VSDFHV�RQ�WKH�³6XP�LW�8S�&KDOOHQJH�´�

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Sum it Up Challenge!

$�TXLFNHU�ZD\�WR�NQRZ�WKH�SRODULW\�RI�D�SHUPDQHQW�RU�LQGXFHG�PDJQHW�LV�E\�WKH�XVH�RI�D�PDJQHWLF�FRPSDVV�ZKLFK�\RX�ZLOO�EH�XVLQJ�LQ�WKH�QH[W�VHW�RI�activities.

Activity 4Detecting and Creating Magnetism

Objectives:x� ,GHQWLI\�WKH�SRODULWLHV�DQG�VWUHQJWKV�RI�D�EDU�PDJQHW�DQG�PDJQHWL]HG�

objects using a compass.x� 'HPRQVWUDWH�PDJQHWL]DWLRQ�E\�VWURNLQJ��

Materials:x� at least 2 small magnetic

compassesx� RQH���LQFK�LURQ�QDLO�x� masking tape or cork

stopperx� SDSHU�RU�DQ\�VPDOO�

scooping device x� FHOOXODU�SKRQH�DQ\�JDGJHW�

with camera

x� strong bar magnet x� QDUURZ�WHVW�WXEH�����´�ZLGH�

RU�FOHDU�VWUDZ�����´�ZLGH�x� science notebook and penx� LURQ�¿OLQJV

Figure 5. 0DWHULDOV�IRU�'HWHFWLQJ�DQG�&UHDWLQJ�0DJQHWLVP

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Safety Precautions:x� Use the magnet, compass, test tube, and the gadget with camera

ZLWK�FDUH�VR�DV�QRW�WR�GURS�DQ\�RI�WKHVH���x� 0DNH�VXUH�WKDW�LURQ�¿OLQJV�UHPDLQ�VHDOHG�LQVLGH�WKH�WHVW�WXEH�RU�WKH�

WUDQVSDUHQW�VWUDZ��FRRO�SHDUO�WDSHG�RQ�ERWK�HQGV���$YRLG�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�IURP�VWLFNLQJ�GLUHFWO\�WR�WKH�PDJQHW�

Procedure:

PART A. North meets south1. &KHFNLQJ�3RODULW\���3ODFH�RQH�PDJQHWLF�FRPSDVV�RQ�D�KRUL]RQWDO�VXUIDFH��

7KHQ��PRYH�D�EDU�PDJQHW�DURXQG�DQG�DERYH�LW�H[SORULQJ�WKH�VWUHQJWK�DQG�SRODULWLHV�RI�WKH�PDJQHW���,I�D�FHOOXODU�SKRQH�RU�DQ\�JDGJHW�ZLWK�EXLOW�LQ�FDPHUD�LV� DYDLODEOH�� WDNH� SLFWXUHV� RI� WKH� PDJQHWLF� FRPSDVV� QHHGOH� RULHQWDWLRQV�IRU�GLIIHUHQW� ORFDWLRQV�DURXQG�WKH�EDU�PDJQHW���'UDZ�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�GLUHFWLRQV�DQG�ZULWH�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�UHJDUGLQJ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�VWUHQJWK�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN�DQG�DQVZHU�WKH�JXLGH�TXHVWLRQV��

Guide Questions:� 4����:KDW�KDSSHQV�ZKHQ�\RX�UDQGRPO\�PRYH�WKH�EDU�PDJQHW��������������������URXQGDERXW�DQG�DERYH�WKH�FRPSDVV�RQH�IRRW�RU�IDUWKHU"�1HDUHU��������������������WKDQ�D�IRRW"

� 4����&RPSDVV�QHHGOHV�DUH�WLQ\�PDJQHWV�WKDW�DUH�IUHH�WR�LQGLFDWH�WKH��������������������QRUWK�DQG�VRXWK�SROHV�RI�D�PDJQHW"��:KDW�GR�\RX�QHHG�WR�GR�WR��������������������NQRZ�WKH�PDJQHW¶V�SRODULWLHV"

� 4����:KDW�GRHV�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOHV�LQGLFDWH�DERXW�WKH�LURQ�QDLO�VKRZQ��������������������EHORZ�LQ�)LJXUH��"

Figure 6. 8VH�RI�&RPSDVV�1HHGOHV�IRU�&KHFNLQJ�WKH�0DJQHWLVP

PART B. By the touch of a magnet

1. 0DJQHWL]DWLRQ�E\�VWURNLQJ���3RXU�LURQ�¿OLQJV�RQ�D�VKHHW�RI�SDSHU�DQG�FKHFN�ZKHWKHU�WKH�¿OLQJV�DUH�VWLOO�QRQ�PDJQHWL]HG���,I�PDJQHWL]HG��VWLU�RU�PRYH�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�JHQWO\�RQ�WKH�SDSHU��

2. )LOO� FDUHIXOO\� WKH� QDUURZ� WHVW� WXEH� XS� WR� D� TXDUWHU�ZLWK� WKHVH� LURQ� ¿OLQJV���&RYHU�ZLWK�PDVNLQJ�WDSH�RU�FRUN�

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Figure 7a. /HYHOLQJ�WKH�,URQ�)LOLQJV�LQVLGH�WKH�7HVW�7XEH

4. 7KHQ�ZKHQ�OHYHOOHG��WRXFK�ZLWK�WKH�QRUWK�SROH�HQG�RI�WKH�SHUPDQHQW�PDJQHW�WKH�WHVW�WXEH¶V�FXUYHG�HQG���0RYH�WKH�PDJQHW�DORQJ�WKH�WHVW�WXEH�IURP�WKLV�HQG�WR�WKH�FRYHUHG�HQG���/LIW�WKH�PDJQHW�RII�WKH�WHVW�WXEH�DQG�UHSHDW�ZLWK�WHQ�RU�PRUH�VWURNHV���2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��REVHUYH�DQG�UHFRUG�ZKDW�happens inside the tube.

5. *HQWO\�OD\�WKH�WHVW�WXEH�RQ�D�WDEOH�DQG�EULQJ�FRPSDVVHV�QHDU�ERWK�HQGV�RI�WKH�WHVW�WXEH�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH���E�EHORZ���2EVHUYH�DQG�UHFRUG�ZKDW�KDSSHQV�

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6. &DUHIXOO\� VKDNH� WKH� WHVW� WXEH� DV� VKRZQ� LQ� )LJXUH� ��F�� ZLWKRXW�PRYLQJ� WKH�FRPSDVVHV�� 7HVW� IRU� WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� PDJQHWLVP� DJDLQ�� � 5HFRUG� \RXU�observations.

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Guide Questions:� 4�����,Q�VWHS�QR����DUH�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�LQ�WKH�WHVW�WXEH�PDJQHWL]HG"��,I� ����������\HV��ZKLFK�HQG�LV�WKH�QRUWK�DQG�ZKLFK�LV�WKH�VRXWK"��,I�QR��ZKDW� ����������HOVH�FDQ�EH�GRQH�WR�PDJQHWL]H�LW"��7U\�DQG�UHFRUG�\RXU�LGHD�

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ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

A Look Back in History:

,Q�������+DQV�&KULVWLDQ�2HUVWHG��ޖԤU�VWԥG���D�SURIHVVRU�LQ�WKH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�&RSHQKDJHQ��GLVFRYHUHG�GXULQJ�D�FODVV�GHPRQVWUDWLRQ�WKDW�D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�ZLUH�FDXVHG�D�QHDUE\�PDJQHWL]HG�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�WR�GHÀHFW���7KLV�REVHUYDWLRQ�¿UHG� XS� WUHPHQGRXV� UHVHDUFK� RQ� HOHFWURPDJQHWLVP�� �$V� D� UHVXOW�� WKH� HIIHFW�RQ� WKH�PRWLRQ� RI� FRQGXFWRUV� SODFHG�ZLWKLQ� D�PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� �VXFK� DV� LQ� WKH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�HOHFWULF�PRWRUV��ZDV�DOVR�H[SHULPHQWHG�PXFK�DQG�SDYHG�WKH�ZD\�IRU�SUDFWLFDO�HOHFWULFLW\�

7ZHOYH�\HDUV�DIWHU�WKLV�GLVFRYHU\��0LFKDHO�)DUDGD\��ޖ)HU�ԥ�GƗ��FRQGXFWHG�KLV� IDPRXV� LQGXFWLRQ� ULQJ�H[SHULPHQW�VKRZLQJ� WKDW�FXUUHQW�FDQ�EH�SURGXFHG�E\�VRXUFHV�RI�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOGV���7KLV�LV�WKH�NH\�SULQFLSOH�WR�SUDFWLFDO�JHQHUDWLRQ�RI�HOHFWULFLW\�

7KH�QH[W�DFWLYLWLHV�VKRXOG�KHOS�\RX�GHPRQVWUDWH�DQG�H[SODLQ�WKH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�HOHFWULF�PRWRUV�DQG�HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRUV� WKDW�EDVLFDOO\�ZRUN�EHFDXVH�RI� WKH�H[LVWLQJ�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�PDJQHWLVP�DQG�HOHFWULFLW\�

KEY CONCEPTS• 0DWHULDOV�ZKLFK�DUH�DWWUDFWHG�E\�D�PDJQHW�DUH�NQRZQ�DV�PDJQHWLF�

PDWHULDOV���,URQ��FREDOW��QLFNHO�DQG�PDQ\�DOOR\V�RI�WKHVH�PHWDOV�OLNH�steel and alnico are magnetic.

• 0DJQHWLF�PDWHULDOV�FDQ�EH�XVHG�WR�PDNH�SHUPDQHQW�RU�WHPSRUDU\�PDJQHWV�XQOLNH�WKH�QRQ�PDJQHWLF�PDWHULDOV�ZKLFK�FDQQRW���

• 6WURNLQJ�LV�RQH�ZD\�RI�PDJQHWL]DWLRQ�

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Activity 5Oh Magnets, Electromagnet…0D\�WKH�IRUFHV�EH�LQ�\RXU�¿HOG�

Objectives:• ([SORUH�WKH�PDJQHWLF�GRPDLQV�RI�D�ODWFK�PDJQHW�• 2EVHUYH� DQG� GUDZ� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� SDWWHUQV� VXUURXQGLQJ� GLIIHUHQW�

magnets and magnet combinations. • 2EVHUYH� DQG� GUDZ� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� SDWWHUQV� VXUURXQGLQJ� D� VLPSOH�

HOHFWURPDJQHW�DQG�D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO�RI�ZLUH����

Materials:• an improvised magnetic

board• white bond paper

• D� SDLU� RI� ODWFK�UHIULJHUDWRU�magnets

• small magnetic compasses

• D�SDLU�RI�EDU�PDJQHWV • RQH���LQFK�LURQ�QDLO• ��QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHW • science notebook and pen

• ��8�VKDSHG�PDJQHW • ��P�FRSSHU�ZLUH��$:*������• 1 disk magnet • connectors with alligator clips

• ��NQLIH�VZLWFK • EDWWHU\�KROGHUV�ZLWK���$$�EDWWHU\

�)ODW�SODVWLF�ERWWOH��ZDWHU�*O\FHULQ��LURQ�¿OLQJV�LURQ�VDQG�RU�%DUJDMD�

Figure 8.�&RPPHUFLDO�ODWFK�PDJQHWV��FRPPRQO\�NQRZQ�DV�ÀH[LEOH�VKHHW�UHIULJHUDWRU�PDJQHWV���DQG�DQ�LPSURYLVHG�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�ZKLFK�LV�PDGH�E\�¿OOLQJ�FRPSOHWHO\�D�OHDN�IUHH��ÀDW�FRQWDLQHU�

�SUHIHUDEO\�SODVWLF��ZLWK�ZDWHU�PLQHUDO�RLO��DQG�PDJQHWLF�VDQG�

Safety Precautions:x� Use the magnets, compasses, and magnetic boards with care so as

QRW�WR�GURS�DQ\�RI�WKHVH�x� 7KH�QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHW� LV�PDQ\� WLPHV�VWURQJHU� WKDQ� WKH�RUGLQDU\�

GLVN�PDJQHW�WKDW�FDQ�KROG�SDSHUV�RQ�UHIULJHUDWRU�GRRUV���%H�FDUHIXO�QRW�WR�JHW�\RXU�¿QJHUV�SLQFKHG�EHWZHHQ�WKLV�NLQG�RI�PDJQHW�DQG�RWKHU�magnetic material.

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x� 2SHQ� DIWHU� XVH� WKH� VZLWFK� IRU� WKH� FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ� FRQGXFWRUV��HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�QDLO�DQG�WKH�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO�

Procedure:

PART A. Watch their domains!

1. 8VH�DQ�LPSURYLVHG�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�DQG�D�SDLU�RI�ODWFK�RU�UHIULJHUDWRU�PDJQHWV�VLPLODU�WR�WKRVH�VKRZQ�EHORZ�WR�REVHUYH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV���

Figure 9. 6DPSOH�ODWFK�PDJQHWV��FRPPRQO\�NQRZQ�DV�UHIULJHUDWRU�PDJQHWV��DQG�D�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�IURP�WKH�SXEOLF�VFLHQFH�HTXLSPHQW�SDFNDJH��7RJHWKHU��ZKHQ�XVHG��ZLOO�PDNH�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�VXUURXQGLQJ�WKH�ODWFK�PDJQHWV�YLVLEOH��7KH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�VXVSHQGHG�LQ�WKH�OLTXLG�LQVLGH�WKH�

PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�DOLJQ�DORQJ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV�

��� �/D\�HDFK� ODWFK�PDJQHW�XQGHU� WKH�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�� �7DS�JHQWO\� WKH�ERDUG�XQWLO�D�FOHDU�SDWWHUQ�LV�IRUPHG�E\�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV���2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��GUDZ�WKH�SDWWHUQ�PDGH�E\�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�RQ�D�WDEOH��VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH����1RWH�WKH�RULHQWDWLRQV�RI�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SDWWHUQ�IRU�HDFK�ODWFK�PDJQHW���/DEHO�LI�QHHGHG��

��� �3ODFH�RQH�PDJQHW�RQ�WRS�RI� WKH�RWKHU��0DNH�VXUH�WKDW�WKH\�DUH�DUUDQJHG�SHUSHQGLFXODUO\�ZLWK�HDFK�RWKHU��+ROG�WKH�PDJQHW�RQ�WRS�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�7DEOH���EHORZ��¿UVW�URZ���6ORZO\�DQG�JHQWO\�SXOO�WKH�PDJQHW��WRZDUGV�\RX��DV�VKRZQ�

4. 2EVHUYH�ZKDW�KDSSHQV���5HFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RQ�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR� Table 6.

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Table 6 Interaction of a pair of latch magnets when dragged at different orientations

START OF THE TILTED PULL

END OF THE TILTED PULL

OBSERVATIONS

A./LJKWO\�GUDJ�WKH�WRS� ODWFK�PDJQHW�SHUSHQGLFXODUO\�across the other as shown below. Use the sides with no sticker.

)RU�SHUSHQGLFXODU�RULHQWDWLRQ�

%./LJKWO\�GUDJ�WKH�WRS�ODWFK�PDJQHW��LQ�SDUDOOHO��RYHU�the other as shown. Use the sides with no sticker.

)RU�SDUDOOHO�RULHQWDWLRQ�

&./LJKWO\� GUDJ� WKH� WRS� ODWFK�PDJQHW� REOLTXHO\� RYHU�WKH�RWKHU��DQG�DW�DQ�DQJOH� WR� WKH�KRUL]RQWDO��7KH�µQR�VWLFNHU¶�VLGHV�VKRXOG�IDFH�HDFK�RWKHU�

)RU�REOLTXH�RULHQWDWLRQ�

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Guide Questions:� 4����:KDW�KDYH�\RX�QRWLFHG�ZKHQ�\RX�SXOOHG�WKH�PDJQHW�RQ�WRS� ����������SHUSHQGLFXODUO\�DFURVV�WKH�RWKHU"�:KDW�GRHV�WKLV�WHOO�\RX�DERXW�WKH� ���������PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DURXQG�WKH�ODWFK�PDJQHW"

� 4����+RZ�GR�\RX�UHODWH�WKH�ÀDSSLQJ�LQWHUDFWLRQV�RI�WKH�ODWFK�PDJQHWV��DW�������������������GLIIHUHQW�RULHQWDWLRQV��WR�WKHLU�PDJQHWLF�GRPDLQV"�

Ideas for Research: 7KH�KLGGHQ�VWUXFWXUH�RI�D�UHIULJHUDWRU�PDJQHW�FDQ�VHUYH�DV�D�PRGHO�IRU�KRZ�D�VFDQQLQJ�SUREH�PLFURVFRSH��630��ZRUNV���7KLV�WRRO�KDV�D�VXSHU�VKDUS�WLS�WKDW�LV�RQO\�RQH�DWRP�WKLFN��DOORZLQJ�QDQRVFLHQWLVWV�WR�SUREH�DFURVV�D�QDQRVFDOH�VXUIDFH���$�QDQRPHWHU�LV�D�ELOOLRQWK�RI�D�PHWHU�����:KDW�QHZ�UHFRUGLQJ�PDWHULDOV�GLG�VFLHQWLVWV�SUREH��VWXG\��PDQLSXODWH��DQG�FRQWURO�XVLQJ�QDQRWHFKQRORJ\"

PART B. Within the lines…

��� � 3ODFH� WKH� GLIIHUHQW� PDJQHWV� DQG� HOHFWURPDJQHWV� XQGHU� WKH� LPSURYLVHG�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�RQH�DW�D� WLPH��(DFK� WLPH��JHQWO\� WDS� WKH�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�XQWLO�D�FOHDU�SDWWHUQ�LV�IRUPHG��2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��GUDZ�WKH�SDWWHUQ�PDGH�E\�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�RQ�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH����

Table 7. Magnets and Current-carrying Conductors

�/DWFK�0DJQHWV 8�VKDSHG�0DJQHW

%HWZHHQ�1RUWK�±�1RUWK�3ROHV�RI�7ZR�%DU�0DJQHWV

%HWZHHQ�6RXWK�±�6RXWK�3ROHV�RI�7ZR�%DU�0DJQHWV

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%HWZHHQ�1RUWK�±�6RXWK�3ROHV�RI�7ZR�%DU�0DJQHWV

6LQJOH�%DU�0DJQHW

'LVN�0DJQHW�DQG�D�1HRG\PLXP�0DJQHW

,URQ�QDLO�ZUDSSHG�ZLWK�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�ZLUH

�� +

6WUDLJKW�&XUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�:LUH

- +

&XUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�&RLO

�� +

Guide Questions:� 4��� &RPSDUH�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SDWWHUQV�GUDZQ�LQ�7DEOH����:KDW�VLPLODULWLHV� ����������GLIIHUHQFHV�KDYH�\RX�VHHQ�DPRQJ�WKHP"

Q24. :KDW�GR�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SDWWHUQV��VKRZQ�RQ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG��������������������LQGLFDWH�DERXW�WKH�VWUHQJWK�RI�WKH�PDJQHWV"�

� 4����:KDW�GR�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SDWWHUQV�LQGLFDWH�DERXW�WKH�IRUFHV�RI� ���������LQWHUDFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�PDJQHWV"

� 4����+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�XVH�WKH�EXWWRQ�FRPSDVVHV�WR�GHVFULEH�GHWHUPLQH�WKH� ���������IRUFHV�RI�LQWHUDFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�PDJQHWLF�SROHV"��

���

,Q�WKH�SUHYLRXV�DFWLYLWLHV��\RX�KDYH�GHWHFWHG�DQG�GHVFULEH�WKH�LQYLVLEOH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG� OLQH�SDWWHUQV�DURXQG�GLIIHUHQW�VRXUFHV�RI�PDJQHWLVP�XVLQJ�WKH�magnetic board.

Activity 6Electric Field Simulation

(OHFWULF�)LHOGV��)RUFHV��DQG�)RUPV��(��)V�

Objectives:x� 3UHGLFW�WKH�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�GLUHFWLRQV�DQG�SDWWHUQV�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�ORFDWLRQV�

VXUURXQGLQJ�FKDUJHV�DQG�FRPELQDWLRQV�RI�LW���x� 5HODWH� HOHFWULF� ¿HOG� VWUHQJWK� E� WR� GLVWDQFH� TXDQWLWDWLYHO\� DQG�

TXDOLWDWLYHO\�

Materials:• 7DEOH����(OHFWULF�)LHOGV��)RUFHV��DQG�)RUPV��(��)V�• Science notebook and pen• 3&�XQLW�DQG�DFFHVVRULHV�LQVWDOOHG�ZLWK�3K(7�,QWHUDFWLYH�6LPXODWLRQ�

�IRU�DQ�DFWXDO�RIÀLQH�RU�RQOLQH�DFWLYLW\��

Procedure:

1. 6WXG\� WKH� OHWWHU�FRGHG� LPDJHV� RI� FKDUJHV� DQG� HOHFWULF� ¿HOGV� LQ� 7DEOH� ����(DFK�LPDJH�ZLOO�KHOS�\RX�H[SORUH�WKH�3K(7�JHQHUDWHG�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�SDWWHUQV��HOHFWULF�¿HOG�GLUHFWLRQV��DQG�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�VWUHQJWKV�

����0DWFK�WKHVH�LPDJHV�WR�WKH�QXPEHUHG�GHVFULSWLRQV�VKRZQ�RQ�WKH�XSSHU�OHIW�RI�7DEOH�����8VLQJ�WKH�QXPEHU�DQG�OHWWHU�FRGHV��ZULWH�\RXU�DQVZHUV�RQ�\RXU�science notebook.

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Table 8. Electric Fields, Forces, and Forms (E-3Fs)

Electric Charges and Field Descriptions0DWFK� WKH� HOHFWULF� FKDUJHV�DQG�¿HOG�GHVFULSWLRQV�ZLWK�WKH�LPDJHV�VKRZQ�EHORZ�IURP�WKH�3K(7� VLPXODWLRQV� RQ� (OHFWULF�&KDUJHV� DQG� )LHOGV�� :ULWH�\RXU� DQVZHUV� XVLQJ� WKH�number and letter codes on \RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN�

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x� 1H[W� FOLFN� ³SOD\�ZLWK�6LPV�´� WKHQ� ³3K\VLFV�´� WKHQ� ³(OHFWULFLW\��0DJQHWV�DQG�&LUFXLWV�´��7KHQ�FKRRVH�WKH�³&KDUJHV�DQG�)LHOGV´�VLPXODWLRQ���&OLFN�³5XQ�QRZ´�WR�VWDUW�WKH�VLPXODWLRQ�

x� 2QFH�WKH�VLPXODWLRQ�RSHQV��SOD\�ZLWK� WKH�FRQWUROV�RI� WKH�VLPXODWLRQ� WR�navigate.

7KH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�&RORUDGR�VKDUHV�IRU�SXEOLF�XVH�DQ�RQOLQH�DQG�RIÀLQH�YHUVLRQ� RI� ³7KH� 3K(7� ,QWHUDFWLYH� 6LPXODWLRQV� 3URMHFW´� XQGHU� WKH� &UHDWLYH�&RPPRQV�$WWULEXWLRQ� ���� OLFHQVH� DQG� WKH�&UHDWLYH�&RPPRQV�*18�*HQHUDO�3XEOLF�/LFHQVH�DW�KWWS���SKHW�FRORUDGR�HGX.

Activity 7Magnetic Field Simulation

0DJQHWLF�)LHOGV��)RUFHV��DQG�)RUPV��0��)V�

Objectives:x� 3UHGLFW�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�GLUHFWLRQV�DQG�SDWWHUQV�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�ORFDWLRQV�

DURXQG�WKH�HDUWK��D�EDU�PDJQHW�DQG�FRPELQDWLRQV�RI�PDJQHWV���x� 5HODWH� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� VWUHQJWK� WR� GLVWDQFH� TXDQWLWDWLYHO\� DQG�

TXDOLWDWLYHO\��

Materials:• 7DEOH���0DJQHWLF�)LHOGV��)RUFHV�DQG�)RUPV��0��)V�• Science notebook and pen• 3&�XQLW� DQG�DFFHVVRULHV� LQVWDOOHG�ZLWK�3K\VOHW�3K\VLFV�DQG�3K(7�

,QWHUDFWLYH�6LPXODWLRQ��IRU�DQ�DFWXDO�RIÀLQH�RU�RQOLQH�DFWLYLW\��

Procedure: ��� 6WXG\� WKH� QXPEHU�FRGHG� LPDJHV� RI� PDJQHWV�� FRPSDVVHV� DQG� PDJQHWLF�

¿HOGV�LQ�7DEOH�����(DFK�LPDJH�ZLOO�KHOS�\RX�H[SORUH�WKH� 3K\VOHW�3K\VLFV�DQG�3K(7�JHQHUDWHG� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� SDWWHUQV�� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� OLQHV� GLUHFWLRQV��DQG�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�VWUHQJWKV�

���0DWFK�WKHVH�LPDJHV�WR�WKH�OHWWHU�FRGHG�GHVFULSWLRQV�VKRZQ�RQ�WKH�XSSHU�OHIW�RI�7DEOH�����8VLQJ�WKH�QXPEHU�DQG�OHWWHU�FRGHV��ZULWH�\RXU�DQVZHUV�RQ�\RXU�science notebook.

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Table 9. Magnetic Fields, Forces, and Forms

Magnets and Magnetic Field Descriptions0DWFK� WKH� PDJQHWV� DQG�PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� GHVFULSWLRQV�with the images shown below IURP�WKH 3K(7��0DJQHWV�DQG�&RPSDVV�� DQG� WKH� 3K\VOHW�3K\VLFV� VLPXODWLRQV�� � :ULWH�\RXU� DQVZHUV� XVLQJ� WKH�number and letter codes on \RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN�

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2

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EURZVHU���)RU�RIÀLQH�YHUVLRQ��FOLFN�WKH�3K(7�LFRQ�WR�RSHQ�WKH�LQVWDOOHG�program.

x� 1H[W� FOLFN� ³SOD\�ZLWK�6LPV�´� WKHQ� ³3K\VLFV�´� WKHQ� ³(OHFWULFLW\��0DJQHWV�DQG�&LUFXLWV�´� �7KHQ� FKRRVH� WKH� ³0DJQHWV� DQG�&RPSDVV´� VLPXODWLRQ���&OLFN�³5XQ�QRZ´�WR�VWDUW�WKH�VLPXODWLRQ�

x� 2QFH� WKH� VLPXODWLRQ� RSHQV�� SOD\�ZLWK� WKH� FRQWUROV� WR� JHW� XVHG� WR� WKH�VLPXODWLRQ�� �<RX� FDQ�PRYH� WKH� FRPSDVV� DQG� WKH� EDU�PDJQHW� DURXQG�RQ� WKH� SOD\LQJ� ¿HOG� DQG� WKHQ� DGG� WKH� HDUWK��+RZ�GRHV� WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG� OLQHV� FKDQJH� LQVLGH� DQG� RXWVLGH� RI� WKH�PDJQHW� DV� \RX� YDU\� WKH�PDJQHW¶V�VWUHQJWK"��<RX�FDQ�DOVR�XVH�WKH�¿HOG�PHWHU�WR�TXDOLWDWLYHO\�DQG�TXDQWLWDWLYHO\�FRPSDUH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�FKDQJHV�

Sum it Up Challenge!

2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��PDNH�DQ\�JUDSKLF�RUJDQL]HU�WKDW�ZLOO�FRPSDUH�DQG�FRQWUDVW�WKH�FRQFHSWV�\RX�OHDUQHG�DERXW�

x� 7KH�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�DQG�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SDWWHUQV��GLUHFWLRQV�DQG�VWUHQJWKV��x� 7KH�HOHFWULF�DQG�PDJQHWLF�IRUFHV�DFWLQJ�ZLWKLQ�WKH�HOHFWULF�DQG�PDJQHWLF�¿HOGV�

7KH�SXUSRVH�RI�WKH�QH[W�VHW�RI�DFWLYLWLHV�LV�WR�LQWURGXFH�FXUUHQW�LQWR�D�ZLUH�FRQGXFWRU�DQG�REVHUYH�WKH�UHVSRQVH�RI�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�DW�VRPH�ORFDWLRQV�around the wire.

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Activity 8

Magnetic Field Around Current-carrying Conductors

�$GDSWHG�IURP�WKH�'HS(G�167,&�$FWLYLW\�RQ�0DJQHWLF�)LHOGV�DQG�(OHFWULF�&XUUHQWV�

Objectives:x� 8VLQJ�D�FRPSDVV��H[SORUH�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DURXQG�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�

conductors.x� 8VH� WKH� FRPSDVV� WR� GHWHUPLQH� WKH� GLUHFWLRQ� RI� WKH�PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG�

UHODWLYH�WR�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�FXUUHQW�WKURXJK�D��D�VWUDLJKW�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRQGXFWRU��DQGE��D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO�

Materials:• ��ZRRGHQ�EORFNV�ZLWK�KROHV • 1 button magnetic compass

• 14 gauge insulated copper ZLUH��������FP

• ��RU���FRQQHFWLQJ�ZLUHV

• �� $$� GU\� FHOO� KROGHUV� �LQ�VHULHV�

• ��IXVH�KROGHU�ZLWK�IXVH

• science notebook and pen • ��NQLIH�VZLWFK• 5 cm2 used rubber mat • cutter

• ����PHWHU� KRRN� ZLUH� ������VWUDQGHG�

• tape

• ��FP� RU� ��FP� GLDPHWHU�magnetic compass

Safety Precautions:x� 2SHQ�WKH�VZLWFK�DIWHU�REVHUYDWLRQ�WR�FRQVHUYH�HQHUJ\��%DWWHULHV�

DQG�ZLUHV�PD\�EHFRPH�KRW�LI�FXUUHQW�ÀRZV�IRU�YHU\�ORQJ���

111

Experiment Setup A:

Procedure:

PART A. Magnetic Field around a Straight Conductor

����&RQVWUXFW�WKH�FLUFXLW�LQ�6HWXS�$�DV�VKRZQ�DERYH���0DNH�VXUH�WKH�VZLWFK�LV�RSHQ�DW�WKH�VWDUW���7KH�ZLUH�VKRXOG�SDVV�YHUWLFDOO\�DW�OHDVW����FP�EHORZ�WKH�wooden block.

�����2Q�WKH�ZRRGHQ�EORFN��SRVLWLRQ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�FRPSDVV�ULJKW�QH[W�WR�WKH�YHUWLFDO�ZLUH�LQ�IRXU�HTXLGLVWDQW�ORFDWLRQV�UHODWLYH�WR�WKH�QRUWK�VRXWK�DOLJQPHQW���)RU�DOO� IRXU� ORFDWLRQV�� URWDWH� WKH� FRPSDVV� XQWLO� LWV� QRUWK� D[LV� DOLJQV� ZLWK� WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�SRLQWHU���7KH�FRPSDVV�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�VHWXS�LV�D�VDPSOH�¿UVW�location.

����&ORVH�WKH�VZLWFK�ORQJ�HQRXJK�IRU�PDNLQJ�REVHUYDWLRQV���

��� 2EVHUYH�DQG�GUDZ� WKH�GHÀHFWLRQ� �GLUHFWLRQ�DQG� URWDWLRQ�� RI� WKH� FRPSDVV�QHHGOH¶V�QRUWK�SROH���

����2SHQ�WKH�VZLWFK�ZKHQ�\RX�DUH�GRQH�ZLWK�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�

����0RYH�WKH�FRPSDVV�WR�WKH�QH[W�ORFDWLRQV�WR�PDS�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG���'R�VWHSV���WR���IRU�HDFK�RI�WKH�UHPDLQLQJ�FKRVHQ�ORFDWLRQV�

����'UDZ�D�VKRUW�DUURZ�WR�LQGLFDWH�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH¶V�GLUHFWLRQ�DQG�URWDWLRQ�LQ�HDFK�RI�WKH�IRXU�ORFDWLRQV��

����5HYHUVH�WKH�SRODULW\�RI�\RXU�SRZHU�VXSSO\�DQG�GR�VWHSV���WR���

112

Guide Questions:� 4����)URP�D�WRS�YLHZ�SHUVSHFWLYH��LQ�ZKDW�GLUHFWLRQ�GRHV�WKH�QRUWK�SROH��������������������RI�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�SRLQW�WR�ZKHQ�WKH�FRPSDVV�ZDV�SRVLWLRQHG�������������������DURXQG�WKH�YHUWLFDO�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�VWUDLJKW�FRQGXFWRU"

� 4����)URP�D�WRS�YLHZ�SHUVSHFWLYH�DQG�ZLWK�WKH�FXUUHQW¶V�SRODULW\��������������������UHYHUVHG��LQ�ZKDW�GLUHFWLRQ�GRHV�WKH�QRUWK�SROH�RI�WKH�FRPSDVV needle point to when the compass was positioned around the��������������������YHUWLFDO�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�VWUDLJKW�FRQGXFWRU"

PART B. Magnetic Field around a Coil of Conductor

�����3UHSDUH�D�FRPSDVV�KROGHU�IRU�WKH�ODUJHU�PDJQHWLF�FRPSDVV�XVLQJ�D�VTXDUHG�UXEEHU�PDW�VLPLODU�WR�ZKDW�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����7UDFH�WKH�SHULPHWHU�RI�D�����FP�ZLGH�PDJQHWLF�FRPSDVV�RQ�D�XVHG�UXEEHU�PDW���6DIHO\�FXW�D�KROH�RQ�WKH�PDW�WKDW�LV�ELJ�HQRXJK�IRU�WKH�FRPSDVV�WR�¿W�LQWR��,QVHUW�WKH�FRPSDVV�LQWR�WKH�KROH�ZLWK�WKH�QRUWK�VRXWK�DOLJQPHQW�SDUDOOHO�WR�DQ\�VLGH���

Figure 10. &RLO�RI�ZLUH�DURXQG�D�FRPSDVV�¿WWHG�LQWR�D�XVHG�UXEEHU�PDW

��� 6WULS� WKH� HQGV� RI� D� ����PHWHU� ORQJ�PDJQHWLF� KRRN� ZLUH� ����� JDXJH� DQG�VWUDQGHG�� DQG� ZLQG� WKLV� DURXQG� WKH� FRPSDVV� RQ� LWV� KROGHU�� � )RU� HDVLHU�REVHUYDWLRQV��ORRS�WKH�ZLUH�SDUDOOHO�DORQJ�WKH�QRUWK�VRXWK�D[LV�DOWKRXJK�WKH�ORRSV�FDQ�DOVR�EH�RULHQWHG�SHUSHQGLFXODUO\�� �6ORZO\�URWDWH�WKH�UXEEHU�PDW�until the needle points north.

����&RQQHFW�WKH�ORRSHG�ZLUH�DURXQG�WKH�FRPSDVV�WR�D���YROW�SRZHU�VXSSO\�WKDW�LV�LQ�VHULHV�WR�WKH�RSHQ�NQLIH�VZLWFK�DQG�WKH�IXVH�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�([SHULPHQW�6HWXS�%�EHORZ���

���

Experiment Setup B:

���&ORVH�WKH�VZLWFK�ORQJ�HQRXJK�IRU�PDNLQJ�REVHUYDWLRQV���

���5HODWLYH�WR�WKH�JHRJUDSKLF�QRUWK�VRXWK�DOLJQPHQW��REVHUYH�DQG�GUDZ�WKH����GHÀHFWLRQ��GLUHFWLRQ�DQG�URWDWLRQ��RI�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH¶V�QRUWK�SROH���

���2SHQ�WKH�VZLWFK�ZKHQ�\RX�DUH�GRQH�ZLWK�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�

���5HYHUVH�WKH�SRODULW\�RI�\RXU�SRZHU�VXSSO\�DQG�GR�VWHSV���WR���

���5HGXFH�WR�KDOI�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�ORRSV�DURXQG�WKH�FRPSDVV�DQG�FXW�WKH����H[FHVV�PDNLQJ�VXUH�WKH�ORRSV�DUH�FHQWHUHG�URXQG�WKH�FRPSDVV���5HSHDW�VWHS������WR��������

Guide Questions:� 4����:LWK�FRQYHQWLRQDO�FXUUHQW�ÀRZLQJ�FRXQWHUFORFNZLVH��IURP�D�WRS���������������������YLHZ�SHUVSHFWLYH��LQ�ZKDW�GLUHFWLRQ�GRHV�WKH�QRUWK�SROH�RI�WKH��������������������FRPSDVV�QHHGOH��DW�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO�RI�ZLUH���������������������SRLQW"

� 4����:LWK�FRQYHQWLRQDO�FXUUHQW�ÀRZLQJ�FORFNZLVH��IURP�D�WRS�YLHZ��������������������SHUVSHFWLYH��LQ�ZKDW�GLUHFWLRQ�GRHV�WKH�QRUWK�SROH�RI�WKH�FRPSDVV������������������������QHHGOH��DW�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO�RI�ZLUH��SRLQW�ZKHQ��������������������WKH�FXUUHQW¶V�SRODULW\�ZDV�UHYHUVHG"

� 4����+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�FRPSDUH�WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�����������������������GHÀHFWLRQV�IRU�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�QXPEHU�RI�ORRSV�LQ�WKH�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ��������������������FRLO"

114

� 4����,I�\RX�ZLOO�VWUDLJKWHQ�WKH�VKRUWHQHG�FRLO�RI�ZLUH��KRZ�ZLOO�\RX�������������������FRPSDUH�WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�GHÀHFWLRQ�DW�WKH�������������������FHQWHU�RI�WKH�SUHYLRXV�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO��WR�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�������������������GHÀHFWLRQ�QHDU�WKH�MXVW�VWUDLJKWHQHG�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRQGXFWRU"��������������������:K\"

����([WHQGLQJ�,QTXLU\�±��$�VROHQRLG��D�FRLO�RI�ZLUH�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�OHQJWK�LV�JUHDWHU�WKDQ� WKH� ZLGWK�� ZDV� PDGH� XVLQJ� D� ��PHWHU� ORQJ� PDJQHWLF� ZLUH� ZRXQG�FORFNZLVH�IURP�OHIW�WR�ULJKW�DURXQG�WKH�LURQ�URG��&XUUHQW�ZDV�WKHQ�PDGH�WR�ÀRZ�WKURXJK�LW�XVLQJ�D�FLUFXLW�VLPLODU�WR�ZKDW�LV�VKRZQ�WR�)LJXUH����D���

� 4����:KDW�ZRXOG�EH�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DURXQG�WKH�������������������FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�VROHQRLG�ZKHQ�WKH�VZLWFK�LV�FORVHG"��

� 4��� Using arrows, draw the magnetic compass needle directions at��������������������WKH�LQGLFDWHG�ORFDWLRQV�LQ�)LJXUH���E���7KHQ�LQGLFDWH�ZKLFK�HQGV�RI�������������������WKH�VROHQRLG�DFWV�VLPLODU�WR�WKH�QRUWK�DQG�VRXWK�SROHV�RI�D�EDU magnet.

Figure 11. &KHFNLQJ�WKH�0DJQHWLF�)LHOG�DURXQG�D�&XUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�6ROHQRLG

FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

$�QRQ�PDJQHWLF�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�ZLUH�ZLWKLQ�D�VWURQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG��OLNH�FRSSHU�IRU�LQVWDQFH��ZLOO�H[SHULHQFH�D�PDJQHWLF�IRUFH�DV�LQGLFDWHG�E\�WKH�ZLUH¶V�PRYHPHQW�UHODWLYH�WR�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG���7KLV�WXUQLQJ�HIIHFW�RQ�a coil is used in ammeters and motors that use permanent magnets and electromagnets.

'R�WKH�QH[W�DFWLYLW\�DQG�WU\�WR�XQGHUVWDQG�WKH�LQWHUDFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�RI�WKH�SHUPDQHQW�PDJQHW�DQG�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�GXH�WR�WKH�current in the conductor.

115

Activity 9

Making Your Own Electric Motor$GDSWHG�IURP�KWWS���ZZZ�LQVWUXFWDEOHV�FRP�LG�+RZ�WR�0DNH�D�+RPRSRODU

Objectives:• %XLOG�D�VLPSOH�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�• ([SODLQ�WKH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�D�VLPSOH�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�

Materials:• ��$$�EDWWHU\• ��1HRG\PLXP�PDJQHWV�����´�±����´• pliers or long nose• $:*�����±����VROLG�DQG�EDUH�FRSSHU�ZLUH��a���FP�• science notebook and pen

Figure 12. �0DWHULDOV�IRU�PDNLQJ�DQ�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�

Safety Precautions: x� 7KH�QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHW�LV�PDQ\�WLPHV�VWURQJHU�WKDQ�WKH�RUGLQDU\�GLVN�

PDJQHW�WKDW�FDQ�KROG�SDSHUV�RQ�UHIULJHUDWRU�GRRUV���%H�FDUHIXO�QRW�WR�JHW�\RXU�¿QJHUV�SLQFKHG�EHWZHHQ�WKHVH�PDJQHWV�DQG�RWKHU�PDJQHWLF�materials.

x� :LUHV�FDQ�JHW�KRW�ZKHQ�FRQQHFWHG�WR�WKH�EDWWHU\�IRU�D�ORQJ�WLPH��2SHQ�WKH�FLUFXLW�RQFH�\RX�DUH�GRQH�ZLWK�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�

Procedure:����$VVHPEO\�RI�WKH�(OHFWULF�0RWRU�0RGHO�±�&XW�WKH�OHQJWK�RI�FRSSHU�ZLUH�LQWR�

WKUHH�SLHFHV���:LWK�WKH�XVH�RI�WKH�SOLHUV��VKDSH�WKH�WKUHH�ZLUHV�LQWR�D�VSLUDO��VTXDUH��KHDUW�RU�DQ\�¿JXUH�WR�\RXU�OLNLQJ�VLPLODU�WR�ZKDW�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����

116

KWWS���LGHDV�LQVSLUH�FRP�VLPSOH�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�Figure 13. $�VDPSOH�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�PRGHO�XVLQJ�QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHWV�

����0DNH�D�VDPSOH�SLOH�RI�WKH�WKUHH�QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHWV��WKH�EDWWHU\�DQG�WKH�VKDSHG�FRSSHU�ZLUH���0DNH�DGMXVWPHQWV�WR�WKH�OHQJWK�DQG�ZLGWK�RI�WKH�VKDSHG�wire. See to it that there is a bare connection between the wire ends and WKH�QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHW�DQG�DOVR�EHWZHHQ�WKH�SLYRW�SDUW��EDODQFLQJ�SRLQW��RI�WKH�ZLUH�DQG�WKH�SRVLWLYH�WHUPLQDO�RI�WKH�EDWWHU\���6FUDSH�RU�VDQG�RII�WKH�material insulating the wire at these indicated points. Disassemble the set XS�ZKHQ�PDNLQJ�WKH�QHHGHG�VKDSH�DGMXVWPHQWV�DQG�VDQGLQJ�RI�WKH�FRSSHU�wire.

����7HVWLQJ�RI�0RGHO�±�&DUHIXOO\�SLOH�ZLWK�WKH�WKUHH�QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHWV�DQG�WKH�EDWWHU\�RQ�D�OHYHO�VXUIDFH���0RXQW�WKH�VKDSHG�ZLUH��ZLWK�LWV�SLYRW�SDUW�DV�D�URWDWLQJ�SRLQW��RYHU�WKH�SRVLWLYH�WHUPLQDO�RI�WKH�EDWWHU\���&KHFN�WKDW�WKH�ERWWRP�HQGV�RI�WKH�ZLUH�FXUO�ORRVHO\�DURXQG�WKH�PDJQHWV�IRUPLQJ�D�FORVHG�FLUFXLW���<RX�QRZ�KDYH�D�VLPSOH�'&�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�PRGHO�WKDW�ZH�ZLOO�VLPSO\�FDOO�D�'&�PRWRU�PRGHO���*LYH�WKH�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�VKDSHG�ZLUH�D�JHQWOH�VSLQ���

�����2EVHUYH�DQG�UHFRUG�ZKDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKH�VKDSHG�ZLUH���Warning! Disconnect WKH�'&�PRWRU�PRGHO�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�PDNLQJ�REVHUYDWLRQV����

��� ,I� \RXU� '&� PRWRU� GRHV� QRW� ZRUN�� VWUHWFK� \RXU� WROHUDQFH�� DELOLWLHV�� DQG�NQRZOHGJH���+DYH�IXQ�PDNLQJ�\RXU�PRWRU�PRGHO�GHPRQVWUDWH�WKH�HIIHFW�RI�DQ�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�IRUFH�RQ�D�FRQGXFWRU�WKDW�LV�ZLWKLQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�����

Guide Questions:� 4�����:KDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKH�VKDSHG�ZLUH�RQFH�SRVLWLRQHG�RYHU�WKH��������������������EDWWHU\¶V�SRVLWLYH�WHUPLQDO�DQG�ZLWK�ERWK�ZLUH�HQGV�FXUOHG�ORRVHO\��������������������WRXFKLQJ�WKH�PDJQHWV"�

����([WHQGLQJ�,QTXLU\�RI�0RGHO – 7LQNHU�ZLWK�\RXU�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�PRGHO�DQG�WU\�WR�ORRN�IRU�RWKHU�ZD\V�WR�GHPRQVWUDWH�WKH�VDPH�HIIHFW�E\�DQ�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�IRUFH�

117

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� 4�����:KDW�DUH�WKH�EDVLF�SDUWV�HOHPHQWV�RI�D�VLPSOH�HOHFWULF�PRWRU"

� 4�����%DVHG�RQ�WKH�DFWLYLW\��KRZ�ZLOO�\RX�H[SODLQ�WKH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�D�VLPSOH��������������������HOHFWULF�PRWRU"

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

1RZ�WKH�EDVLF�SDUWV�RI�D�'&�PRWRU�FDQ�DOVR�EH�DVVHPEOHG�WR�RSHUDWH�DV�D�'&�JHQHUDWRU���:KDW�ZRXOG�KDSSHQ�LI�LQVWHDG�RI�FDXVLQJ�D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRQGXFWRU� WR� PRYH� ZLWKLQ� D� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG�� WKH� FORVHG� FLUFXLW� FRQGXFWRU� LV�PHFKDQLFDOO\�PRYHG�ZLWKLQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG"�

7KH�QH[W�DFWLYLW\�ZLOO�HQDEOH�\RX�WR�H[SORUH�DQG�DSSUHFLDWH�WKH�(DUWK¶V�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DQG�LWV�HIIHFW�RQ�D�PRYLQJ�JLDQW�FRLO���-XPS�LQ�IRU�D�VLPSOH�\HW�HOHFWULI\LQJ�H[SHULHQFH�

Activity 10LET’S JUMP IN!

�$GDSWHG�IURP�FVH�VVO�EHUNHOH\�HGX�����OHVVRQV����HOHFWURPDJQHWLVP�PDJBHOHFWURPDJ�SGI˪�

Objectives:• 2EVHUYH�WKH�GHÀHFWLRQ�RI�D�JDOYDQRPHWHU�QHHGOH�ZKHQ�DQ�HOHFWULFDO�

FRUG�FURVVHV�WKH�(DUWK¶V�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�• 0HDVXUH� DQG� UHFRUG� WKH� PDJQLWXGH� RI� WKH� GHÀHFWLRQ� RI� WKH�

JDOYDQRPHWHU�QHHGOH�ZKHQ�WKH�HOHFWULFDO�FRUG�LV�URWDWHG�� D��VORZO\�� � F��ZKHQ�DOLJQHG�HDVW�WR�ZHVW��DQG�� E��TXLFNO\�� � G��ZKHQ�DOLJQHG�QRUWK�WR�VRXWK�

• ([SODLQ�WKH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�D�VLPSOH�HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRU�

Materials:• ���WR����PHWHUV�ÀDW�ZLUH��GRXEOH�ZLUH��VWUDQGHG��$:*����• two lead wires with alligator clip on at least one end• OHYHO�¿HOG�RU�JURXQG��DW�OHDVW���PHWHUV�[���PHWHUV�• PLFUR�DPPHWHU�RU�JDOYDQRPHWHU• pliers or long nose• one compass• science notebook and pen

118

Safety Precautions:x� $�JDOYDQRPHWHU�LV�D�YHU\�ORZ�UHVLVWDQFH�LQVWUXPHQW�XVHG�WR�PHDVXUH�

YHU\�VPDOO�FXUUHQWV�LQ�PLFURDPSHUHV���,W�PXVW�EH�FRQQHFWHG�LQ�VHULHV�in a circuit. Use the galvanometer with care and without dropping it.

x� -XPS�LQ�VDIHO\�DQG�REVHUYH�WDNLQJ�WXUQV�

Procedure:����6WULS�RII�DW�OHDVW��´�LQVXODWLRQ�RQ�DOO�HQGV�RI�WKH����PHWHU�ÀDW�ZLUH��/RRS�WKH�

VWUDQGHG�ZLUHV�WRJHWKHU�IRU�HDFK�HQG��&RQQHFW�WKH�HQGV�RI�WKH�MXPS�ZLUH�WR�WKH�WHUPLQDOV�RI�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�XVLQJ�WKH�FRQQHFWLQJ�ZLUHV�ZLWK�DOOLJDWRU�clips.

Figure 14. *HQHUDWLRQ�DQG�GHWHFWLRQ�RI�HOHFWULFLW\�XVLQJ�WKH�(DUWK¶V�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DQG�URWDWLQJ�ORRS�RI�FRQGXFWRU�FRQQHFWHG�LQ�VHULHV�WR�D�JDOYDQRPHWHU

����/D\�WKH�ORRS�RI�ZLUH�WRJHWKHU�ZLWK�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�RQ�WKH�JURXQG���7KLV�ORQJ�ORRS�RI�FRUG�JDOYDQRPHWHU�DUUDQJHPHQW�ZLOO�VHUYH�DV�WKH�FORVHG�FLUFXLW�MXPS�URSH�HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRU�� �7KH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�ZLOO�VHUYH�DV�GHWHFWRU�RI�WKH�HOHFWULF�FXUUHQW�WKDW�PD\�EH�JHQHUDWHG�GXH�WR�WKH�(DUWK¶V�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DQG�RWKHU�HVVHQWLDO�FRPSRQHQWV�IRU�HOHFWULFLW\�

�����$V�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����KDYH�PHPEHUV�RI�\RXU�JURXS�VWDQG�RQ�WKH�MXPS�URSH��RQH�DW�WKH�IDU�HQG�DQG�WZR�QHDU�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�WR�VHFXUH�WKH�FRQQHFWLRQV�DQG�GLUHFWLRQDO�PDUNV�IRU�WKH�FKRVHQ�URWDWLRQ�DOLJQPHQW���,I�SRVVLEOH�VHFXUH�WKH�FRQQHFWLRQV�DQG�DOLJQPHQW�DQRWKHU�ZD\��VR�HYHU\RQH�JHWV�WR�REVHUYH�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�IUHHO\�DV�WKH�FRUG�LV�URWDWHG�GXULQJ�WKH�MXPSLQJ�DFWLYLW\���

����$OLJQ�WKH�MXPS�ZLUH�HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRU�LQ�DQ\�RI�WKH�JHRJUDSKLFDO�GLUHFWLRQV���D��HDVW�WR�ZHVW���E��QRUWK�WR�VRXWK��DQG��F��QRUWKHDVW�VRXWKZHVW�GLUHFWLRQV�XVLQJ�D�FRPSDVV�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUHV����DQG������

���

����:LWK�KDOI�RI�WKH�ORRS�RQ�WKH�JURXQG��KDYH�WZR�JURXS�PHPEHUV�RQ�HDFK�HQG�SLFN�XS�WKH�IUHH�OHQJWK�RI�FRUG�DQG�URWDWH�LW�FORFNZLVH�RU�FRXQWHU�FORFNZLVH��UHODWLYH�WR�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�HQG��OLNH�D�MXPS�URSH�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����7DNH�WXUQV�URWDWLQJ�WKH�FRUG�DQG�FKHFNLQJ�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU��HYHQ�MXPSLQJ�LQ�IRU�IXQ�GXULQJ�WKH�DFWLYLW\���

Figure 15. 7KH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�DQG�MXPS�ZLUH�HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRU�VHW�XS�DORQJ�WKH�(DVW�:HVW��OHIW��

DQG�DORQJ�WKH�1RUWK�6RXWK��ULJKW��DOLJQPHQWV�

����7U\�DOVR�URWDWLQJ�ERWK�KDOI�OHQJWKV�RI�WKH�ORRS�WRJHWKHU�DQG�REVHUYH�DOVR�WKH�galvanometer reading.

Figure 16. The galvanometer and jump wire HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRU�VHW�XS�DORQJ�WKH�1RUWKHDVW�

Southwest alignment

Figure 17.� ZKHQ� ERWK� KDOI�OHQJWKV� RI� WKH�loop are rotated together

����7KLV�WLPH�WU\�WR�JHQHUDWH��PHDVXUH��DQG�UHFRUG�WKH�HOHFWULF�FXUUHQW�UHDGLQJV��,Q�GRLQJ�VR�WU\�WR�YDU\�WKH�IROORZLQJ�

$��6SHHG�RI�URWDWLRQ��%��*HRJUDSKLFDO�DOLJQPHQW�RI�URWDWLRQ��&��'LUHFWLRQ�RI�VLQJOH�OHQJWK�ORRS�URWDWLRQ��'��/HQJWK�RI�URWDWHG�SDUW��(��6LQJOH�RU�GRXEOH�KDOI�OHQJWK�URWDWLRQV�

���

����'HVLJQ�DQG�ZULWH�\RXU�RZQ�JUDSKLF�RUJDQL]HU�IRU�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RQ�\RXU�science notebook.

Guide Questions:� 4�����:KDW�HIIHFW�GRHV�WKH�URWDWLQJ�SDUW�RI�WKH�ORRS�KDYH�RQ�WKH�QHHGOH�RI� ����������WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU" � 4����:KDW�HIIHFW�GRHV�WKH�VSHHG�RI�WKH�URWDWLQJ�ORRS�KDYH�RQ�WKH��������������������JHQHUDWHG�HOHFWULF�FXUUHQW"

� 4����:KLFK�FRQGLWLRQ�RU�LWV�FRPELQDWLRQ�ZRXOG�UHVXOW�WR�WKH�JUHDWHVW��������������������JHQHUDWHG�HOHFWULF�FXUUHQW"��6PDOOHVW�FXUUHQW"��1R�FXUUHQW��������������������UHDGLQJ"

� 4����:K\�GRHV�WKH�JHRJUDSKLFDO�DOLJQPHQW�RI�WKH�URWDWLQJ�MXPS�ZLUH��������������������DIIHFW�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�UHDGLQJ"

� 4�����:KDW�DUH�WKH�EDVLF�FRPSRQHQWV�RI�WKH�MXPS�ZLUH�HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRU"

� 4�����+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�H[SODLQ�WKH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�D�VLPSOH�HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRU"

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Figure 18. '&�(OHFWULF�*HQHUDWRU

� 4�����:KLFK�SDUW�GHYLFH�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�¿JXUH�DERYH"

� 7KH�DFWLYLW\�RQ�WKH�MXPS�ZLUH�JHQHUDWRU�RSHUDWHV�XVLQJ�WKH�SULQFLSOHV�RI�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ���,Q�WKLV�DFWLYLW\��LW�LV�WKH�FRQGXFWRU�WKDW�PRYHV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�(DUWK¶V�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG���:LOO�PRYLQJ�D�VRXUFH�RI�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�LQVWHDG�RI�WKH�FRQGXFWRU�OHDG�WR�WKH�VDPH�¿QGLQJV"

121

Activity 11

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION�$GDSWHG�IURP�WKH�'HS(G�167,&�$FWLYLW\�RQ�)DUDGD\¶V�,QGXFWLRQ�

Objectives:• 2EVHUYH� WKH� GHÀHFWLRQ� RI� D� JDOYDQRPHWHU� QHHGOH�ZKHQ� D�PDJQHW�

PRYHV�LQVLGH�D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO�• ,GHQWLI\�DQG�H[SODLQ�WKH�IDFWRUV�WKDW�DIIHFW�WKH�LQGXFHG�FXUUHQW�WKURXJK�

a conductor.

Materials:• ����PHWHUV�KRRN�FRQQHFWLQJ�ZLUHV��DERXW����¿QH�VWUDQGV�DORQJ�WKH�

OHQJWK�RI�LQVXODWHG�PDJQHW�ZLUH�• tape measure• VL]H�'�GU\�FHOO�• VWLFN\�WDSH�DQG�SDLU�RI�VFLVVRUV• galvanometer• two wooden blocks• two wires with alligator clips• SDLU�RI�EDU�PDJQHWV�• science notebook and pen

Safety Precautions:x� $�JDOYDQRPHWHU�LV�D�YHU\�ORZ�UHVLVWDQFH�LQVWUXPHQW�XVHG�WR�PHDVXUH�

YHU\� VPDOO� FXUUHQWV� LQ� PLFURDPSHUHV�� � ,W� PXVW� EH� FRQQHFWHG� LQ�VHULHV� LQ�D�FLUFXLW�ZLWK�WKH�SRLQWHU�DW� WKH�]HUR�SRLQW�PDUN���8VH�WKH�galvanometer with care so as not to drop it.

Procedure:����8VLQJ�D�VL]H�'�GU\�FHOO�DV�JXLGH��ZLQG�D���WXUQ��D����WXUQ��DQG�D����WXUQ�FRLO�

RXW�RI�D����FP������FP�DQG�D�����FP�FRQQHFWLQJ�ZLUH�UHVSHFWLYHO\���8VH�VPDOO�SLHFHV�RI�WDSH�WR�KROG�WKH�FRLO�WRJHWKHU�RQ�WZR�RU�WKUHH�DUHDV���5HPRYH�WKH�LQVXODWLRQ�IURP�HDFK�HQG�RI�WKH�FRLO�DQG�VWUDQG�WKH�¿QH�ZLUHV�WRJHWKHU�IRU�HDV\�FRQQHFWLRQ��

2. Set up the galvanometer, wooden blocks and bar magnets as shown in )LJXUH�����

122

Figure 19. $�VLPSOH�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ�DFWLYLW\�VHW�XS�ZLWK�D�JDOYDQRPHWHU�WKDW�KDV�LWV�]HUR�SRLQW�PDUN�LQ�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�VFDOH���7KLV�W\SH�RI�JDOYDQRPHWHU�PHDVXUHV�WKH�SUHVHQFH�

RI�D�YHU\�VPDOO�FXUUHQW��LWV�GLUHFWLRQ��DQG�LWV�UHODWLYH�PDJQLWXGH�

Part A. Inducing voltage and current in a coil

����$V�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����OD\�WKH���WXUQ�FRLO�DERYH�WKH�WZR�ZRRGHQ�EORFNV�and connect it ends to the galvanometer via wires with alligator clips. At this point, observe what happens to the galvanometer pointer.

Figure 20. 0RYH�WKH�QRUWK�SROH�RI�D�EDU�PDJQHW�LQWR�D���WXUQ�FRLO

����+ROG�D�EDU�PDJQHW�DERYH�WKH�FRLO�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����0RYH�WKH�QRUWK�SROH�RI�WKH�PDJQHW�LQWR�WKH�FRLO��2EVHUYH�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU�DV�\RX�GR� WKLV��2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��PDNH�D� WDEOH�VLPLODU� WR�7DEOH����DQG�UHFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�

���

Table 10. Inducing current in a coil

ConditionCoil

Without a Magnet

Magnet is Moving into

the Coil

Magnet is at Rest Inside

the Coil

Magnet is Moving Out of the

Coil

Galvanometer pointer’s GHÀHFWLRQ�RU�QRQ�GHÀHFWLRQGalvanometer pointer’s direction of GHÀHFWLRQ

����+ROG�WKH�PDJQHW�LQVLGH�WKH�FRLO�ZLWKRXW�PRYLQJ�LW�IRU�D�IHZ�VHFRQGV���2EVHUYH�what happens.

����3XOO�WKH�PDJQHW�RXW�RI�WKH�FRLO��2EVHUYH�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU�DV�\RX�GR�this.

� 4�����+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�H[SODLQ�WKH�GHÀHFWLRQ�RU�QRQ�GHÀHFWLRQ�RI�WKH���������������������JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU�DV�REVHUYHG�LQ�WKH�DFWLYLW\"

� 4�����+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�FRPSDUH�WKH�GLUHFWLRQV�RI�GHÀHFWLRQ"��:K\�GR�\RX���������������������WKLQN�WKLV�LV�VR"

Part B. Amount of induced voltage and current vs number of turns

��� � 8VH� WKH� VHW� XS� WR� H[SORUH� WKH� UHODWLYH�PDJQLWXGHV� RI� WKH� JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU¶V�GHÀHFWLRQ�IRU�WKH���WXUQ�����WXUQ�DQG����WXUQ�FRLOV���5HFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN�

� 4�����)RU�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�WKH�VDPH�VSHHG�RI�PRYLQJ�WKH�PDJQHW�LQWR�RU��������������������RXW�RI�HDFK�FRLO��ZKDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI�WKH�SRLQWHU¶V��������������������GHÀHFWLRQ�DV�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�WXUQV�LQ�WKH�FRLO�LQFUHDVH"

Part C. Amount of induced voltage and current vs strength of magnetic� ���¿HOG

��� �8VH� WKH� ���WXUQ� FRLO� DQG� WKH� VHW� XS� WR� H[SORUH� WKH� UHODWLRQVKLS� EHWZHHQ�WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI� WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU¶V�GHÀHFWLRQ�DQG� WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�VWUHQJWK�XVLQJ��D��RQH�EDU�PDJQHW��DQG��E��WZR�EDU�PDJQHWV�ZLWK�OLNH�SROHV�KHOG�WRJHWKHU�LQ�SDUDOOHO���5HFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�notebook.

124

Figure 21. 0RYH�WKH�QRUWK�SROHV�RI�WZR�SDUDOOHO�EDU�PDJQHWV�LQWR�D����WXUQ�FRLO�

� 4�����)RU�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�WKH�VDPH�VSHHG�RI�PRYLQJ�WKH�PDJQHW�LQWR��������������������RU�RXW�RI�WKH����WXUQ�FRLO��ZKDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKH�GHÀHFWLRQ�RI�WKH��������������������JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU�DV�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�EDU�PDJQHWV��VWUHQJWK�RI��������������������PDJQHWLF�¿HOG��LQFUHDVH"

Part D. $PRXQW�RI�LQGXFHG�FXUUHQW�YV�UDWH�RI�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�FKDQJH

����8VH�WKH����WXUQ�FRLO�DQG�D�EDU�PDJQHW�WR�H[SORUH�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI� WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU¶V�GHÀHFWLRQ�DQG� WKH�VSHHG�RI�PRYHPHQW�RI�WKH�PDJQHW�LQWR�RU�RXW�RI�WKH�FRLO���5HFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN�

� 4����:KDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKH�GHÀHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU�DV�WKH�������������������EDU�PDJQHW�LV�PRYHG�LQWR�RU�RXW�RI�WKH����WXUQ�FRLO�DW�GLIIHUHQW�������������������VSHHGV��UDWH�RI�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�FKDQJH�"Part E. &RLO�RULHQWDWLRQ�DQG�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�FKDQJH

����$V� VKRZQ� LQ� )LJXUH� ����PRYH� �D�� D� EDU�PDJQHW� DORQJ� RQH� RI� WKH� FRLOV��SUHIHUDEO\� WKH����WXUQ�� DQG�REVHUYH� WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI� WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU¶V�GHÀHFWLRQ��&RPSDUH�WKLV�GHÀHFWLRQ�WR�WKDW�ZKHQ��E��WKH�EDU�PDJQHW�PRYHV�DFURVV��LQWR�RU�RXW��WKH�FRLO�DW�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�WKH�VDPH�VSHHG���5HFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN�

Figure 22. 7KH�EDU�PDJQHW�LV�PRYHG��D��DORQJ�RU�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�FRLO�RULHQWDWLRQ��DQG��E��DFURVV�or perpendicular to the coil orientation

125

� 4����+RZ�ZRXOG�\RX�FRPSDUH�EHKDYLRU�RI�WKH�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU when the magnet moves along the coil and when the magnet� ���������PRYHV�DFURVV�WKH�FRLO"

� 4����,Q�\RXU�RZQ�ZRUGV��ZKDW�DUH�WKH�IDFWRUV�WKDW�DIIHFW�WKH�DPRXQW��������������������RI�FXUUHQW�DQG�KHQFH�YROWDJH��(0)��LQGXFHG�LQ�D�FRQGXFWRU�E\�D��������������������FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG"

� 4�����$Q�HTXDWLRQ�IRU�WKH�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�IRUFH��(0)��LQGXFHG�LQ�D��������������������ZLUH�E\�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�LV�EMF = BLv, where B is magnetic��������������������¿HOG��L�LV�WKH�OHQJWK�RI�WKH�ZLUH�LQ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG��DQG�v is��������������������WKH�YHORFLW\�RI�WKH�ZLUH�ZLWK�UHVSHFW�WR�WKH�¿HOG���+RZ�GR�WKH��������������������UHVXOWV�LQ�WKLV�DFWLYLW\�VXSSRUW�WKLV�HTXDWLRQ�

�����([WHQGLQJ�,QTXLU\� �7KH�SULQFLSOH�RI�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ�LQ�WZR�QHDUE\�FRLOV�FDQ�EH�GHPRQVWUDWHG�E\�D�WUDQVIRUPHU���$�W\SLFDO�WUDQVIRUPHU�KDV�WZR�FRLOV�RI� LQVXODWHG�ZLUH�ZRXQG�DURXQG�DQ� LURQ�FRUH�� �7KLV�GHYLFH�FKDQJHV�WKH�$&�YROWDJH�RI�WKH�SULPDU\�FRLO�E\�LQGXFLQJ�DQ�LQFUHDVHG�RU�GHFUHDVHG�EMF LQ�WKH�VHFRQGDU\�FRLO���,Q�SUDFWLFDO�DSSOLFDWLRQV��ZK\�GRHV�WKLV�GHYLFH�RSHUDWH�RQO\�RQ�DOWHUQDWLQJ�FXUUHQW�DQG�QRW�RQ�GLUHFW�FXUUHQW"�

Additional Reading

� 6SHHG� &RQWURO� 7HFKQRORJ\� ±� 7R� HQVXUH� URDG� VDIHW\� DQG� PLQLPL]H�YHKLFXODU�UHODWHG�GHDWK��EXVHV��DQG�RWKHU�SXEOLF�XWLOLW\�YHKLFOHV�FDQ�EH�HTXLSSHG�ZLWK�D�VSHHG�FRQWURO�GHYLFH�WKDW� OLPLWV�WKH�PD[LPXP�VSHHG�E\�XVLQJ�HOHFWUR�PDJQHWLF�EUDNHV�LQ�FRPELQDWLRQ�ZLWK�D�PRWRU�RQFH�WKH�OLPLW�LV�H[FHHGHG�

� 6SHHG�FRQWURO�PRWRU�SDFNDJHV�LQFOXGH�WKH�PRWRU��WKH�GULYHU��FRQWUROOHU���DQG�D�SRWHQWLRPHWHU�ZKLFK�DOORZV�WKH�GULYHU�IRU�HDV\�VSHHG�FRQWURO�DGMXVWPHQW���:KHQ�WKH�VSHHG�RI�WKLV�PRWRU�LV�FRQWUROOHG��D�WDFKR�JHQHUDWRU�FRQQHFWHG�WR�WKH�PRWRU�GHWHFWV�WKH�VSHHG���,W�LV�D�PDJQHW�FRQQHFWHG�GLUHFWO\�WR�WKH�PRWRU�VKDIW�DQG�VWDWRU�FRLO�� �7KH�VWDWRU�FRLO�GHWHFWV� WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DQG�JHQHUDWHV�DQ�DOWHUQDWLQJ�FXUUHQW��$&��YROWDJH�

126

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Figure 25. �$�EDVLF�SXOVH�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ�PHWDO�GHWHFWLRQ�WHFKQLTXH

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Data acquisition and control system

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Transmitter PDJQHWLF�¿HOG

transmitter coil Receiver coil

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induced current on metal targer

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Figure 26. Induction stove working mechanism

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Figure 27. In induction cooking, heat loss is lesser than in gas cooking

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How Induction Cooking Works

metal pot

Water

electromagnetic ¿HOG

current-carrying copper coil

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Take Up

Video Tracks

TapeSupply

Read/ write Head

Disk motionSubstrate

Gap

coilRead/Write Head

coreMagnetized (aligned) media particles Random (non-aligned)

media particles Media coating

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x�$Q� HOHFWULF� JHQHUDWRU� LV� D� GHYLFH� WKDW� FRQYHUWV� PHFKDQLFDO� HQHUJ\� LQWR�HOHFWULFDO� HQHUJ\�� �$� VLPSOH� HOHFWULF� JHQHUDWRU� LV�PDGH�ZKHQ�D� FRLO� RU� DQ\�FORVHG�ORRS�RI�FRQGXFWRU�PRYHV�WKURXJK�RU�FXWV�DFURVV�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV���7KH�FRLO�ZLOO�H[SHULHQFH�DQ�LQGXFHG�YROWDJH�RU�DQ�HOHFWURPRWLYH�IRUFH�WKDW�ZLOO�FDXVH�D�SXOVDWLQJ�GLUHFW�FXUUHQW��'&��WR�EH�JHQHUDWHG��7KH�SXOVDWLQJ�GLUHFW�FXUUHQW�ÀXFWXDWHV�LQ�YDOXH�EXW�GRHV�QRW�FKDQJH�GLUHFWLRQ��

x�Electromagnetic induction is a process in which electric current is generated LQ�D�FRQGXFWRU�E\�D�PRYLQJ�RU�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG���

x�$�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�RFFXUV�ZKHQ� WKHUH� LV� UHODWLYH�PRWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�D�VRXUFH�RI�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DQG�D�FRQGXFWRU��LW�GRHV�QRW�PDWWHU�ZKLFK�PRYHV�

x�$�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�PD\�DOVR�DULVH�IURP�D�FKDQJLQJ�QHDUE\�FXUUHQW�

x�7KH�DPRXQW�RI�YROWDJH��EMF��LQGXFHG�ZKHQ�D�FRQGXFWRU�DQG�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DUH� LQ� UHODWLYH�PRWLRQ�GHSHQGV�RQ� �D�� WKH� OHQJWK�L�RI� WKH�FRQGXFWRU�RU� WKH�QXPEHU�RI�WXUQV�LQ�WKH�FRLO���E��WKH�VWUHQJWK�DQG�RULHQWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�B�UHODWLYH�WR�WKH�FRQGXFWRU��DQG��F��7KH�UHODWLYH�YHORFLW\�v�RI�WKH�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�

���

x�7KH�HTXDWLRQ�IRU�WKH�LQGXFHG�YROWDJH�RU�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�IRUFH��(0)��LQ�D�ZLUH�E\�D�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�LV�EMF = BLv���%\�2KP¶V�/DZ�WKH�DPRXQW�RI�LQGXFHG�FXUUHQW�LV�GLUHFWO\�SURSRUWLRQDO�WR�WKH�LQGXFHG�YROWDJH��

x�$�WUDQVIRUPHU�XVHV�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ�LQ�WZR�QHDUE\�FRLOV��WKH�SULPDU\�DQG�VHFRQGDU\�FRLOV��� �7\SLFDOO\�� WKH� WZR�FRLOV�RI� LQVXODWHG�ZLUH�DUH�ZRXQG�DURXQG�DQ�LURQ�FRUH���7KLV�GHYLFH�FKDQJHV�WKH�$&�YROWDJH�RI�WKH�SULPDU\�FRLO�E\�LQGXFLQJ�DQ�LQFUHDVHG�RU�GHFUHDVHG�EMF LQ�WKH�VHFRQGDU\�FRLO���

VI. Summative Assessment

'LUHFWLRQV���&KRRVH�WKH�OHWWHU�RI�WKH�FRUUHFW�DQVZHU�

����,Q�ZKLFK�FDVH�RU�FDVHV�LV�DQ�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�SUHVHQW",���$�VSDUN�MXPSLQJ�EHWZHHQ�WZR�QHDUE\�URGV�,,��$�FKDUJH�WKDW�LV�PRPHQWDULO\�DW�UHVW�III.A dead power line.

a. ,�RQO\� �b. ,�DQG�,,�RQO\� �c. ,,�DQG�,,,�RQO\��d. I, II and III

���:KLFK�GHYLFH�FDQ�EH�XVHG�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�SRODULW\�RI�DQ�XQPDUNHG�PDJQHW"a. D�VXVSHQGHG�PDJQHWL]HG�QHHGOHb. an improvised magnetic board c. a second unmarked magnetd. a charged metal rod at rest

����,Q�ZKLFK�GHYLFH�LV�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SUHVHQW"a. A charged balloon.b. A cooling soldering iron.c. $�YHU\�KRW�KRUVH�VKRH�PDJQHW�d. A microphone undergoing a sound check.

�����+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�GHVFULEH�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DURXQG�D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO"

a. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�LV�ZHDNHVW�QHDU�DQG�DURXQG�WKH�FRLO�b. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�YDU\�GLUHFWO\�ZLWK�WKH�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�FRLO�c. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�LV�VWURQJHVW�LQVLGH�WKH�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO��d. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV�DUH�FORVHG�ORRSV�DORQJ�WKH�ORRSV�LQ�WKH�FRLO�

���

����:KLFK�VWDWHPHQW�DERXW�DQ�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�QDLO�LV�127�758("a. 6WHDG\� PDJQHWLF� OLQHV� RI� LQGXFWLRQ� VXUURXQG� D� EDWWHU\�SRZHUHG�����

electromagnetic nail.b. 7KH�FXUUHQW�LQ�WKH�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�QDLO�GHPDJQHWL]HV�WKH�LURQ�QDLO�c. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV�SURGXFHG�UHVHPEOH�WKDW�RI�D�EDU�PDJQHW�d. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�VWUHQJWK�LV�SURSRUWLRQDO�WR�WKH�QDLO¶V�FXUUHQW�

����:KDW�FDQ�EH�LQIHUUHG�IURP�WKH�DOLJQPHQW�RI�FRPSDVV�QHHGOHV�DURXQG�WKH�SLFN�XS�FRLO�EHORZ"

a. &XUUHQW�LV�GUDZQ�LQWR�WKH�FRLO�b. $�SHUPDQHQW�PDJQHW�LV�QHDUE\��c. 7KH�'&�SRZHU�VZLWFK�ZDV�WXUQHG�RII�IRU�ORQJ�d. 7KHUH�LV�D�XQLIRUP�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DURXQG�WKH�FRLO�

����:KDW�EDVLF�SULQFLSOH�HQDEOHV�$//�HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRUV�WR�RSHUDWH"a. ,URQ�LV�WKH�RQO\�HOHPHQW�WKDW�LV�PDJQHWLF��b. 2SSRVLWH�HOHFWULF�FKDUJHV�DWWUDFW�DQG�OLNH�FKDUJHV�UHSHO��c. $�FORVHG�ORRS�FRQGXFWRU�ZLWKLQ�D�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�ZLOO�KDYH�DQ�

LQGXFHG�HOHFWURPRWLYH�IRUFH�d. $�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRQGXFWRU�SODFHG�ZLWKLQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�ZLOO�H[SHULHQFH�

D�PDJQHWLF�IRUFH��

��� �:KLFK� RI� WKH� IROORZLQJ� VWDWHPHQWV� FDQ� EH� LQIHUUHG� IURP� WKH�PDLQ� SKRWR�DERYH"���)RU�HDVLHU� LQVSHFWLRQ��D�SDSHU� LV� LQVHUWHG�KDOIZD\�EHWZHHQ�WKH�RSHQ�GLVN�WUD\�DQG�D�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�

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a. 7KH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�LQVLGH�WKH�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�LV�XQDIIHFWHG��b. 7KH�&'�'9'�GLVN�WUD\�XVHV�D�VPDOO�SHUPDQHQW�EDU�PDJQHW�c. 7KH�RSWLFDO�V\VWHP�KDV�DQ�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�WKDW�GULYHV�WKH�UHDGHU�d. 7KH�RSWLFDO�UHDGHU�KDV�D�OHQV�V\VWHP�WKDW�DIIHFWHG�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�

����:KLFK�DUUDQJHPHQW�RI�WKUHH�EDU�PDJQHWV�UHVXOWV�WR�DQ�DWWUDFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�¿UVW�DQG�WKH�VHFRQG��DQG�D�UHSXOVLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�VHFRQG�DQG�WKH�WKLUG�magnet.

����&RPSOHWH�WKH�IROORZLQJ�VWDWHPHQW��$�PHWDOOLF�GHWHFWRU�ZDV�XVHG�WR�FKHFN�D�

EDJ�IRU�PHWDOOLF�REMHFWV���7KH�WUDQVPLWWHU�FRLO��a. $��GUDZV�D�VWHDG\�FXUUHQW�WR�VHQG�D�VWHDG\�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�WRZDUGV�WKH�

target to induce current in it.b. GUDZV�D�SXOVDWLQJ�FXUUHQW�WR�VHQG�D�VWHDG\�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�WRZDUGV�WKH�

target to induce current in it.c. GUDZV�D�VWHDG\�FXUUHQW�WR�VHQG�D�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�WRZDUGV�WKH�

target to induce current in it.d. GUDZV�D�SXOVDWLQJ�FXUUHQW�WR�VHQG�D�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�WRZDUGV�WKH�

target to induce current in it.

�����$�FRLO�PRYHV�DZD\�IURP�D�PDJQHW��&RQVLGHU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�IDFWRUV�,�� VWUHQJWK�RI�WKH�PDJQHW,,�� QXPEHU�RI�WXUQV�LQ�WKH�FRLOIII. speed at which the magnet moves

:KLFK�FDQ�DIIHFW�WKH�HOHFWURPRWLYH�IRUFH��(0)��LQGXFHG�LQ�WKH�FRLO"

a. ,�RQO\� �b. ,,�RQO\��c. ,,,�RQO\��d. $OO�WKUHH�IDFWRUV

a.

b.

c.

d.

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����:KLFK�VHW�XSV�PRGHO�WKH�ZRUNLQJ�SULQFLSOH�RI�D�WUDQVIRUPHU�DQG�DQ�HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRU�UHVSHFWLYHO\"

� D��$�DQG�%� �����E��%�DQG�'� �����F��&�DQG�'� �����G��'�DQG�$

�����:KLFK�VWDWHPHQW�LV�758(�DERXW�WKH�LOOXVWUDWLRQ�EHORZ"

a. In set up A, the magnet is at rest inside the moving coil.b. ,Q�VHW�XS�%��WKH�PDJQHW�LV�EHLQJ�SXOOHG�RXW�RI�WKH�PRYLQJ�FRLO�ZLWK�WKH�

same speed. c. There is relative motion between the magnet and coil in set up A.d. 7KHUH�LV�UHODWLYH�PRWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PDJQHW�DQG�FRLO�LQ�VHW�XS�%��

�����:KDW�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�FDQ�WDNH�SODFH�LQ�D�FHLOLQJ�IDQ¶V�HOHFWULF�PRWRU"a. HOHFWULFDO�HQHUJ\�LQWR�PHFKDQLFDO�HQHUJ\b. PHFKDQLFDO�HQHUJ\�LQWR�HOHFWULFDO�HQHUJ\c. alternating current into direct currentd. direct current into alternating current

���

�����:KDW�LV�758(�DERXW�WKH�LQWHUFRP�V\VWHP�WKDW�LV�VKRZQ�EHORZ"

a. 7KH�SDUW�$�RI�WKH�LQWHUFRP�V\VWHP�VHUYHV�DV�D�PLFURSKRQH�RQO\��ZKLOH�SDUW�& VHUYHV�DV�D�ORXGVSHDNHU�RQO\�� �

b. (LWKHU�SDUWV�$�DQG�&�RI�WKH�LQWHUFRP�ZKHQ�VZLWFKHG�DV�VXFK�FDQ�EH�XVHG�as a microphone or as a loudspeaker.

c. 7KH�PLFURSKRQH�SDUW�RQO\�EDVLFDOO\�FRQVLVWV�RI�ZLUHV��D�FRQH�GLDSKUDJP��a magnet, and a coil.

d. 7KH�ORXGVSHDNHU�SDUW�RQO\�EDVLFDOO\�FRQVLVWV�RI�ZLUHV��D�FRQH�GLDSKUDJP��a magnet, and a coil.

Glossary of Terms

Charged particles� DUH� VRXUFHV� RI� HOHFWULF� ¿HOGV� ZKLFK� UHVXOW� LQ� DQ�DWWUDFWLRQ�RU�UHSXOVLRQ�RI�RWKHU�QHDUE\�FKDUJHV

Electric charge� D� IXQGDPHQWDO� HOHFWULFDO� SURSHUW\� WKDW� LV� HLWKHU�RI� SRVLWLYH� RU� QHJDWLYH� W\SH� WR� ZKLFK� WKH� PXWXDO�attractions or repulsions between protons or electrons is attributed

(OHFWULF�¿HOG� IRUFH�¿HOG�VXUURXQGLQJ�HOHFWULF�FKDUJHV�RU�JURXS�RI�FKDUJHV�ZKHUH�D�IRUFH�DFWV�RQ�FKDUJHV�ZLWKLQ� WKH�¿HOG

Electric generator� GHYLFH� WKDW� FRQYHUWV� PHFKDQLFDO� HQHUJ\� LQWR�HOHFWULFDO�HQHUJ\�XVXDOO\�E\�URWDWLQJ�D�FRLO�ZLWKLQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG

Electric motor� GHYLFH� WKDW� FRQYHUWV� HOHFWULFDO� HQHUJ\� LQWR�PHFKDQLFDO� HQHUJ\� XVLQJ� WKH� PDJQHWLF� WXUQLQJ�HIIHFW�RQ�D�FRLO

Electricity� SURGXFHG�E\�YLEUDWLQJ�RU�ÀRZLQJ�FKDUJHV

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Electromagnet magnet whose magnetic properties are produced E\�HOHFWULF�FXUUHQW

Electromagnetic� SKHQRPHQRQ�RI�LQGXFLQJ�D�YROWDJH�LQ�D�FRQGXFWRUinduction E\�FKDQJLQJ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�QHDU�WKH�FRQGXFWRU���

,I�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�ZLWKLQ�D�FORVHG�ORRS�FKDQJHV�LQ�DQ\�ZD\��D�YROWDJH�RU�HOHFWURPRWLYH�IRUFH�LV�LQGXFHG��SURGXFHG��LQ�WKH�ORRS

Electromotive force voltage that gives rise to an electric current

Galvanometer low resistance instrument used to measure YHU\� VPDOO� FXUUHQWV�� LWV� GLUHFWLRQ� DQG� LWV� UHODWLYH�magnitude

Magnet� REMHFW�WKDW�KDV�WKH�PDJQHWLF�DELOLW\�WR�DWWUDFW�REMHFWV�PDGH�RI�LURQ�RU�RWKHU�PDJQHWLF�VXEVWDQFH

Magnetic Domain� PLFURVFRSLF�JURXSLQJ�RI�DWRPV�ZLWK�WKHLU�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DOLJQHG

0DJQHWLF�¿HOG� UHJLRQ�RI�PDJQHWLF� LQÀXHQFH�DURXQG�WKH�PDJQHWLF�poles and moving charged particles

0DJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV� OLQHV� VKRZLQJ� WKH� VKDSH� RI� D�PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG�� � �$�compass placed on such a line will turn so that the QHHGOH�LV�DOLJQHG�ZLWK�LW�EHFDXVH�RI�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�induction

Magnetic force� EHWZHHQ�PDJQHWV�� LW� LV�DWWUDFWLRQ�RI�XQOLNH�PDJQHWLF�SROHV�DQG�WKH�UHSXOVLRQ�EHWZHHQ�OLNH�PDJQHWLF�SROHV��EHWZHHQ� D� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� DQG� D� PRYLQJ� FKDUJHG�SDUWLFOH��LW�LV�D�GHÀHFWLQJ�IRUFH�GXH�WR�WKH�PRWLRQ�RI�WKH�SDUWLFOH��WKH�GHÀHFWLQJ�IRUFH�LV�SHUSHQGLFXODU�WR�ERWK�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV�DQG�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�PRWLRQ

Magnetic poles magnetic south or north seeking regions on a PDJQHW�WKDW�SURGXFHV�PDJQHWLF�IRUFHV

Magnetism� SURSHUW\� RI� EHLQJ� DEOH� WR� DWWUDFW� REMHFWV�PDGH� RI�QDWXUDOO\�RFFXUULQJ�PDJQHWLF� VXEVWDQFHV� OLNH� LURQ��QLFNHO��FREDOW�RU�VRPH�RI�LWV�DOOR\V

Transformer� FDQ� VWHS�XS� RU� VWHS�GRZQ� YROWDJHV� XVLQJ� WKH�SULQFLSOHV�RI�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ

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References and Links

Printed Materials:'HSDUWPHQW�RI�(GXFDWLRQ���1DWLRQDO�6FLHQFH�7HDFKLQJ�,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ�&HQWHU�

�Q�G����User’s Laboratory Manual for Physics - Student Worksheets for

Secondary School Physics. /DKXJ��&HEX��167,&���Glencoe Physics Principles and Problems: Laboratory Manual.��7HDFKHU�HG����

1HZ�<RUN��1<��0F�*UDZ�+LOO�&RPSDQLHV���+HZLWW��3DXO�*����������Conceptual Physics�����WK�HG����0HQOR�3DUN��&DOLIRUQLD��

$GGLVRQ�:HVOH\�3XEOLVKLQJ�,QF�+LJJLQV�� &�� -U��� 6KLSPDQ�� -���:LOVRQ�� -�� ��������An Introduction to Physical

Science��3DVLJ�&LW\��&HQJDJH�/HDUQLQJ�$VLD�3WH��/WG�/LWWHOO��0����������Science Integrated Course 2. 7HDFKHU¶V�(GLWLRQ��(YDQVWRQ��

,OOLQRLV��0F'RXJDO�/LWWHOO�/RR��.��:���/RR��:�<���6HH��7��:����������Physics Insights��3KLOLSSLQHV��3HDUVRQ�

(GXFDWLRQ�$VLD�3WH��/WG���3RSOH��6�� ��������Co-ordinated science: Physics. :DOWRQ�6W���2[IRUG��2[IRUG�

8QLYHUVLW\�3UHVV�5RELQVRQ��3�� � ��������Conceptual physics: Laboratory manual. Upper Saddle

5LYHU��1-��3UHQWLFH�+DOO��,QF�

8QLYHUVLW\�RI�WKH�3KLOLSSLQHV���1DWLRQDO�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6FLHQFH�DQG�0DWKHPDWLFV�(GXFDWLRQ�'HYHORSPHQW�����������Practical work in high school physics - A sourcebook for

teachers.���QG�HG����'LOLPDQ��4XH]RQ�&LW\��83�1,60('�3UHVV��

Electronic Sources:%HVVH�� -��� 3pWUpOLV�� )��� 9DOHW�� -�� 3�� ������� 2FWREHU� ����� 3ODWH� WHFWRQLFV�PD\�

FRQWURO�JHRPDJQHWLF�UHYHUVDO�IUHTXHQF\��Geophysical Research Letters.

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142

I. Introduction

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II. Learning Competencies/Objectives��� 7UDFH�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�WKHRU\�

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ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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Unit 2MODULE

2

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III. Pre-Assessment$��&KRRVH�WKH�OHWWHU�RI�WKH�FRUUHFW�DQVZHU�

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a. &RORU�b. Speed in vacuumc. :DYHOHQJWKd. 1RQH�RI�WKH�DERYH

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a. ����Pb. ����Pc. ����Pd. 444 m

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144

IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

The Electromagnetic Wave Theory

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� )RU� D� VWDUW�� OHW� XV� OHDUQ� KRZ� WKH� VWXG\� RI� WKH� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYHV�came to be.

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Activity 1

How it came about…The Electromagnetic Wave Theory

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Objectives:�� 0DWFK� WKH�VFLHQWLVWV�ZLWK� WKHLU� FRQWULEXWLRQV� WR� WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�

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Materials:• 1 white cartolina• 1 marker pen• 1 pencil with eraser• FRORULQJ�PDWHULDOV��RSWLRQDO�

Agreement:

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145

Procedure:,����0DWFK�WKH�VFLHQWLVWV�JLYHQ�EHORZ�ZLWK�WKHLU�FRQWULEXWLRQV�

Scientists ContributionsBBBBBB����$PSHUH D���&RQWULEXWHG�LQ�GHYHORSLQJ�HTXDWLRQV�WKDW�

�����VKRZHG�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�RI�HOHFWULFLW\�DQG���� magnetism

BBBBBB����)DUDGD\ E���6KRZHG�H[SHULPHQWDO�HYLGHQFH�RI� electromagnetic waves and their link to light

BBBBBB����+HUW] F���'HPRQVWUDWHG�WKH�PDJQHWLF�HIIHFW�EDVHG�RQ������WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�FXUUHQW

BBBBBB����0D[ZHOO G���)RUPXODWHG�WKH�SULQFLSOH�EHKLQG� electromagnetic induction.

BBBBBB����2HUVWHG H���6KRZHG�KRZ�D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�ZLUH� behaves like a magnet

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Guide Questions:

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146

The Electric and Magnetic Fields Together

Accelerating electrons produce electromagnetic waves. These waves DUH�D�FRPELQDWLRQ�RI�HOHFWULF�DQG�PDJQHWLF�¿HOGV��$�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SURGXFHV�DQ�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�DQG�D�FKDQJLQJ�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�SURGXFHV�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG���$V�DFFHOHUDWHG�HOHFWURQV�SURGXFH�DQ�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�RI�D�ZDYH��WKH�YDU\LQJ�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�SURGXFHV�WKH�ZDYH¶V�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG��%RWK�WKH�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�DQG�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�RVFLOODWH�SHUSHQGLFXODU�WR�HDFK�RWKHU�DQG�WR�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�propagating wave.

Figure 1.��(OHFWURPDJQHWLF�:DYH

All electromagnetic waves can travel through a medium but unlike other W\SHV�RI�ZDYHV�� WKH\�FDQ�DOVR� WUDYHO� LQ�YDFXXP��7KH\� WUDYHO� LQ�YDFXXP�DW�D�VSHHG�RI��;��8�P�V�DQG�GHQRWHG�DV�F�� WKH�VSHHG�RI� OLJKW��7KH�ZDYH�VSHHG��IUHTXHQF\��DQG�ZDYHOHQJWK�DUH�UHODWHG�E\�WKH�IROORZLQJ�HTXDWLRQ�

Y ȜI where v is the wave speed, or c� �VSHHG�RI� OLJKW��H[SUHVVHG�LQ�PHWHUV�SHU� VHFRQG�� WKH� IUHTXHQF\� I� LV� H[SUHVVHG� LQ�+HUW]� DQG� WKH�ZDYHOHQJWK� Ȝ is H[SUHVVHG�LQ�PHWHUV�

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� 7KURXJK� WKH� \HDUV�� WKH� DGYDQFHPHQW� RQ� WKH� NQRZOHGJH� DERXW�electromagnetic waves led us to a modern technological world.

147

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Check your understanding!Are these statements true? If not, correct them.

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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� )URP� DPRQJ� WKH� (0� ZDYHV�� WKH� JDPPD� UD\V� KDYH� SKRWRQV� RI� KLJK�energies while radio waves have photons with the lowest energies.

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148

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Figure 2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Table 1. The electromagnetic waves’ wavelengths, frequencies, and energiesEM Wave Wavelength (m) Frequenzy (Hz) Energy (J)Radio !���[����� ����[���� ����[������

Microwave ��[���������[����� ��[���������[���11 ��[�����������[������

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UV ��[����������[����� ����[���14�����[���16 ��[�����������[������

X-ray ��[�����������[����� ��[���16�����[����� ��[�����������[������

Gamma-ray ����[������ !���[����� !����[������

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Activity 2Now you go! Now you won’t!

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Material Does the car work?

(Y/N)

Time of Travel

Observations

DOXPLQXP�IRLOplastic wrapper

paper

ZD[�SDSHUcotton

rubber glove

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Guide Questions:

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Radio Waves

5DGLR�ZDYHV�KDYH�WKH�ORQJHVW�wavelength in the electromagnetic VSHFWUXP��7KH\�DUH�SURGXFHG�E\�making electrons vibrate in an DQWHQQD���7KH\�DUH�XVHG�WR�WUDQVPLW�VRXQG�DQG�SLFWXUH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�RYHU�long distances.

Figure 3. A radio

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Table 2. Radio waves FrequenciesBAND Frequency

RangeWavelength

RangeApplication

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� /RZ� IUHTXHQF\� ZDYHV� DUH� VXLWDEOH� IRU� FRPPXQLFDWLRQ� RYHU� JUHDW�GLVWDQFHV���%XW�WKH�FXUYDWXUH�RI�WKH�HDUWK�OLPLWV�WKH�UDQJH�WR�DERXW����NLORPHWHUV���7R�H[WHQG�WKH�UDQJH��D�UHSHDWHU�LV�XVHG���7KH�UHSHDWHU�UHFHLYHV�WKH�VLJQDO�DQG�UH�WUDQVPLWV�LW�WR�WKH�UHFHLYLQJ�VWDWLRQ� � +LJK�IUHTXHQF\�ZDYHV�FDQ�EH�UHÀHFWHG�E\�WKH�LRQRVSKHUH���7KLV�HQDEOHV�the waves to be transmitted over great distances.

152

� 0HGLXP�DQG�KLJK�IUHTXHQF\�ZDYHV�DUH�XVHG�IRU�EURDGFDVWLQJ�E\�ORFDO�UDGLR� VWDWLRQV�� ,Q� D� UDGLR� VWDWLRQ�� VRXQG� LV� FRQYHUWHG� E\� D�PLFURSKRQH� LQWR�SDWWHUQV�RI�HOHFWULF�FXUUHQW�YDULDWLRQV�FDOOHG�DXGLR�IUHTXHQF\��$)��VLJQDOV��+LJK�IUHTXHQF\�UDGLR�ZDYHV�FDOOHG�UDGLR�IUHTXHQF\��5)��FDUULHUV�FDQ�EH�PRGXODWHG�WR�PDWFK�WKH�HOHFWURQLF�VLJQDO��,Q�DPSOLWXGH�PRGXODWLRQ��WKH�DPSOLWXGH�RI�WKH�UDGLR�ZDYHV��5)�FDUULHU��FKDQJHV�WR�PDWFK�WKDW�RI�WKH�DXGLR�IUHTXHQF\�VLJQDO��7KLV�is used in standard broadcasting because it can be sent over long distances. 9HU\� KLJK� IUHTXHQF\� ZDYHV� SURYLGH� D� KLJKHU� TXDOLW\� EURDGFDVWLQJ� LQFOXGLQJ�VWHUHR�VRXQG��,Q�WKLV�SURFHVV��LQVWHDG�RI�WKH�DPSOLWXGH�RI�WKH�5)�FDUULHU��LW�LV�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�RI�WKH�ZDYHV�WKDW�FKDQJHV�WR�PDWFK�WKDW�RI�WKH�VLJQDO���7KLV�LV�FDOOHG�IUHTXHQF\�PRGXODWLRQ�

� 7U\� WKH� QH[W� DFWLYLW\� WR� OHDUQ� DERXW� WKH� SURGXFWLRQ�� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� DQG�UHFHSWLRQ�RI�UDGLR�ZDYHV�

Activity 3Sound check…

$GDSWHG�IURP��/LWWHOO��0F'RXJDO�6FLHQFH��,QWHJUDWHG�&RXUVH����7HDFKHU¶V�HGLWLRQ��0F'RXJDO�/LWWHOO��D�GLYLVLRQ�RI�+RXJKWRQ�0LIÀLQ�&RPSDQ\�&����

Objectives:�����3URGXFH�UDGLR�ZDYHV�• Detect radio waves.

Materials:• 7ZR������FP�FRSSHU�ZLUH• &�RU�'�EDWWHU\• electrical tape• PHWDO�IRUN• portable radio

Procedure:

1. 7DSH�RQH�HQG�RI�WKH�¿UVW�ZLUH�WR�RQH�HQG�RI�WKH�EDWWHU\��7DSH�RQH�HQG�RI�WKH�VHFRQG�ZLUH�WR�WKH�RWKHU�HQG�RI�WKH�EDWWHU\�

2. :UDS�WKH�ORRVH�HQG�RI�RQH�RI�WKH�ZLUHV�WLJKWO\�DURXQG�WKH�KDQGOH�RI�WKH�IRUN��

��� 7XUQ� RQ� WKH� UDGLR� WR� WKH�$0�EDQG�DQG�PRYH� WKH� VHOHFWRU� SDVW� DOO�VWDWLRQV�XQWLO�\RX�UHDFK�VWDWLF�

���

4. +ROG�WKH�IRUN�FORVH�WR�WKH�UDGLR��6WURNH�WKH�IUHH�HQG�RI�ZLUH�DFURVV�WKH�IRUN¶V�SURQJV�

5. $W�D�GLVWDQFH�RI����FP�IURP�WKH�UDGLR�VWURNH�DJDLQ�WKH�IUHH�HQG�RI�WKH�ZLUH�DFURVV�WKH�IRUNV¶�SURQJV�

6. 5HSHDW�VWHS���DW�D�GLVWDQFH����FP�IURP�WKH�UDGLR�

Guide Questions:� 4���:KDW�KDSSHQV�ZKHQ�\RX�VWURNH�WKH�SURQJV�ZLWK�WKH�ZLUH"

� 4���+RZ�GRHV�FKDQJLQJ�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DIIHFW�WKH�UHVXOWV"

� 4���:KDW�PLJKW�EH�WKH�FDXVH�ZKHQ�\RX�VRPHWLPHV�KHDU�VWDWLF�VRXQG�LQ������������������\RXU�UDGLR"�:KDW�FDQ�EH�GRQH�WR�UHVROYH�LW"

Activity 4Then there was sound…

$GDSWHG�IURP��$3(;�3K\VLFV�/3�&KDSWHU���/HVVRQ����6WXGHQW�$FWLYLW\����7KH�*HQHUDWLRQ��7UDQVPLVVLRQ��DQG�5HFHSWLRQ�RI�5DGLR�:DYHV

Objectives:• Describe how radio waves are generated, transmitted, and received.����1DPH�WKH�SDUWV�RI�WKH�UDGLR�WUDQVPLWWHU�DQG�UHFHLYHU�DQG�JLYH�WKH�����IXQFWLRQV�RI�HDFK�SDUW�

Materials:• ��VKHHWV�RI�0DQLOD�SDSHU• VWLFN\�WDSH�RU�SDVWH• �� HQYHORSHV� FRQWDLQLQJ� D� ZRUG� RU� SKUDVH� ZULWWHQ� LQ� FRORU�FRGHG�

SLHFHV�RI�SDSHU�light blue parts of the transmitter/receiver

pink waves

white linkages

Procedure:1. 2SHQ�WKH�HQYHORSH�ODEHOHG�transmitter.�$UUDQJH�WKH�VWULSV�RI�SDSHU�LQ�WKH�

order at which carrier waves are produced and then transmitted.

Blue Strips2VFLOODWRU�� PLFURSKRQH�� PRGXODWRU�� DPSOL¿HU�� EURDGFDVW� DQWHQQD��receiver antenna

154

Pink Strips6RXQG� ZDYHV�� FDUULHU�� DXGLR�� DPSOL¿HG� PRGXODWHG� FDUULHU� ZDYH��modulated radio

White strips$UH�IHG�WR�WKH����SLHFHV���*HQHUDWHV����SLHFHV���$UH�SLFNHG�XS�E\��$UH�VHQW�WR�WKH��,QFUHDVH�WKH�HQHUJ\�RI�WKH�FDUULHU�ZDYHV�DQG�EHFRPH��7UDQVIRUP� VRXQG� ZDYHV� WR� HOHFWULFDO� VLJQDO� WKHQ� WR�� 3XW� RXW� WKH�modulated carrier waves and pass them to the…

2. 2QFH�\RX�DUH�DOUHDG\�VXUH�RI�WKH�DUUDQJHPHQW��SDVWH�WKH�VWULSV�RQ�WKH�0DQLOD�SDSHU��OHDYLQJ�JDSV�EHWZHHQ�WKHP�

��� 'UDZ�DUURZV�EHWZHHQ�VWULSV�RI�SDSHU�WR�VKRZ�WKH�URXWH�RI�WKH�VRXQG�DQG�carrier waves in the transmitter. Then choose the correct linkages.

4. 2SHQ� WKH� HQYHORSH� ODEHOHG� UHFHLYHU� DQG� DUUDQJH� WKH� VWULSV� RI� SDSHU�RQ�WKH�RWKHU�0DQLOD�SDSHU�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�KRZ�WKH�WUDQVPLWWHG�ZDYHV�DUH�received.

5. )ROORZ�WKH�VDPH�SURFHGXUH�DV�LQ�VWHSV���DQG���Blue stripsWXQHU��UHFHLYHU�DQWHQQD��DPSOL¿HU��GHPRGXODWLRQ��ORXGVSHDNHU

Pink stripsIUHTXHQF\�RI�WKH�ZHDN�PRGXODWHG�FDUULHU�ZDYHV��VRXQG�VLJQDOV�DQG�FDUULHU�ZDYHV��VRXQG��VRXQG

White strips3DVVHV�WKH����SLHFHV���7KHQ�WR��6HOHFWV�WKH��&RQYHUWV�VRXQG�VLJQDO�WR��5HPRYHV�WKH�FDUULHU�ZDYHV�OHDYLQJ�RQO\�WKH��,QFUHDVHV�WKH�HQHUJ\�RI�

6. 6KRZ�WKH�FRQWLQXRXV�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�RI�ZDYHV�WKURXJK�GLUHFWLRQDO�DUURZV�

7. 3RVW�\RXU�¿QLVKHG�ZRUN�RQ�WKH�ERDUG�DQG�H[SODLQ�

Guide Questions:

� 4���:KDW�FRPPRQ�SUREOHPV�FRXOG�DULVH�GXULQJ�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�DQG������������������UHFHSWLRQ�RI�UDGLR�ZDYHV"�([SODLQ�WKH�SRVVLEOH�FDXVH�V�RI�WKRVH problems.

155

Microwaves

� 0LFURZDYHV�KDYH�VPDOOHU�ZDYHOHQJWKV�WKDQ�UDGLR�ZDYHV��7KH\�DUH�XVHG�in satellite communications, radar, television transmission and cooking.

Applications of MicrowavesSatellite Communications

� 0LFURZDYHV� FDQ� SHQHWUDWH� WKH� DWPRVSKHUH� RI� WKH� HDUWK�� � 7KLV� LV� WKH�UHDVRQ� ZK\� WKH\� DUH� XVHG� IRU� VDWHOOLWH� FRPPXQLFDWLRQV�� &RPPXQLFDWLRQ�VDWHOOLWHV�WUDYHO�DURXQG�WKH�HDUWK�DW�DQ�DOWLWXGH�RI���������NP�DERYH�WKH�HTXDWRU��7KH\�PRYH�DW�D�VSHHG�RI��������NP�K�DQG�UHYROYH�DURXQG�WKH�HDUWK�HYHU\����KRXUV�� WKH� VDPH� UDWH� DV� WKH� URWDWLRQ� RI� WKH�HDUWK��7KLV�PDNHV� WKHP�DSSHDU�WR�EH�VWDWLRQDU\�ZKHQ�VHHQ�RQ�(DUWK��$QWHQQDH�DUH�PRXQWHG�WR�SRLQW�LQ�¿[HG�GLUHFWLRQV�WRZDUGV�WKHVH�VDWHOOLWHV���0LFURZDYHV�VLJQDOV�DUH�WUDQVPLWWHG�E\�DQ�DQWHQQD�WR�D�VDWHOOLWH�ZKLFK�DPSOL¿HV�DQG�UH�WUDQVPLWV�WKH�VLJQDO�WR�DQ�DQWHQQD�LQ�RWKHU�SDUWV�RI�WKH�ZRUOG���7KLV�LV�KRZ�ZH�FRPPXQLFDWH�ZLWK�WKH�UHVW�RI�WKH�world.

KWWS���ZZZ�HVD�LQW�2XUB$FWLYLWLHV�1DYLJDWLRQ�*DOLOHRBVDWHOOLWHBVHWBIRUBQHZBRUELW�Figure 4. An orbiting satellite

Radar

KWWS���SK\V�RUJ�QHZV���������QDVD�NDERRP�H[SHULPHQWDO�DVWHURLG�UDGDU�KWPOFigure 5. A radar

156

� 0LFURZDYHV�KDYH�VKRUW�ZDYHOHQJWKV�DQG�DUH�UHÀHFWHG�E\�VPDOO�REMHFWV���7KLV�SURSHUW\�LV�XVHG�LQ�UDGDUV��5DGDU�LV�WKH�DFURQ\P�RI�UDGLR�GHWHFWLRQ�DQG�ranging.�$�UDGDU�V\VWHP�LV�FRQVLVWV�RI�DQ�DQWHQQD��WUDQVPLWWHU��DQG�D�UHFHLYHU���7KH�DQWHQQD�ZKLUOV�DURXQG�FRQWLQXRXVO\� WR�VFDQ� WKH�VXUURXQGLQJ�DUHD�� �7KH�WUDQVPLWWHU�VHQGV�RXW�D�QDUURZ�EHDP�RI�PLFURZDYHV�LQ�VKRUW�SXOVHV���$�GLVWDQW�REMHFW�UHÀHFWV�VRPH�RI�WKH�VLJQDO�EDFN�WR�WKH�UHFHLYHU��7KH�GLUHFWLRQ�WR�ZKLFK�WKH�VLJQDO�ZDV�UHFHLYHG�JLYHV�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�REMHFW��7KH�GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�REMHFW�FDQ�EH�FDOFXODWHG�IURP�WKH�WLPH�ODJ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�WUDQVPLWWHG�SXOVH�DQG�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�SXOVH�

Terrestrial Communication

� 0LFURZDYHV� DUH� XVHG� WR� WUDQVPLW�WHOHYLVLRQ� QHZV� FRYHUDJH� IURP� PRELOH�broadcast vehicles back to the station. The news crew can also set up a small antenna to send signals to a communication satellite. This is how news are broadcasted and watched live around the world.

Figure 6. A Television set

A cell phone is a radio transmitter and receiver that uses microwaves. &HOOXODU� SKRQHV� GHSHQG� RQ� RYHUODSSLQJ� QHWZRUN� RI� FHOOV� RU� DUHDV� RI� ODQG�several kilometres in diameter. Each cell has its tower that receives and sends PLFURZDYH�VLJQDOV���7KH�¿JXUH�EHORZ�ZLOO�JLYH�\RX�IXUWKHU�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RQ�WKH�process.

Figure 7. 7UDQVPLVVLRQ�DQG�UHFHSWLRQ�RI�VLJQDOV�E\�D�FHOOXODU�SKRQH

157

Microwave oven

� ,Q�D�PLFURZDYH�RYHQ��IRRGV�DEVRUE�FHUWDLQ�PLFURZDYH�IUHTXHQFLHV�YHU\�VWURQJO\���7KH�PLFURZDYHV�SHQHWUDWH�WKH�IRRG�EHLQJ�KHDWHG��,W�ZLOO�DJLWDWH�WKH�ZDWHU�PROHFXOHV�ZLWKLQ� WKH� IRRG�� WKXV� FUHDWLQJ�PROHFXODU� IULFWLRQ�ZKLFK� WKHQ�produces heat that will cook it.

KWWS���OLQPDEHOWHFK�FRP�"DWWDFKPHQWBLG ���Figure 8. A microwave oven

The next activity will give you an idea about the next type of EM wave, the

infrared wave.

Activity 5It’s getting hotter

Objectives:• 'LVFRYHU�LQIUDUHG�DQG�LWV�HIIHFW�• ([SODLQ�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�IUHTXHQF\�DQG�WKH�HQHUJ\�FDUULHG�

E\�DQ�(0�ZDYH�

Materials:• prism• ��DOFRKRO�WKHUPRPHWHUV�ZLWK�EODFNHQHG�EXOE• sunlight

Procedure:1. 7KLV�H[SHULPHQW�PXVW�EH�GRQH�LQ�VXQOLJKW�2. 7DNH� WKH� LQLWLDO� UHDGLQJV� RI� WKH� WKUHH� WKHUPRPHWHUVH� ZKLOH� LQ� WKH�

VKDGH��5HFRUG�\RXU�UHDGLQJV�LQ�D�GDWD�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�WKH�WDEOH�EHORZ���� /HW�WKH�VXQOLJKW�SDVV�WKURXJK�WKH�SULVP�WR�VSOLW�WKH�VXQ¶V�ZKLWH�OLJKW�

into its component colors.4. 3RVLWLRQ�RQH�WKHUPRPHWHU�LQ�WKH�EOXH�UHJLRQ�5. 3RVLWLRQ�DQRWKHU�WKHUPRPHWHU�LQ�WKH�\HOORZ�UHJLRQ��6. 3RVLWLRQ�WKH�ODVW�WKHUPRPHWHU�MXVW�EHORZ�WKH�UHG�UHJLRQ�

158

7. 0HDVXUH�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�HYHU\�DIWHU���PLQXWHV�IRU����PLQXWHV�8. 5HFRUG� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH� UHDGLQJV� LQ� WKH� WKUHH� UHJLRQV� LQ� WKH� WDEOH�

below.

Time

Temperature Readings1st Thermometer

(Blue Region)2nd Thermometer(Yellow Region)

3rd Thermometer(Red Region)

��� 2 minutes

4 minutes

6 minutes

8 minutes

���PLQXWHV

Guide Questions:� ��4�����'LG�\RX�VHH�DQ\�WUHQG"�([SODLQ�LI�WKHUH�LV�DQ\��

� 4������:KDW�GLG�\RX�QRWLFH�DERXW�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�UHDGLQJV"

� 4������,Q�ZKLFK�UHJLRQ�KDYH�\RX�UHFRUGHG�WKH�KLJKHVW�WHPSHUDWXUH�DIWHU� �������������PLQXWHV"

� 4������:KDW�GR�\RX�WKLQN�H[LVWV�MXVW�EH\RQG�WKH�UHG�SDUW�RI�WKH�VSHFWUXP"

� 4������'LVFXVV�DQ\�RWKHU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RU�SUREOHPV�

Infrared

� ,QIUDUHG�UDGLDWLRQ�OLHV�EH\RQG�WKH�UHG�HQG�RI�WKH�YLVLEOH�OLJKW��,W�LV�HPLWWHG�E\�DOO�REMHFWV���7KH�DPRXQW�DQG�ZDYHOHQJWK�RI�UDGLDWLRQ�GHSHQG�RQ�WHPSHUDWXUH���%HORZ����R&��DQ�REMHFW�HPLWV�RQO\�LQIUDUHG�UDGLDWLRQ��$ERYH����R&��DQ�REMHFW�JORZV�DQG�HPLWV�ERWK�LQIUDUHG�DQG�VRPH�YLVLEOH�OLJKW�

� 2XU�ERGLHV�UDGLDWH�LQIUDUHG�DQG�XQGHU�LQIUDUHG�FDPHUD�RU�D�QLJKW�YLVLRQ�JRJJOH��RXU�LPDJHV�DSSHDU�LQ�YDULHW\�RI�FRORUV��7KH�GLIIHUHQFHV�LQ�FRORU�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�GLIIHUHQFHV�LQ�WHPSHUDWXUH��)RU�H[DPSOH��VKDGHV�RI�EOXH�DQG�JUHHQ�LQGLFDWH�UHJLRQV�RI�FROGHU�WHPSHUDWXUH��DQG�UHG�DQG�\HOORZ�LQGLFDWH�ZDUPHU�WHPSHUDWXUH�

���

Figure 9.�,QIUDUHG�LPDJH�RI�D�GRJ

� ,Q�)LJXUH����WKH�GRJ�LV�FRYHUHG�ZLWK�WKLFN�FRDW�RI�IXU�WKDW�SUHYHQWV�WKH�KHDW�JHQHUDWHG�E\�WKH�GRJ¶V�ERG\�IURP�HVFDSLQJ���1RWLFH�WKDW�WKH�GRJ¶V�QRVH�LV�FROG�ZKLOH�WKH�H\HV�DQG�PRXWK�DUHDV�DUH�ZDUP�

7KH�IROORZLQJ�DUH�VRPH�XVHIXO�DSSOLFDWLRQV�RI�,5�UDGLDWLRQ�

1. ,QIUDUHG�SKRWRJUDSKV�WDNHQ�IURP�D�VDWHOOLWH�ZLWK�VSHFLDO�¿OPV�SURYLGH�XVHIXO�GHWDLOV�RI�WKH�YHJHWDWLRQ�RQ�WKH�(DUWK¶V�VXUIDFH�

2. ,QIUDUHG�VFDQQHUV�DUH�XVHG�WR�VKRZ�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�YDULDWLRQ�RI�WKH�ERG\��7KLV�FDQ�EH�XVHG�IRU�PHGLFDO�GLDJQRVLV�

��� ,QIUDUHG�UHPRWH�FRQWUROV�DUH�XVHG�LQ�79V��YLGHR��FDVVHWWH�UHFRUGHUV��and other electronic appliances.

4. 6RPH�QLJKW�YLVLRQ�JRJJOHV�XVH�,5�5. 6RPH�DXWRIRFXV�FDPHUDV�KDYH� WUDQVPLWWHU� WKDW�VHQGV�RXW� LQIUDUHG�

SXOVHV���7KH�SXOVHV�DUH�UHÀHFWHG�E\�WKH�REMHFW�WR�EH�SKRWRJUDSKHG�EDFN�WR�WKH�FDPHUD��7KH�GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�REMHFW�LV�FDOFXODWHG�E\�WKH�WLPH�ODJ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�VHQGLQJ�DQG�UHFHLYLQJ�RI�SXOVHV���7KH�OHQV�LV�WKHQ�GULYHQ�E\�D�EXLOW�LQ�PRWRU�WR�DGMXVW�WR�JHW�WKH�FRUUHFW�IRFXV�RI�WKH�object.

���

The Visible Spectrum � :KHQ�ZKLWH�OLJKW�SDVVHV�WKURXJK�D�SULVP��LW�LV�VHSDUDWHG�LQWR�LWV�FRQVWLWXHQW�FRORUV��WKH�UHG��RUDQJH��\HOORZ��JUHHQ��EOXH��LQGLJR�DQG�YLROHW���7KHVH�FRORUV�GR�QRW�GLVWLQFWO\�VHSDUDWH�EXW� WKH\�FRQWLQXRXVO\�FKDQJH�IURP�UHG�WR�YLROHW�� �5HG�FRORU�KDV�WKH�ORQJHVW�ZDYHOHQJWK�IURP�DPRQJ�WKHVH�FRORUV�DQG�YLROHW�KDV�WKH�shortest.

Figure 10. The Visible Spectrum

� 2XU�H\HV�DUH�VHQVLWLYH� WR�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYHV�RI�ZDYHOHQJWKV� WKDW�UDQJHV�IURP��[�����P�WR��[�����P���7KLV�LV�WKH�UDQJH�RI�ZDYHOHQJWKV�RI�ZKLWH�OLJKW��7KXV��WKH�VSHFWUXP�RI�ZKLWH�OLJKW�LV�WKHUHIRUH�FDOOHG�WKH�YLVLEOH�VSHFWUXP��7DEOH���VKRZV�WKH�ZDYHOHQJWKV�RI�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�FRORUV�WKDW�FRQVWLWXWH�WKH�ZKLWH�light.

Table 3. The Wavelength of the Different Colors of LightColor Wavelength (nm)

9LROHW���,QGLJR ����WR����%OXH ����WR����

Green ����WR����<HOORZ ����WR����2UDQJH ����WR����5HG ����WR����

� 7KH� QH[W� DFWLYLW\� LQWURGXFHV� WKH� QH[W� SDUW� RI� WKH� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�VSHFWUXP���3HUIRUP�WKLV�DFWLYLW\�WR�KDYH�D�GHHSHU�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�DERXW�WKLV�NLQG�RI�(0�ZDYH��7KLV�DFWLYLW\�VKRXOG�EH�GRQH�HDUO\�LQ�WKH�PRUQLQJ�VR�DV�WR�H[SRVH�WKH�PDWHULDO�WKURXJKRXW�WKH�GD\�

161

Activity 6Screen the UV out

Objectives:����%ORFN�89�UD\V�RI�WKH�VXQ�����'LVFRYHU�WKH�HIIHFWV�RI�89�UD\V�

Materials:• =LSORF�VQDFN�EDJ• newspaper• VXQVFUHHQ�VXQEORFN• black construction paper• permanent marker

Procedure:1. &XW�D�SLHFH�RI�QHZVSDSHU�WR�¿W�VQXJO\�LQVLGH�D�=LSORF�VQDFN�EDJ��2. 2XWVLGH�WKH�VQDFN�EDJ��GUDZ�WZR�OLQHV�ZLWK�D�PDUNHU�GLYLGLQJ�WKH�EDJ�

LQWR�WKUHH�HTXDO�SDUWV�IURP�WKH�WRS�RI�WKH�EDJ�WR�WKH�ERWWRP���� $SSO\�D�WKLQ�FRDW�RI�VXQVFUHHQ�LQ�WKH�OHIWPRVW�SDUW��4. &RYHU�WKH�PLGGOH�SDUW�ZLWK�EODFN�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�SDSHU��5. 7KH�ULJKW�SDUW�VKRXOG�EH�OHIW�IXOO\�H[SRVHG�6. 3ODFH�WKH�VQDFN�EDJV�LQ�D�SODFH�IXOO\�H[SRVHG�WR�VXQOLJKW�7. 5HFRYHU�WKH�VQDFN�EDJV�LQ�WKH�DIWHUQRRQ�

Guide Questions:� 4����+RZ�GRHV�WKH�QHZVSULQW�YDU\�LQ�WKH�WKUHH�GLYLVLRQV�RI�WKH�QHZVSDSHU"

� 4����:KDW�GRHV�WKLV�LQGLFDWH"

� 4����+RZ�GRHV�WKLV�UHDOL]DWLRQ�LPSDFW�WR�\RXU�SHUVRQDO�OLIH"

([WHQVLRQ�$FWLYLW\��)RU�D�PRUH�QRWLFHDEOH�UHVXOW��FRQWLQXH�H[SRVLQJ�WKH�PDWHULDO�IRU�VHYHUDO�GD\V�

� 3HUIRUP� WKH� VDPH� DFWLYLW\� GXULQJ� D� FORXG\� GD\� RU� LQVLGH� WKH� KRXVH���2EVHUYH�DQG�FRPSDUH�WKH�GHJUHH�RI�HIIHFW�WR�WKDW�GXULQJ�D�EULJKW�VXQQ\�GD\�

Ultraviolet Radiation

� 8OWUDYLROHW�UDGLDWLRQ�OLHV�MXVW�EH\RQG�WKH�YLROHW�HQG�RI�WKH�YLVLEOH�VSHFWUXP���8OWUDYLROHW�ZDYHV�KDYH�VKRUWHU�ZDYHOHQJWKV�WKDQ�WKH�YLVLEOH�OLJKW�DQG�FDUU\�PRUH�HQHUJ\���

162

Some Uses of UV Radiation

� 7KH�VXQ� LV�RXU�PDLQ� VRXUFH�RI� XOWUDYLROHW� UDGLDWLRQ�EXW� WKHUH�DUH�DOVR�DUWL¿FLDO� VRXUFHV� RI� 89� OLJKW�� 8OWUDYLROHW� UDGLDWLRQ� LQ� 89� ODPSV� DUH� XVHG� E\�banks to check the signature on a passbook. The signature is marked on WKH�SDVVERRN�ZLWK�ÀXRUHVFHQW�LQN���,W�EHFRPHV�YLVLEOH�ZKHQ�YLHZHG�XQGHU�DQ�XOWUDYLROHW�ODPS���7KHVH�ODPSV�DUH�DOVR�XVHG�WR�LGHQWLI\�IDNH�EDQNQRWHV��

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Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight produces vitamin D in the skin and gives XV�WDQQLQJ�HIIHFW��%XW�VLQFH�89�UD\V�KDYH�KLJK�HQHUJ\��LW�FRXOG�EH�KDUPIXO�WR�VRPH�H[WHQW�� ,W� FRXOG�EXUQ� WKH�VNLQ�DQG�KXUW�RXU�H\HV��2YHUH[SRVXUH� WR�89�UDGLDWLRQ�PD\�FDXVH�VNLQ�FDQFHU���6XQWDQ�RU�VXQVFUHHQ�ORWLRQV�VHUYH�DV�¿OWHUV�WR�SURWHFW�WKH�ERG\�IURP�XOWUDYLROHW�UDGLDWLRQ�

X-rays� ;�UD\V�FRPH�MXVW�DIWHU�WKH�XOWUDYLROHW�UD\V���7KH\�DUH�RI�VKRUWHU�ZDYHOHQJWK�EXW�FDUULHV�KLJKHU�HQHUJ\�WKDQ�WKH�89�

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Figure 11.�$Q�;�UD\�¿OP

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Gamma Rays

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V. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback

• $�ZDYH�LV�D�GLVWXUEDQFH�WKDW�WUDQVIHUV�HQHUJ\�• -DPHV� &OHUN� 0D[ZHOO� IRUPXODWHG� WKH� (OHFWURPDJQHWLF� :DYH� 7KHRU\�

ZKLFK� VD\V� WKDW� DQ� RVFLOODWLQJ� HOHFWULF� FXUUHQW� VKRXOG� EH� FDSDEOH� RI�UDGLDWLQJ�HQHUJ\�LQ�WKH�IRUP�RI�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYHV�

• +HLQULFK�+HUW]�GLVFRYHUHG�WKH�+HUW]LDQ�ZDYHV�ZKLFK�LV�QRZ�NQRZQ�DV�radio waves.

• +HUW]�LV�WKH�XQLW�XVHG�WR�PHDVXUH�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�RI�ZDYHV�• (OHFWURPDJQHWLF��(0��ZDYHV�KDYH�XQLTXH�SURSHUWLHV�

Ź (0�ZDYHV�FDQ�WUDYHO�WKURXJK�D�YDFXXP� Ź (0�ZDYHV�WUDYHO�DW�WKH�VSHHG�ZKLFK�LV�FRQVWDQW�LQ�D�JLYHQ�PHGLXP�DQG�KDV�D�YDOXH�RI�F� �����[�����P�V�LQ�YDFXXP�

Ź (0�ZDYHV�DUH�GLVWXUEDQFHV�LQ�D�¿HOG�UDWKHU�WKDQ�LQ�D�PHGLXP� Ź (0�ZDYHV�KDYH�DQ�HOHFWULF�¿HOG� WKDW� WUDYHOV�SHUSHQGLFXODU�ZLWK�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�

Ź (0�ZDYHV�IRUP�ZKHQ�PRYLQJ�FKDUJHG�SDUWLFOHV�WUDQVIHU�HQHUJ\�WKURXJK�D�¿HOG�

• 0RVW�(0�ZDYHV�DUH�LQYLVLEOH�WR�WKH�H\H�EXW�GHWHFWDEOH��2QO\�WKH�YLVLEOH�OLJKW�LV�VHHQ�E\�KXPDQV�

• :DYHV� LQ� WKH� (0� VSHFWUXP� LQFOXGH� WKH� IROORZLQJ� IURP� WKH� ORQJHVW�wavelength to the shortest wavelength.

Ź 5DGLR�ZDYHV Ź 0LFURZDYHV Ź ,QIUDUHG�ZDYHV Ź Visible light Ź Ultraviolet Ź ;�UD\V Ź *DPPD�UD\V

� 7KH�RUGHU�DOVR�VKRZV�WKH�LQFUHDVLQJ�IUHTXHQF\�DQG�HQHUJ\�RI�WKH�(0�waves.

164

• 7KH� ZDYHV� LQ� WKH� YDULRXV� UHJLRQV� LQ� WKH� (0� VSHFWUXP� VKDUH� VLPLODU�SURSHUWLHV�EXW�GLIIHU� LQ�ZDYHOHQJWK�� IUHTXHQF\��HQHUJ\��DQG�PHWKRG�RI�production.

• 7KH�UHJLRQV�LQ�WKH�(0�VSHFWUXP�KDYH�YDULRXV�XVHV�DQG�DSSOLFDWLRQV�DV�IROORZV�

EM Wave Applications / Uses5DGLR�ZDYHV 5DGLR�DQG�WHOHYLVLRQ�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ0LFURZDYHV Satellite television and communication

,QIUDUHG�ZDYHV 5HPRWH�FRQWURO��KRXVHKROG�HOHFWULFDO�appliances

Visible light $UWL¿FLDO� OLJKWLQJ�� RSWLFDO� ¿EHUV� LQ�PHGLFDO� XVHV�� VFUHHQ� RI� HOHFWURQLF�devices

Ultraviolet 6WHULOL]DWLRQ��)OXRUHVFHQFH;�UD\V 0HGLFDO�XVH��HQJLQHHULQJ�DSSOLFDWLRQV*DPPD�UD\V 0HGLFDO�WUHDWPHQW

• (DFK� W\SH�RI�(0�ZDYH�SRVHV�D�FHUWDLQ�GHJUHH�RI� ULVN�DQG�GDQJHU� WR�people and environment.

165

VI. Summative Assessment

$��0XOWLSOH�&KRLFH���&KRRVH�WKH�OHWWHU�RI�WKH�FRUUHFW�DQVZHU�

������� :KLFK�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYH�FDUULHV�PRUH�HQHUJ\�WKDQ�WKH�RWKHUV"a. microwavesb. radio wavesc. UV radiationd. visible light

������� :KDW�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYH�LV�VRPHWLPHV�FDOOHG�KHDW�UD\V"a. JDPPD�UD\Vb. LQIUDUHGc. radio wavesd. visible light

������� :KDW�LV�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�UDQJH�RI�89�UDGLDWLRQ"a. ����[��������[���11�+]b. ����[���11�����[���114�+]c. ����[���14�����[���16�+]d. ����[���16�����[������+]

������� :KDW�LV�WKH�UDQJH�RI�IUHTXHQFLHV�DUH�RXU�H\HV�VHQVLWLYH�WR"a. ��[���������[���11�+]b. ��[���11�����[���14�+]c. ��[���14 ������[���14�+]d. ����[���14�����[���16�+]

������� :KDW�LV�WKH�ZDYHOHQJWK�RI�WKH�ZDYH�ZLWK�D�IUHTXHQF\�RI���[�����+]"a. ����[����� mb. ����[���1 mc. ����[����� md. ����[���2 m

%��%HORZ�DUH�WKH�DSSOLFDWLRQV�RI�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYHV��6WDWH�WKH�W\SH�RI electromagnetic wave used in each application.

1. Satellite communications������� 7H[WLQJ������� 79�EURDGFDVWLQJ������� 5DGDU������� &KHFNLQJ�EDQNERRN�VLJQDWXUH

166

&��$QVZHU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�TXHVWLRQV�EULHÀ\�

1. 'HVFULEH� WKH� PDWKHPDWLFDO� UHODWLRQVKLS� EHWZHHQ� IUHTXHQF\� DQG�wavelength.

2. :KDW�LV�WKH�IXQFWLRQ�RI�D�WRZHU�LQ�FHOO�SKRQH�RSHUDWLRQ"��� :KDW�GRHV�D�UDGLR�WUDQVPLWWHU�GR"4. +RZ�FDQ�LQIUDUHG�UDGLDWLRQ�EH�GHWHFWHG�LI�FDQQRW�EH�VHHQ"5. :K\�DUH�KLJK�IUHTXHQF\�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYHV�OLNH�JDPPD�UD\V�KDUPIXO�

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Glossary of Terms

Electromagnetic wave D�GLVWXUEDQFH�LQ�D�¿HOG�WKDW�FDUULHV�HQHUJ\�DQG�does not require a medium to travel

Frequency QXPEHU� RI� F\FOHV� D� ZDYH� FRPSOHWHV� LQ� RQH�VHFRQG��H[SUHVVHG�LQ�+HUW]

Radar VKRUW�IRU�UDGLR�GHWHFWLQJ�DQG�UDQJLQJ��$�ZD\�RI�GHWHFWLQJ� DLUFUDIWV� DQG� VKLSV� IURP� D� GLVWDQFH�and estimating their locations

Radio Receivers receives radio waves and convert them back to sounds

Radio Transmitter DWWDFKHV� LQIRUPDWLRQ� WR� WKH� UDGLR� VLJQDO� E\�modulating it

Wavelength WKH� GLVWDQFH� PHDVXUHG� IURP� RQH� FUHVW� RI� D�ZDYH�WR�WKH�QH[W�FUHVW�RU�IURP�RQH�WKURXJK�WR�the second through

167

References and Links

Printed Materials:

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Electronic Sources:

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168

I. Introduction,Q� WKH�SUHYLRXV�PRGXOH��\RX� OHDUQHG�DERXW�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�VSHFWUXP���

<RX�JDLQHG�DQ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYHV�DQG�WKHLU�EHQH¿WV���2QH�RI�WKH�PRVW�FRPPRQ�DPRQJ�WKHVH�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYHV�LV�WKH�visible light.

,Q� WKLV� PRGXOH�� \RX� ZLOO� VWXG\� WZR� RI� WKH� SURSHUWLHV� RI� YLVLEOH� OLJKW� ��UHÀHFWLRQ�DQG�UHIUDFWLRQ���$�FORVHU�ORRN�LQWR�WKHVH�SURSHUWLHV�ZLOO�EH�GRQH�WKURXJK�GLIIHUHQW�REVHUYDEOH�H[DPSOHV�DQG�H[SHULPHQWDWLRQV�XVLQJ�PLUURUV�DQG�OHQVHV���$V� \RX�ZDON� WKURXJK� WKH� SDJHV� RI� WKLV�PRGXOH�� \RX�ZLOO� EH� DEOH� WR� XVH� WKH�ODZV�RI�UHÀHFWLRQ�DQG�UHIUDFWLRQ�LQ�RUGHU�WR�GHVFULEH�DQG�H[SODLQ�KRZ�LPDJHV�DUH� IRUPHG�E\�PLUURUV�DQG� OHQVHV�� �<RX�ZLOO� DOVR�EH�DEOH� WR� VROYH�SUREOHPV�SHUWDLQLQJ�WR�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DQG�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�PLUURUV�DQG�lenses.

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LIGHT: MIRRORS & LENSES

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Unit 2MODULE

3

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II. Learning Competencies/Objectives

1. 3UHGLFW�WKH�TXDOLWDWLYH�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV��ORFDWLRQ��RULHQWDWLRQ��W\SH��DQG�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ��RI� LPDJHV� IRUPHG�E\�SODQH�DQG�FXUYHG�PLUURUV�DQG�lenses.

2. 'HWHUPLQH�WKH�TXDQWLWDWLYH�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV��ORFDWLRQ��RULHQWDWLRQ��W\SH��DQG�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ��RI� LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�SODQH�DQG�FXUYHG�PLUURUV��and lenses.

3. Distinguish between converging and diverging mirrors and lenses.4. $SSO\� UD\� GLDJUDPPLQJ� WHFKQLTXHV� LQ� GHVFULELQJ� WKH� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�

DQG�SRVLWLRQV�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�PLUURUV�DQG�OHQVHV�5. Derive the mirror and lens equations.6. ,GHQWLI\�ZD\V�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�SURSHUWLHV�RI�PLUURUV�DQG�OHQVHV�GHWHUPLQH�

WKHLU�XVH�LQ�RSWLFDO�LQVWUXPHQWV��H�J���FDPHUDV�DQG�WHOHVFRSHV��

III. Pre-Assessment

Directions���&KRRVH�WKH�OHWWHU�RI�WKH�FRUUHFW�DQVZHU�

1. <RX�VHH�WKH�UHÀHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�FORFN�ZLWKRXW�QXPEHUV�LQ�\RXU�SODQH�PLUURU��7KH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�E\�WKH�KDQGV�RI�WKH�FORFN�VKRZV�WKH�WLPH�RI�������:KDW�LV�WKH�UHDO�WLPH"a. ����b. ����c. ����d. �����

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5. =HG�VWDQGV�����P�WDOO� LQ� IURQW�RI�D�SODQH�PLUURU��:KDW� LV� WKH�KHLJKW�RI�KLV�LPDJH"a. 4.5 mb. ����Pc. ����Pd. 1.5 m

6. $�OLJKW�UD\��WUDYHOLQJ�SDUDOOHO�WR�D�FRQFDYH�PLUURU¶V�D[LV��VWULNHV�WKH�PLUURU¶V�VXUIDFH���7KH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\�BBBBBBBBBB�a. SDVVHV�WKURXJK�WKH�PLUURU¶V�IRFDO�SRLQWb. DJDLQ�WUDYHOV�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�PLUURU¶V�D[LV�c. WUDYHOV�DW�ULJKW�DQJOHV�WR�WKH�PLUURU¶V�D[LV�d. SDVVHV�WKURXJK�WKH�PLUURU¶V�FHQWHU�RI�FXUYDWXUH�

7. $Q�REMHFW�LV�SODFHG�EHWZHHQ�D�FRQFDYH�PLUURU�DQG�LWV�IRFDO�SRLQW���:KDW�LV�WKH�W\SH�DQG�RULHQWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG"a. virtual and inverted b. real and invertedc. virtual and erect d. real and erect

8. :KDW�NLQG�RI�PLUURU�LV�XVHG�LQ�DXWRPRELOHV�DQG�WUXFNV�WR�JLYH�WKH�GULYHU�D�ZLGHU�DUHD�DQG�VPDOOHU�LPDJH�RI�WUDI¿F�EHKLQG�KLP"a. 3ODQH�PLUURUb. &RQYH[�PLUURUc. &RQFDYH�PLUURUd. 1RQH�RI�WKH�DERYH

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171

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a. HUHFW��PDJQL¿HG��DQG�YLUWXDOb. LQYHUWHG��PDJQL¿HG��DQG�UHDOc. inverted, reduced, and reald. erect, reduced, and real

11. $�ZKLWH�VKHHW�RI�SDSHU�FDQQRW�DFW�DV�PLUURU�EHFDXVH�LW�BBBBBBBBBBBB�WKH�UD\V�RI�OLJKW�a. GLIIUDFWVb. GLIIXVHVc. LQWHUIHUHVd. UHIUDFW

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14. �:KLFK�RI�WKH�IROORZLQJ�LV�DUH�WUXH�RI�D�FRQFDYH�PLUURU"I. ,W�ZLOO�QHYHU�IRUP�D�UHDO�LPDJHII. $Q�LQYHUWHG�LPDJH�ZLOO�EH�IRUPHG�LI�WKH�REMHFW�GLVWDQFH�LV�

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15. $�OLJKW�UD\��WUDYHOLQJ�SDUDOOHO�WR�D�FRQFDYH�OHQV¶�D[LV�DQG�VWULNHV�WKH�OHQV��ZLOO�UHIUDFW�DQGBBBBBBBBBB�a. SDVV�WKURXJK�WKH�OHQV¶�IRFDO�SRLQWb. WUDYHO�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LVc. continue to travel in the same directiond. WUDYHO�DW�ULJKW�DQJOHV�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV

16. :KDW�NLQG�RI�LPDJH�LV�IRUPHG�E\�FRQFDYH�OHQVHV"a. DOZD\V�UHDOb. DOZD\V�YLUWXDOc. FRXOG�EH�UHDO�RU�YLUWXDO��GHSHQGV�RQ�WKH�GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�REMHFW�IURP�WKH�

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17. 6XQ¶V�UD\V�DUH�REVHUYHG�WR�IRFXV�DW�D�SRLQW�EHKLQG�D�OHQV��:KDW�NLQG�RI�OHQV�ZDV�XVHG"a. &RQYHUJLQJ�/HQVb. Diverging Lensc. )RFXVLQJ�/HQVd. 1RQH�RI�WKH�DERYH

18. 7KLV�RSWLFDO�LQVWUXPHQW�XVHV���FRQYH[�OHQVHV�WR�PDNH�D�VPDOOHU�REMHFW�ODUJHU�a. &DPHUDb. 0LFURVFRSHc. 2VFLOORVFRSHd. Telescope

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IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

5HÀHFWLRQ�RI�/LJKW�LQ�0LUURUV

+DYH�\RX�QRWLFHG�WKH�ZRUG�³$0%8/$1&(´�LQ�DQ�DPEXODQFH�FDU"�+RZ�LV�LW�ZULWWHQ"��'LG�\RX�HYHU�ZRQGHU�ZK\�LW�LV�ZULWWHQ�WKDW�ZD\"�<RX�ZLOO�¿QG�WKH�DQVZHUV�WR�WKHVH�TXHVWLRQV�DV�\RX�JR�WKURXJK�WKLV�PRGXOH��7U\�WKH�IROORZLQJ�DFWLYLW\�WR�VWXG\�RQH�RI�WKH�SURSHUWLHV�RI�OLJKW�

Activity 1Mirror, mirror, on the wall…

Objectives:• Determine tKH�KHLJKW��ZLGWK��DQG�WKH�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�RI�WKH�

LPDJH�IRUPHG�E\�SODQH�PLUURUV�• &RPSDUH�WKH�DFWXDO�KHLJKW��ZLGWK�DQG�WKH�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�RI�

WKH�REMHFW�ZLWK�WKDW�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�E\�SODQH�PLUURU�

Materials:• ������FP�[����FP��SODQH�PLUURU�• 1 graphing paper• ���RQH±SHVR�FRLQV• PRGHOLQJ�FOD\• pen

Procedure:1. /HW�WKH�PLUURU�VWDQG�YHUWLFDOO\�DORQJ�D�OLQH�RQ�D�JUDSKLQJ�SDSHU�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�

)LJXUH����8VH�WKH�PRGHOLQJ�FOD\�WR�VXSSRUW�WKH�SODQH�PLUURU���

Figure 1. $�3ODQH�0LUURU�RQ�D�*UDSKLQJ�3DSHU�

2. 8VLQJ�D�SHQ��PDNH�WKUHH�����GLIIHUHQW�PDUNV�DORQJ�WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQV�RQ�WKH�JUDSKLQJ�SDSHU�LQ�IURQW�RI�D�PLUURU�

0RGHOLQJ�FOD\

0LUURU

174

3. 0HDVXUH�WKH�GLVWDQFH�RI�HDFK�PDUN�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�E\�FRXQWLQJ�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�SDUDOOHO�OLQHV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PDUN�DQG�WKH�EDVH�RI�WKH�SODQH�PLUURU���5HFRUG�\RXU�GDWD�LQ�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH���EHORZ�

4. /RRN�DW�WKH�LPDJHV�RI�WKH�PDUNV�IRUPHG�E\�WKH�PLUURU��0HDVXUH�WKH�GLVWDQFH�RI� HDFK� LPDJH� IURP� WKH�PLUURU� E\� FRXQWLQJ� WKH� QXPEHU� RI� SDUDOOHO� OLQHV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�LPDJH�DQG�WKH�EDVH�RI�WKH�PLUURU���5HFRUG�WKLV�DOVR�LQ�7DEOH���

Table 1. Distance of the Object and Image from the Mirror

MarkNumber of Parallel Lines

%HWZHHQ�WKH�0DUN�DQG�WKH�0LUURU

%HWZHHQ�WKH�,PDJH�DQG�WKH�0LUURU

0DUN��0DUN��0DUN��

� 4����5HIHU�WR�7DEOH����FRPSDUH�WKH�GLVWDQFH��QXPEHU�RI�SDUDOOHO�OLQHV��IURP� � �����WKH�PLUURU�RI�WKH�REMHFW�ZLWK�WKDW�RI�WKH�LPDJH�

5. 6WDFN����SLHFHV�RI�RQH�SHVR�FRLQ�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�SODQH�PLUURU�DV�LQ�)LJXUH�����8VLQJ�D�UXOHU��PHDVXUH�WKH�KHLJKW�DQG�ZLGWK�RI�WKH�VWDFN�RI�FRLQV��0HDVXUH�DOVR�WKH�KHLJKW�DQG�ZLGWK�RI� WKH� LPDJH�DV�VHHQ�RQ�WKH�PLUURU��(QWHU�\RXU�measurements in a table similar to Table 2.

Figure 2. 6WDFN�RI�&RLQV�,Q�IURQW�RI�WKH�3ODQH�0LUURU

Table 2. Height and Width of Object and ImageDescription Object Image+HLJKW��FP�:LGWK��FP�

4����+RZ�GR�WKH�KHLJKW�DQG�ZLGWK�RI�WKH�REMHFW�FRPSDUH�ZLWK�WKH�KHLJKW�DQG��������ZLGWK�RI�WKH�LPDJH"

175

5HÀHFWLRQ�LV�WKH�ERXQFLQJ�RII�RI�OLJKW�UD\V�ZKHQ�LW�KLWV�D�VXUIDFH�OLNH�D�SODQH�PLUURU�� � ,Q� WKH�DFWLYLW\�� \RX�XVHG�SODQH�PLUURUV� DQG� ORFDWHG� WKH�REMHFW�distance, p and the image distance, q�DQG�IRXQG�RXW�WKDW�S�LV�HTXDO�WR�T���,Q�SODQH�PLUURUV��WKH�LPDJH�DSSHDUV�DV�LI�LW�LV�EHKLQG�WKH�PLUURU�EXW�DFWXDOO\�QRW��VR�WKH�LPDJH�LV�YLUWXDO��7KH�YDOXH�WKHUHIRUH�RI�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH��T�LV�QHJDWLYH���7KH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�LPDJH��h’�LQ�SODQH�PLUURUV�LV�DOZD\V�WKH�VDPH�DV�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�REMHFW��WKXV�LWV�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ��M�LV����7KH�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�IRUPXOD�LV�ZULWWHQ�EHORZ�

7R�OHDUQ�PRUH�DERXW�UHÀHFWLRQ�RI�OLJKW�LQ�SODQH�PLUURUV��WU\�WKH�QH[W�DFWLYLW\���+RZHYHU��KHUH�DUH�VRPH�LPSRUWDQW�WHUPV�ZKLFK�\RX�QHHG�WR�XQGHUVWDQG�¿UVW�

Incident Ray��7KH�UD\�RI�OLJKW�DSSURDFKLQJ�WKH�PLUURU�UHSUHVHQWHG�E\�DQ�arrow approaching an optical element like mirrors.

5HÀHFWHG�5D\��7KH�UD\�RI�OLJKW�ZKLFK�OHDYHV� WKH�PLUURU� DQG� LV� UHSUHVHQWHG� E\� DQ�DUURZ�SRLQWLQJ�DZD\�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�

Normal Line���$Q�LPDJLQDU\�OLQH��������ODEHOHG�1�LQ����)LJXUH����WKDW�FDQ�EH�GUDZQ�SHUSHQGLFXODU�WR�WKH�VXUIDFH�RI�WKH�PLUURU�DW�WKH�SRLQW�RI��������LQFLGHQFH�ZKHUH�WKH�UD\�strikes the mirror.

7KH�DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�LQFLGHQW�UD\�DQG�WKH�QRUPDO�OLQH�LV�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�DQJOH�RI�LQFLGHQFH��Ԧi��7KH�DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\�DQG�WKH�QRUPDO�LV�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�DQJOH�RI�UHÀHFWLRQ��Ԧr.

Figure 3. 5HÀHFWLRQ�RI�D�/LJKW�5D\�RQ�D�3ODQH�0LUURU

176

Activity 2$QJOH�RI�,QFLGHQFH�YV��$QJOH�RI�5HÀHFWLRQ

Objectives:• &RPSDUH�WKH�DQJOH�RI�UHÀHFWLRQ�DQG�WKH�DQJOH�RI�LQFLGHQFH�• 6WDWH�RQH�RI�WKH�ODZV�RI�UHÀHFWLRQ�

Materials:• 1 plane mirror• ��ORZ�±�IUHTXHQF\�ODVHU��ODVHU�SHQ�ODVHU�SRLQWHU• ��SDSHU�SURWUDFWRU��VHH�$SSHQGL[�$�

Procedure:1. /HW� WKH�PLUURU� VWDQG� YHUWLFDOO\� DORQJ� WKH� HGJH� RI� WKH� SDSHU� SURWUDFWRU� DV�

VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����8VH�WKH�FOD\�WR�VXSSRUW�WKH�SODQH�PLUURU��

Figure 4.�$�3ODQH�PLUURU�RQ�D�SDSHU�SURWUDFWRU

2. 3RVLWLRQ�WKH�ODVHU�EHDP�VXFK�WKDW�LW�KLWV�WKH�PLUURU�DW�DQ�DQJOH�RI���o with the QRUPDO�OLQH��0HDVXUH�WKH�DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\�DQG�WKH�QRUPDO�OLQH��5HFRUG�\RXU�PHDVXUHPHQW�LQ�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH�����

3. 0DNH�WKUHH�WULDOV�DQG�JHW�WKH�DYHUDJH�4. 5HSHDW� VWHSV� �� WR� �� IRU� DQJOHV� ��o�� ��o�� ��o�� DQG� ��o�� (QWHU� DOO� \RXU�

PHDVXUHPHQWV�LQ�7DEOH���

7DEOH�����$QJOHV�RI�,QFLGHQFH�DQG�5HÀHFWLRQ

Angle of Incidence$QJOH�RI�5HÀHFWLRQ

Trial 1 Trial 2 7ULDO�� Ave.

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,Q�WKH�DFWLYLW\��\RX�IRXQG�RXW�WKDW�WKH�DQJOH�RI�LQFLGHQFH��Ԧi��LV�HTXDO�WR�WKH�DQJOH�RI�UHÀHFWLRQ��Ԧr���

,Q�V\PEROV�Ԧi = Ԧr

7KLV�LV�RQH�RI�WKH�ODZV�RI�UHÀHFWLRQ��7KH�RWKHU�ODZ�VWDWHV�WKDW���

³7KH�QRUPDO�OLQH��LQFLGHQW�UD\��DQG�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\�OLH�RQ�WKH�VDPH�plane.”

5HÀHFWLRQ�RI�OLJKW�LV�HPSOR\HG�VLJQL¿FDQWO\�LQ�PDNLQJ�RSWLFDO�LQVWUXPHQWV�OLNH�SHULVFRSHV���3HULVFRSHV�DOORZ�VHD�QDYLJDWRUV�LQ�D�VXEPDULQH�WR�VHH�WKH�VXUIDFH�RI�WKH�water.

7U\�WKH�QH[W�DFWLYLW\�WR�IXUWKHU�LQYHVWLJDWH�WKH�UHÀHFWLRQ�RI�OLJKW�LQ�SODQH�PLUURUV

Activity 3

Mirror Left-Right Reversal

Objectives:• 'HVFULEH�WKH�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�SODQH�PLUURU�• 6KRZ�DQ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�UHYHUVDO�HIIHFW�LQ�PLUURUV�E\�ZULWLQJ�ODWHUDOO\�

inverted letters and words.

Materials:• alphabet chart• 1 plane mirror

Procedure:1. 3ODFH� WKH� DOSKDEHW� FKDUW� LQ� IURQW� RI� WKH� SODQH�PLUURU�� � ,GHQWLI\� DOO� FDSLWDO�

OHWWHUV�LQ�WKH�DOSKDEHW�WKDW�FDQ�EH�UHDG�SURSHUO\�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�PLUURU�2. :ULWH�DW�OHDVW���ZRUGV��DOO�LQ�FDSLWDO�OHWWHUV��WKDW�FDQ�EH�UHDG�SURSHUO\�ERWK�

ZLWK�D�PLUURU�DQG�ZLWKRXW�D�PLUURU�LQ�IURQW�RI�LW�

178

� 4����:KDW�DUH�WKH�OHWWHUV�RI�WKH�DOSKDEHW��LQ�FDSLWDO��WKDW�FDQ�EH�UHDG�������������������SURSHUO\�LQ�IURQW�RI�D�PLUURU"

� 4����7KLQN�RI�ZRUGV��LQ�FDSLWDO�OHWWHUV��WKDW�FDQ�EH�UHDG�SURSHUO\�ERWK�ZLWK�������������������D�PLUURU�DQG�ZLWKRXW�D�PLUURU���:KDW�DUH�WKHVH�ZRUGV"

� 4����:ULWH�WKH�VHQWHQFH�EHORZ�RQ�D�FOHDU�VKHHW�RI�SDSHU�LQ�VXFK�D�ZD\�������������������WKDW�LW�FDQ�EH�UHDG�SURSHUO\�LQ�IURQW�RI�D�PLUURU�

+RQHVW\�LV�WKH�EHVW�SROLF\�

Mirror Left-Right Reversal

)LJXUH� �� VKRZV� D� JLUO� FRPELQJ� KHU� KDLU� ZLWK�KHU�OHIW�KDQG���+RZHYHU��LQ�KHU�LPDJH��\RX�ZLOO�QRWLFH�that she is combing her hair with her right hand. This HIIHFW� LV�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�PLUURU� OHIW�ULJKW�UHYHUVDO��7KH�OHIW�VLGH�RI�WKH�REMHFW�DSSHDUV�DV�WKH�ULJKW�VLGH�RI�WKH�LPDJH� DQG� WKH� ULJKW� VLGH� DSSHDUV� DV� WKH� OHIW�� 7KLV�DOVR�H[SODLQV�ZK\�WKH�ZRUG�³$0%8/$1&(´�LQ�DQ�DP�EXODQFH�FDU�LV�ÀLSSHG��� � 'R�WKH�QH[W�DFWLYLW\�WR�OHDUQ�PRUH�DERXW�UHÀHFWLRQ�RI�OLJKW��WKLV�WLPH�XVLQJ�WZR�SODQH�PLUURUV���<RX�ZLOO�H[SORUH�KRZ�WKH�DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WZR�SODQH�PLUURUV�DIIHFWV�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�

Activity 4

Who wants to be a Millionaire?

Objectives:• ,GHQWLI\�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�DQG�

the angle between the two mirrors.• 8VH� WKH� JDWKHUHG� GDWD� WR� GHULYH� WKH� IRUPXOD� IRU� GHWHUPLQLQJ� WKH�

QXPEHU� RI� LPDJHV� IRUPHG�ZKHQ� WZR�PLUURUV� DUH� NHSW� DW� D� FHUWDLQ�angle.

Materials:• ��RQH�SHVR�FRLQ• 1 paper protractor• 2 plane mirrors

Figure 5.�0LUURU�/HIW�5LJKW�5HYHUVDO�

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Procedure:

1. 3ODFH� WZR�SODQH�PLUURUV�DW�DQ�DQJOH�RI���o� DQG�SODFH� WKH�RQH�SHVR�FRLQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PLUURUV�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH���

Figure 6.�7ZR�SODQH�PLUURUV�DW����GHJUHH�DQJOH

2. &RXQW�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG���5HFRUG�WKLV�LQ�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH�4 below.

��� 7U\�WR�YDU\�WKH�DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PLUURUV�

4���:KDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�DV�\RX�YDU\�WKH������������������DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PLUURUV"

4. 6HW� WKH� DQJOH� EHWZHHQ� WKH� PLUURUV� WR� ��o�� &RXQW� DQG� UHFRUG� DJDLQ� WKH�QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG��

5. 'R�DJDLQ�VWHS���IRU�DQJOHV���o�DQG���o. Enter all the values in a table similar to Table 4

Table 4. Number of Images FormedAngle Number of Images��o

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45o

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� ��4����5HIHU�WR�7DEOH�����:KDW�UHODWLRQVKLS�H[LVWV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�QXPEHU�RI���������������������LPDJHV�IRUPHG�DQG�WKH�DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WZR�PLUURUV"�

� 4�����8VH�WKH�GDWD�LQ�7DEOH���WR�GHULYH�WKH�IRUPXOD�IRU�GHWHUPLQLQJ�WKH���������������������QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�WZR�PLUURUV"

� 4�����+RZ�VKRXOG�WKH�PLUURUV�EH�DUUDQJHG�VXFK�WKDW�DQ�LQ¿QLWH�QXPEHU��������������������RI�LPDJHV�ZLOO�EH�IRUPHG�RU�VHHQ"�

���

Multiple Images

� +DYH� \RX� VHHQ� D� ORW� RI� PRQH\� LQ� \RXU�SUHYLRXV�DFWLYLW\"�0XOWLSOH�LPDJHV�DUH�IRUPHG�E\�WKH� UHÀHFWLRQ� WKDW� KDSSHQV�ZKHQ� DUUDQJLQJ� DW�OHDVW�WZR�PLUURUV���)LJXUH���VKRZV�WKUHH�LPDJHV�RI�D� WR\�FDU� LQ� IURQW�RI� WZR�PLUURUV�DW���o. The QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV��1��FDQ�EH�GHWHUPLQHG�XVLQJ�WKH�IRUPXOD�1� ������DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PLUURU�������3DUDOOHO�PLUURUV�RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG�SURGXFH�LQ¿QLWH�QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV���

5HÀHFWLRQ�QRW�RQO\�KDSSHQV�RQ�D�VPRRWK�VXUIDFH�OLNH�SODQH�PLUURUV��EXW�DOVR�KDSSHQV�RQ� URXJK�VXUIDFHV��7KLV� LV�ZK\� UHÀHFWLRQ� LV�FODVVL¿HG� LQWR� WZR�W\SHV�

7\SHV�RI�5HÀHFWLRn:

1. 6SHFXODU��5HJXODU�5HÀHFWLRQ���7KLV�LV�D�UHÀHFWLRQ�RI�OLJKW�RQ�VPRRWK�VXUIDFHV�VXFK�DV�PLUURUV�RU�D�FDOP�ERG\�RI�ZDWHU���$Q�H[DPSOH�RI�WKLV�LV�WKH�LPDJH�RI�WKH�0D\RQ�YROFDQR�RQ�D�FDOP�ZDWHU�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH��E�

� � � �D�� � � � � �����E�6RXUFHV��KWWS���ZZZ�RUFDJURZ¿OP�FRP�$UWLFOHV�DVS",' �����KWWS���ZZZ�ZDOOSDSHUXS�FRP��������ODQGVFDSHBQDWXUHBWUHHVBPRXQWDLQB0RXQWB0D\RQB3KLOLSSLQHVB/X]RQB

UHÀHFWLRQBYROFDQRBJ�KWPOFigure 8. 6SHFXODU�5HÀHFWLRQ����D���3DUDOOHO�OLJKW�UD\V�UHÀHFW�LQ�RQH�GLUHFWLRQ��E���0D\RQ�

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2. 'LIIXVHG�,UUHJXODU�5HÀHFWLRQ��7KLV�LV�D�UHÀHFWLRQ�RI�OLJKW�RQ�URXJK�VXUIDFHV�VXFK�DV�FORWKLQJ��SDSHU��ZDY\�ZDWHU��DQG�WKH�DVSKDOW�URDGZD\���$Q�H[DPSOH�RI� WKLV� LV� WKH� LPDJH�RI�D�PRXQWDLQ�RQ�D�ZDY\�ERG\�RI�ZDWHU�DV�VKRZQ� LQ�)LJXUH��E�

Figure 7.�0XOWLSOH�,PDJHV�)RUPHG�E\�7ZR�3ODQH�0LUURUV�DW���oAngle

181

� � � �D�� � � � � �����E�6RXUFHV��KWWS���ZZZ�RUFDJURZ¿OP�FRP�$UWLFOHV�DVS",' �����KWWS���ZZZ�ZDOOSDSHUXS�

FRP�������VXQVHWBPRXQWDLQVBUHÀHFWLRQ�KWPOFigure 9.��'LIIXVHG�5HÀHFWLRQ���D��3DUDOOHO�OLJKW�UD\V�UHÀHFW�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�GLUHFWLRQV����E��$�

PRXQWDLQ�DQG�LWV�UHÀHFWLRQ�RQ�ZDY\�ZDWHU

7KH�IROORZLQJ�OHVVRQ�SUHVHQWV�D�VSHFXODU��UHJXODU�UHÀHFWLRQ��EHFDXVH�LW�KDSSHQV�RQ�D�VPRRWK�VXUIDFH��EXW�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\V�GR�QRW�IROORZ�RQH�GLUHFWLRQ���:K\�LV�WKDW�VR"��/HW�XV�¿QG�RXW�

5HÀHFWLRQ�RQ�6SKHULFDO�0LUURUV

/RRN�DW� \RXU� UHÀHFWLRQ�RQ�D�VKLQ\�PHWDO� VSRRQ�� ,V� \RXU� UHÀHFWLRQ� WKH�VDPH�RQ�WKH�WZR�VXUIDFHV�RI�WKH�VSRRQ"�+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�FRPSDUH�\RXU�UHÀHFWLRQ�RQ�WKH�WZR�VXUIDFHV�RI�WKH�VSRRQ"��7KLV�LV�D�UHÀHFWLRQ�RQ�FXUYHG�PLUURUV�

$�FXUYHG�PLUURU�LV�D�UHÀHFWLQJ�VXUIDFH�LQ�ZKLFK�LWV�VXUIDFH�LV�D�VHFWLRQ�RI�VSKHUH��7KHUH�DUH�WZR�NLQGV�RI�FXUYHG�PLUURUV��WKH�FRQFDYH�DQG�WKH�FRQYH[�PLUURUV���$�VSRRQ�LV�D�NLQG�RI�D�FXUYHG�PLUURU�ZLWK�ERWK�FRQFDYH�DQG�FRQYH[�VXUIDFHV�

Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors: ���7KH�&RQFDYH�0LUURU�

• It is a curved mirror in ZKLFK�WKH�UHÀHFWLYH�VXUIDFH�EXOJHV�DZD\�IURP�WKH� OLJKW�source.

• ,W� LV� FDOOHG� &RQYHUJLQJ�0LUURU�EHFDXVH�WKH�SDUDOOHO�LQFLGHQW� UD\V� FRQYHUJH� RU�PHHW�LQWHUVHFW� DW� D� IRFDO�SRLQW�DIWHU�UHÀHFWLRQ�

Figure 10. 3DUDOOHO� UD\V�FRQYHUJH�DIWHU� UHÀHFWLRQ�on a concave mirror

182

���7KH�&RQYH[�0LUURU• It is a curved mirror

LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�UHÀHFWLYH�VXUIDFH�EXOJHV�WRZDUGV�WKH�light source.

• ,W�LV�FDOOHG�'LYHUJLQJ�0LUURU��because the parallel LQFLGHQW�UD\V�GLYHUJH�DIWHU�UHÀHFWLRQ��:KHQ�H[WHQGLQJ�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\V�EHKLQG�WKH�PLUURU��WKH�UD\V�FRQYHUJH�DW�WKH�IRFXV�behind the mirror.

7R�NQRZ�PRUH�DERXW�FXUYHG�PLUURUV�DQG�KRZ�LPDJHV�DUH�IRUPHG�ZKHQ�REMHFWV�DUH�SODFHG�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKHP��WU\�$FWLYLW\���EHORZ��

Activity 5

Images Formed by Curved Mirrors

Objective:'HVFULEH�WKH�ORFDWLRQ��VL]H��DQG�RULHQWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�curved mirrors.

Materials:• Improvised optical bench apparatus• &XUYHG�PLUURU��FRQFDYH�DQG�FRQYH[�• 0LUURU�VWDQG• Screen or white cardboard• )ODVKOLJKW• 0HWHU�VWLFN• 6KHHW�RI�SDSHU��FRORUHG�EODFN�

Procedure:1. &XW�D�8�VKDSHG�REMHFW�IURP�D�FDUWROLQD�ZLWK�D�VL]H�WKDW�¿WV�WKH�JODVV�FRYHU�

RI�WKH�ÀDVKOLJKW���$WWDFK�WKH�8�VKDSHG�REMHFW�WR�WKH�FRYHU�RI�WKH�ÀDVKOLJKW��5HIHU�WR�)LJXUH������

Figure 11. 3DUDOOHO�OLJKW�UD\V�GLYHUJH�DIWHU�UHÀHFWLRQ�RQ�D�FRQYH[�PLUURU

���

2. 3RVLWLRQ�WKH�FRQFDYH�PLUURU�LQWDFW�ZLWK�WKH�PLUURU�VWDQG�DW�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WZR�PHWHU�VWLFNV�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����EHORZ�

��� 0DUN�WKH�LPSURYLVHG�RSWLFDO�EHQFK�RU�PHWHU�VWLFNV�DW�WKH�IROORZLQJ�SRLQWV���

WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW�)��VHH�WKH�VSHFL¿HG�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RQ�ODEHO�RI�WKH�PLUURU���DQG�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�FXUYDWXUH��&�ZKLFK�LV�HTXDO�WR��)�

4. 3ODFH�WKH�ÀDVKOLJKW�DW�D�GLVWDQFH�IDUWKHU�WKDQ�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�FXUYDWXUH��&�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�PLUURU�

5. $OORZ�WKH�OLJKW�UD\V�FRPLQJ�IURP�WKH�ÀDVKOLJKW�WR�VWULNH�WKH�PLUURU�6. 3ODFH�D�VFUHHQ��D�ZKLWH�FDUGERDUG��DW�D�GLVWDQFH�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�PLUURU��0RYH�

WKH�VFUHHQ�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�GLVWDQFHV�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�PLUURU�XQWLO�D�FOHDU�DQG�VKDUS�LPDJH�RI�WKH�8�VKDSH�LV�IRUPHG�RQ�WKH�VFUHHQ��1RWH�WKH�VL]H�DQG�ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG��RQ�WKH�VFUHHQ��

7. 'R�WKH�VDPH�WKLQJ�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�REMHFW�E\�PRYLQJ�WKH�ÀDVKOLJKW�DW�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�FXUYDWXUH�&��QHDU�WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW��)�DW�WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW��DQG�EHWZHHQ�WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW�DQG�WKH�PLUURU��

Figure 12.�$�8�VKDSHG�REMHFW�DWWDFKHG�WR�WKH�ÀDVKOLJKW�

Figure 13. 6HW�XS�IRU�&XUYHG�0LUURU�([SHULPHQW�

184

� 4����:KDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKH�VL]H�DQG�ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LPDJH�ZKHQ�\RX��������������������EULQJ�WKH�ÀDVKOLJKW�QHDUHU�WR�WKH�FRQFDYH�PLUURU"

8. 5HSHDW�VWHSV�������DQG���XVLQJ�D�FRQYH[�PLUURU���7KLV�WLPH��\RX�ZLOO�QRW�XVH�WKH�VFUHHQ���/RRN�WKURXJK�WKH�FRQYH[�PLUURU�WR�VHH�WKH�LPDJH��

�����������4����:KDW�LV�WKH�JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ�IURP�WKH�QDWXUH�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\��������������������FRQYH[�PLUURU�DQG�FRQFDYH�PLUURU"

7KLV�DFWLYLW\�LV�DGDSWHG�IURP�/HVVRQ�3ODQV�LQ�6FLHQFH�,9��8QLW�,,�(QHUJ\�LQ�WKH�(QYLURQPHQW��$FWLYLW\�����,PDJHV�)RUPHG�E\�&XUYHG�0LUURUV��

,Q�$FWLYLW\���XVLQJ�D�FRQFDYH�PLUURU��\RX�REVHUYHG�WKDW�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�RQ�

WKH�VFUHHQ�DUH�LQYHUWHG���,PDJHV�IRUPHG�RQ�D�VFUHHQ��DIWHU�UHÀHFWLRQ��DUH�FDOOHG�UHDO�LPDJHV�EHFDXVH�WKH\�DUH�IRUPHG�E\�WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�UHDO�UHÀHFWHG�UD\V��

$�YLUWXDO�LPDJH��RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��GRHV�QRW�IRUP�RQ�D�VFUHHQ�EHFDXVH�D�YLUWXDO�LPDJH�LV�IRUPHG�E\�WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�QRQ�UHDO�UD\V�

Images Formed by Curved Mirrors

� ,Q�ORFDWLQJ�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�LQ�FXUYHG�PLUURU�JUDSKLFDOO\��WKUHH�LPSRUWDQW�SRLQWV�DUH�FRQVLGHUHG���7KH�IROORZLQJ�LPSRUWDQW�SRLQWV�DUH�HQXPHUDWHG�EHORZ�

(a)

Figure 14. �&XUYHG�0LUURUV��D��&RQFDYH�0LUURU��E��&RQYH[�0LUURU

(b)

• &HQWHU�RI�&XUYDWXUH��C���WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�VSKHUH�RI�which the mirror is part. Its GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�LV�known as the radius.

• 9HUWH[��V���WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�mirror.

• )RFDO�3RLQW��)RFXV��F���WKH�SRLQW�EHWZHHQ�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�FXUYDWXUH�DQG�YHUWH[��,WV�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�LV�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK��f.

Principal axisPrincipal axis

185

The ‘Four Principal Rays’ in Curved Mirrors

� ,PDJHV�IRUPHG�LQ�D�FXUYHG�PLUURU�FDQ�EH�ORFDWHG�DQG�GHVFULEHG�WKURXJK�UD\�GLDJUDPPLQJ���7KH�3�±�)�UD\��)�±�3�UD\��&�±�&�UD\��DQG�WKH�9�UD\�DUH�WKH�µ)RXU�3ULQFLSDO�5D\V¶� LQ�FXUYH�PLUURUV�� �7KHVH�UD\V��DSSOLHG� IRU�FRQFDYH�DQG�FRQYH[�PLUURUV��DUH�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�7DEOH���

Table 5. The ‘Four Principal Rays’ on Concave and Convex MirrorsConcave Mirror (Converging

Mirror) Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)

1. �3�±�)�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�LV�UHÀHFWHG�passing through the principal IRFXV��)�

1. 3�±�)�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�LV�UHÀHFWHG�DV�LI�SDVVLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�SULQFLSDO�IRFXV��)�

2. )�±�3�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDVVLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�IRFXV��)�LV�UHÀHFWHG�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�

2. �)�±�3�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�GLUHFWHG�WRZDUGV�WKH�IRFXV��)�LV�UHÀHFWHG�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�

actual UHÀHFWHG�UD\

LPDJLQDU\�H[WHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\

LPDJLQDU\�H[WHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\

actual UHÀHFWHG�UD\

186

3. �&�±�&�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDVVLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�FXUYDWXUH��&�UHÀHFWV�EDFN�DORQJ�LWV�RZQ�SDWK����

3. &�±�&�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�GLUHFWHG�WRZDUGV�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�FXUYDWXUH��&�UHÀHFWV�EDFN�DORQJ�LWV�RZQ�SDWK����

4. �9�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�GLUHFWHG�WR�WKH�YHUWH[�UHÀHFWV�DW�HTXDO�DQJOH�IURP�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV

4. 9�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�GLUHFWHG�WR�WKH�YHUWH[�UHÀHFWV�DW�HTXDO�DQJOH�IURP�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�

,Q�GHWHUPLQLQJ�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DQG�QDWXUH�RI�WKH�LPDJH�JUDSKLFDOO\��WKH�µ)RXU�3ULQFLSDO�5D\V¶�DUH�XVHG��5D\�GLDJUDPPLQJ�LV�XVHG�LQ�WKH�JUDSKLFDO�PHWKRG�RI�ORFDWLQJ�WKH�LPDJH��7KH�IROORZLQJ�DUH�UD\�GLDJUDPPLQJ�VWHSV�XVLQJ�WKH�µ)RXU�3ULQFLSDO�5D\V¶�LQ�GHWHUPLQLQJ�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DQG�WKH�QDWXUH�RI�WKH�LPDJH�RI�DQ�REMHFW�IRUPHG�E\�FRQFDYH�PLUURU�DQG�FRQYH[�PLUURU���

1. )URP�WKH�REMHFW��GUDZ�WKH�¿UVW�UD\��3�±�)�UD\���)URP�WKH�VDPH�SRLQW�RQ�WKH�REMHFW��GUDZ�WKH�VHFRQG��)�±�3�UD\��� WKLUG��&�±�&�UD\���DQG�IRXUWK��9�UD\��UD\V�

2. 7KH� LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI� WKH� IRXU� UD\V� LV� WKH� LPDJH�SRLQW�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKH�REMHFW�SRLQW���)RU�H[DPSOH�� LI�\RX�VWDUWHG�GLDJUDPPLQJ�IURP�WKH�WLS�RI�WKH�DUURZ�VKDSHG�REMHFW��WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\V�LV�DOVR�WKH�WLS�RI�WKH�DUURZ�VKDSHG�LPDJH��7KXV��\RX�FDQ�GHWHUPLQH�FRPSOHWHO\�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DQG�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�WKH�LPDJH�

actual UHÀHFWHG�UD\ LPDJLQDU\�

H[WHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\

LPDJLQDU\�H[WHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\

actual UHÀHFWHG�UD\

187

��� )RU�D�FRQYH[�PLUURU��OLJKW�UD\V�GLYHUJH�DIWHU�UHÀHFWLRQ�DQG�FRQYHUJH�IURP�D�SRLQW�WKDW�VHHPV�WR�EH�EHKLQG�WKH�PLUURU��YLUWXDO�IRFXV���EXW�WKH�SURFHGXUH�IRU�ORFDWLQJ�LPDJHV�LV�WKH�VDPH�DV�IRU�FRQFDYH�PLUURU�

� ,Q�WKH�QH[W�DFWLYLW\��\RX�ZLOO�XVH�WKH�VWHSV�GHVFULEHG�DERYH�WR�ORFDWH�DQG�GHVFULEH�WKH�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�FRQFDYH�DQG�FRQYH[�PLUURUV�WKURXJK�JUDSKLFDO�PHWKRG���7R�GR�WKLV��DOZD\V�VWDUW�E\�GUDZLQJ�WKH�FXUYHG�PLUURU�DQG�LWV�SULQFLSDO�D[LV��WKHQ�LGHQWLI\�WKH�)�DQG�&�RQ�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV���1H[W�LV�WR�GUDZ�WKH�REMHFW�WKHQ�GLDJUDP�WKH�UD\V�IURP�WKH�REMHFW��

Activity 6

$UH�\RX�/�2�6�7�DIWHU�5HÀHFWLRQ"

Objective:&RQVWUXFW�UD\�GLDJUDPV�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�ORFDWLRQ��RULHQWDWLRQ��VL]H��DQG�W\SH�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�FXUYHG�PLUURU�

Materials:• 3URWUDFWRU�DQG�UXOHU• 6KHHWV�RI�SDSHU�

Procedure:1. 8VLQJ�WKH�SURWUDFWRU�DQG�WKH�UXOHU��FRS\�HDFK�RI�WKH�GLDJUDPV��$�±�*��EHORZ�

RQ�D�VHSDUDWH�VKHHW�RI�SDSHU���$V�PXFK�DV�SRVVLEOH��XVH�WKH�IRXU�SULQFLSDO�UD\V�WR�ORFDWH�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�LQ�D�FXUYHG�PLUURU��

&RQFDYH�0LUURUA. %�

188

&� D.

E.

&RQYH[�0LUURU)� G.

2. 8VH�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH���EHORZ�WR�VXPPDUL]H�WKH�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�DQG�

ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�

���

Table 6. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Curved Mirrors

Location of Object

ImageLocation Orientation

(upright or LQYHUWHG�

SL]H�(same, reduced or HQODUJHG�

T\SH��UHDO�RU�YLUWXDO�

&21&$9(A. )DUWKHU�WKDQ�WKH�

&HQWHU�RI�&XUYDWXUHB. $W�WKH�&HQWHU�RI�

&XUYDWXUHC. %HWZHHQ�WKH�&HQWHU�

RI�&XUYDWXUH�DQG�WKH�)RFDO�SRLQW

D. $W�WKH�)RFDO�SRLQWE. %HWZHHQ�WKH�)RFDO�

SRLQW�DQG�WKH�&HQWHU�RI�WKH�OHQV��9HUWH[�

&219(;F. )DUWKHU�WKDQ�&�LQ�

IURQW�RI�WKH�0LUURUG. %HWZHHQ�)�DQG�9�LQ�

IURQW�RI�WKH�0LUURU

� 4�����5HIHU�WR�7DEOH����+RZ�GRHV�WKH�ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�REMHFW�DIIHFW�WKH��������������������FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�DQG�ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�LQ�D�FRQFDYH��������������������PLUURU"�&RQYH[�PLUURU"

� 4����:KDW�W\SH�RI�PLUURU�GR�GHQWLVWV�XVXDOO\�XVH�WR�FOHDUO\�VHH�WKH��������������������LPDJHV�RI�RXU�WHHWK"�:K\"�

� 4����:KDW�NLQG�RI�FXUYHG�PLUURU�GR�\RX�VHH�LQ�PRVW�RI�WKH�GHSDUWPHQW��������������������VWRUHV"�:K\�GR�WKH\�XVH�VXFK�NLQG�RI�PLUURU"

� 7KLV� DFWLYLW\�� ZKLFK� \RX� KDYH� MXVW� SHUIRUPHG� LV�PRUH� GHWDLOHG� RQ� WKH�ORFDWLRQ��RULHQWDWLRQ��VL]H��DQG�W\SH�RI�WKH�LPDJHV�IRUPHG���'LG�WKLV�DFWLYLW\�LQ�FXUYHG�PLUURUV�FRQ¿UP�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�LQ�WKH�SUHYLRXV�DFWLYLW\��$FWLYLW\���"

���

The Mirror Equation

� 5D\�GLDJUDPV�SURYLGH�XVHIXO� LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW� WKH� LPDJH�IRUPHG��\HW�IDLO�WR�SURYLGH�WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�LQ�D�TXDQWLWDWLYH�IRUP���5D\�GLDJUDPV�ZLOO�KHOS�\RX�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�DSSUR[LPDWH�ORFDWLRQ�DQG�VL]H�RI�WKH�LPDJH��EXW�LW�ZLOO�QRW�SURYLGH�\RX�ZLWK�WKH�QXPHULFDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH�DQG�REMHFW�VL]H���7R�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�H[DFW�ORFDWLRQ�DQG�VL]H�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�LQ�D�FXUYHG�PLUURU��DQ� HTXDWLRQ� LV� QHHGHG�� �7KH� IROORZLQJ�GHULYDWLRQ� VKRZV� WKH�PLUURU� HTXDWLRQ�XVLQJ�WKH�)LJXUH����EHORZ��

)URP� WKH�¿UVW�DQG� IRXUWK� UD\V��VLPLODU� WULDQJOHV�DUH�VHHQ� LQ� WKH�¿JXUH�below.

� )URP�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�REMHFW��K�DQG�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�LPDJH��K¶�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ������D���\RX�FDQ�DUULYH�DW�WKH�¿UVW�HTXDWLRQ�

� 6LPLODUO\��DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ������E���WKH�VHFRQG�HTXDWLRQ�FDQ�EH�GHULYHG�as

&RPELQLQJ�(TXDWLRQV���DQG����\RX�ZLOO�JHW

(a) (b)

Figure 15.�6LPLODU�7ULDQJOHV�)RUPHG�XVLQJ�WKH��D��¿UVW�UD\��3�±�)�UD\��DQG��E���IRXUWK�UD\��9�UD\��

Equation 1

Equation 2

Equation 3

���

5HDUUDQJLQJ�(TXDWLRQ����\RX�ZLOO�DUULYH�DW

DQG�¿QDOO\��

� ZKHUH��I� �IRFDO�OHQJWK�RU�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�DQG�WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW��)� � S� �GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�REMHFW�IURP�WKH�PLUURU� � T� �GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU

The equation above, called mirror equation, applies to both concave DQG�FRQYH[�PLUURUV��+RZHYHU��IRU�DOO�ORFDWLRQ�RI�REMHFWV�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�FRQYH[�mirror, WKH� LPDJH� DOZD\V� DSSHDUV� DV� LI� LW� LV� ORFDWHG� EHKLQG� WKH�PLUURU�� � ,W� LV�WKHUHIRUH�FRQVLGHUHG� WKDW� WKH�YDOXH�RI� LPDJH�GLVWDQFH��T� LV�QHJDWLYH�� � ,Q� WKH�VDPH�PDQQHU��WKH�IRFXV��)�LQ�D�FRQYH[�PLUURU�LV�ORFDWHG�RQ�WKH�RWKHU�VLGH�RI�WKH�PLUURU��EHKLQG�WKH�PLUURU���WKXV��WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK��I�LV�DOVR�QHJDWLYH��

6DPSOH�3UREOHP�

$������FP�WDOO�OLJKW�EXOE�LV�SODFHG�DW�D�GLVWDQFH�RI������FP�IURP�D�FRQFDYH�PLUURU�KDYLQJ�D�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI������FP��'HWHUPLQH�WKH�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH�DQG�WKH�LPDJH�VL]H�

*LYHQ�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�REMHFW��K� ������FPGLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�REMHFW��S� ������FPIRFDO�SRLQW��I� ������FP

)LQG�GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�LPDJH��T� �"KHLJKW�RI�WKH�LPDJH��K¶� �"

Mirror Equation

���

7KH�PLUURU�HTXDWLRQ�PXVW�EH�XVHG�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�image, q.

7R�GHWHUPLQH� WKH� LPDJH�KHLJKW�� WKH�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�HTXDWLRQ� LV�QHHGHG��6LQFH�WKUHH�RI�WKH�IRXU�TXDQWLWLHV�LQ�WKH�HTXDWLRQ�DUH�NQRZQ��WKH�IRXUWK�TXDQWLW\�can be calculated.

7KH�QHJDWLYH�YDOXH�IRU�LPDJH�KHLJKW�LQGLFDWHV�WKDW�WKH�LPDJH�LV�DQ�inverted image.

7U\�VROYLQJ�WKLV«

1. :KDW�LV�WKH�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH�DQG�LPDJH�KHLJKW�LI�D������FP�WDOO�REMHFW�LV�SODFHG������FP�IURP�D�FRQFDYH�PLUURU�KDYLQJ�D�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI������FP"

2. $�PDJQL¿HG�� LQYHUWHG� LPDJH� LV� ORFDWHG�D�GLVWDQFH�RI������FP�IURP�D�FRQFDYH�PLUURU�ZLWK�D�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI������FP���:KDW�LV�WKH�REMHFW�GLVWDQFH"�

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6DPSOH�3UREOHP�

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7U\�VROYLQJ�WKLV«

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4. $�����FP�WDOO�OLJKW�EXOE�LV�SODFHG�D�GLVWDQFH�RI������FP�IURP�D�FRQYH[�PLUURU�KDYLQJ�D�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI�������FP���'HWHUPLQH�WKH�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH�DQG�WKH�LPDJH�VL]H�

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Refraction of Light in Lenses

<RX� OHDUQHG� LQ�*UDGH��� WKDW�5HIUDFWLRQ� LV� WKH�EHQGLQJ�RI� OLJKW�ZKHQ� LW�WUDYHOV�IURP�RQH�PHGLXP�WR�DQRWKHU�RI�GLIIHUHQW�RSWLFDO�GHQVLWLHV���7KH�DQFLHQW�*UHHNV�XVHG�WKH�FRQFHSW�RI� OLJKW�UHIUDFWLRQ� LQ� WKHLU� OLYLQJ� OLNH�XVLQJ�D� OHQV�WR�IRFXV�OLJKW�UD\V���$�OHQV�LV�D�WUDQVSDUHQW�PDWHULDO�PDGH�RI�JODVV�RU�SODVWLF�WKDW�UHIUDFWV�OLJKW�UD\V�DQG�IRFXVHV��RU�DSSHDU�WR�IRFXV��WKHP�DW�D�SRLQW�

Types of Lenses1. �&RQYH[�/HQV

Figure 16.��&RQYH[�/HQV���D��3DUDOOHO�OLJKW�UD\V�FRQYHUJH�DIWHU�UHIUDFWLRQ����E��$�FRQYHUJLQJ�OHQV�PDJQLI\LQJ�WKH�ZRUGV�IURP�D�ERRN

• It is thicker in the center than edges.

• ,W�IRUPV�UHDO�LPDJHV�DQG�YLUWXDO�images depending on position RI�WKH�REMHFW�

• ,W� LV� DOVR� FDOOHG� &RQYHUJLQJ�Lens because the light that passes through it tends to converge at a particular point FDOOHG�WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW�

The Sign Conventions for Mirror • I�LV�SRVLWLYH�����LI�WKH�PLUURU�LV�D�FRQFDYH�PLUURU• I�LV�QHJDWLYH�����LI�WKH�PLUURU�LV�D�FRQYH[�PLUURU• T�LV�����LI�WKH�LPDJH�LV�D�UHDO�LPDJH�DQG�ORFDWHG�RQ�

WKH�REMHFW¶V�VLGH�RI�WKH�PLUURU�• T�LV�����LI�WKH�LPDJH�LV�D�YLUWXDO�LPDJH�DQG�ORFDWHG�

behind the mirror• K¶�LV�����LI�WKH�LPDJH�LV�DQ�XSULJKW�LPDJH�• K¶�LV�����LI�WKH�LPDJH�DQ�LQYHUWHG�LPDJH�

(D� (E�

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2. &RQFDYH�/HQV

Figure 17. �&RQFDYH�/HQV����D��3DUDOOHO�OLJKW�UD\V�GLYHUJH�DIWHU�UHIUDFWLRQ����E��$�GLYHUJLQJ�OHQV�GHPDJQLI\LQJ�WKH�ZRUGV�IURP�D�ERRN�

Activity 7

<R8�FDQ�EH�0DJQL¿HG�

Objectives:x� 0HDVXUH�WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK�DQG�OLQHDU�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�RI�D�FRQYH[�OHQV�x� /RFDWH�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�E\�FRQYH[�OHQV�x� 'HVFULEH�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�E\�D�FRQYH[�OHQV�

Materials:• FRQYH[�OHQV�RU�PDJQLI\LQJ�JODVV• OHQV�KROGHU�H�J��FOD\• meterstick• LQGH[�FDUG

Procedure:1. +ROG�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV�XQGHU�D�FHLOLQJ�OLJKW���$�SURMHFWLRQ�VFUHHQ��H�J��WKH�ÀRRU�

RU�WKH�VXUIDFH�WDEOH��VKRXOG�EH�SODFHG�XQGHU�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV��2. 0RYH�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV�XS�DQG�GRZQ�XQWLO�D�VKDUS�LPDJH�RI�WKH�FHLOLQJ�OLJKW�LV�

projected on the screen.��� 0HDVXUH�WKH�GLVWDQFH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�OHQV�DQG�WKH�SURMHFWLRQ�VXUIDFH�XVLQJ�D�

ruler.

� 4�����:KDW�LV�WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV"��

• It is thicker at the edges and thinner in the center.

• ,W� IRUPV� XSULJKW� DQG� UHGXFHG�images.

• It is also called Diverging Lens because the light that passes through it tends to diverge at a particular point called the IRFDO�SRLQW�

(D� (E�

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� 4�����+RZ�ZRXOG�\RX�GHVFULEH�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�LI�D�GLVWDQW�REMHFW�LV���������������������XVHG"

4. 0RXQW�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV�RQ�D�FOD\���'UDZ�D�8±VKDSHG�REMHFW�RQ�DQ�LQGH[�FDUG�DQG�PRXQW� WKH� LQGH[�FDUG�RQ�DQRWKHU�FOD\�� � ,QLWLDOO\�SODFH� WKH� LQGH[�FDUG�EHVLGH�WKH�]HUR�����PDUN�RQ�WKH�PHWHU�VWLFN��DQG�SODFH�WKH�OHQV�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�LQGH[�FDUG�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH���D�EHORZ�

5. /RRN� WKURXJK� WKH� OHQV� DQG� PRYH� WKH� OHQV� XQWLO� \RX� FDQ� FOHDUO\� VHH� DQ�HQODUJHG�DQG�XSULJKW� LPDJH�RI�WKH�8�VKDSHG�REMHFW�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ����E�below.

6. 0HDVXUH�WKH�GLVWDQFH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV�DQG�WKH�FDUG�XVLQJ�D�PHWHU�VWLFN��5HFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQ�RQ�WKH�VHFRQG�FROXPQ�RI�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�Table 7.

7. 0HDVXUH� WKH� GLVWDQFH� EHWZHHQ� WKH� OHQV� DQG� \RXU� H\H�� 5HFRUG� \RXU�REVHUYDWLRQ�RQ�WKH�WKLUG�FROXPQ�RI�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH���

8. 0RYH�DJDLQ�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV�EDFN�DQG�IRUWK��XQWLO�\RX�FDQ�FOHDUO\�VHH��WKLV�WLPH��DQ�HQODUJHG�DQG�LQYHUWHG�LPDJH�RI�WKH�8�VKDSHG�REMHFW���7KHQ��UHSHDW�steps 6 and 7.

��� 0RYH�DJDLQ� WKH� FRQYH[� OHQV� VR� WKDW� \RX� FDQ� FOHDUO\� VHH�D� UHGXFHG�DQG�XSVLGH�GRZQ�LPDJH�RI�WKH�8�VKDSHG�REMHFW���5HSHDW�VWHSV���DQG���

Figure 18a.��6HW�XS�IRU�/HQV�([SHULPHQW

Figure 18 b. /RRNLQJ�DW�WKH�8�VKDSHG�2EMHFW�WKURXJK�WKH�/HQV�

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Table 7. Distances from the Lens of Object and your Eye

Description of Image

Distance between the

Object and the lens (cm)

Distance between the Eye and the

lens(cm)Enlarged and upright

Enlarged and inverted

5HGXFHG�DQG�LQYHUWHG

4�����:KDW�NLQG�RI�OHQVHV�DUH�PDJQLI\LQJ�JODVVHV"��:KHQ�D�PDJQLI\LQJ glass produces a sharp clear image, where is the object located in����������UHODWLRQ�WR�WKH�OHQV"

4�����:KHUH�VKRXOG�D�PDJQLI\LQJ�JODVV�EH�SODFHG�WR�SURGXFH�DQ�H����������ODUJHG�DQG�XSULJKW�LPDJH��FORVHU�WR�WKH�H\H�RU�QHDUHU�WR�WKH�����������REMHFW"�:K\"

)URP�WKH�DFWLYLW\��\RX�ZHUH�DEOH�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI�D�OHQV���<RX�ZHUH�DOVR�DEOH�WR�PHDVXUH�WKH�GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�REMHFW�DQG�WKH�LPDJH�IURP�WKH�OHQV���7KHVH�TXDQWLWLHV�DUH�YHU\�VLJQL¿FDQW�LQ�GHVFULELQJ�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG���,PDJHV� IRUPHG� E\� OHQVHV� FDQ� DOVR� EH� UHDO� RU� YLUWXDO�� � ,Q�$FWLYLW\� ��� XVLQJ� D�FRQYH[� OHQV�� \RX�REVHUYHG� WKDW� LPDJHV�DUH� IRUPHG�RQ� WKH� VFUHHQ�� � ,PDJHV�IRUPHG�RQ�D�VFUHHQ��DIWHU�UHIUDFWLRQ��DUH�FDOOHG�UHDO�LPDJHV�EHFDXVH�WKH\�DUH�IRUPHG�E\�WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�UHDO�UHIUDFWHG�UD\V���$�YLUWXDO�LPDJH��RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��GRHV�QRW� IRUP�RQ�D� VFUHHQ�EHFDXVH�D� YLUWXDO� LPDJH� LV� IRUPHG�E\� WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�QRQ�UHDO�UD\V�

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Images Formed by Lenses

,Q�ORFDWLQJ�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�LQ�OHQVHV�JUDSKLFDOO\��WZR�LPSRUWDQW�SRLQWV�DUH�FRQVLGHUHG���7KH�IROORZLQJ�LPSRUWDQW�SRLQWV�DUH�HQXPHUDWHG�EHORZ�

Figure 19.��/HQVHV��D��&RQYH[�/HQV��E��&RQFDYH�/HQV

The ‘Three Most Useful Rays’ in Lenses

� ,PDJHV� IRUPHG� LQ� D� OHQV� FDQ� EH� ORFDWHG� DQG� GHVFULEHG� WKURXJK� UD\�GLDJUDPPLQJ�� �7KH�IROORZLQJ�WKUHH�PRVW�XVHIXO�UD\V�IRU�FRQYH[�DQG�FRQFDYH�lenses are presented below.

Table 8. The Three ‘Most Useful Rays’ in Convex and Concave Lenses

Convex Lens (Converging Lens) Concave Lens (Diverging Lens)

1. �3±)�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�LV�UHIUDFWHG�passing through the principal IRFXV��)�EHKLQG�WKH�OHQV�

1. �3±)�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�LV�UHIUDFWHG�DV�LI�SDVVLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�SULQFLSDO�IRFXV��)�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�OHQV�

• 9HUWH[��9�±�7KH�JHRPHWULF� FHQWHU�RI�WKH�OHQV�

• )RFDO�SRLQW��)RFXV��)�±�$�SRLQW�ZKHUH�OLJKW�UD\V�FRQYHUJH��RU�DSSHDUV�WR�FRQYHUJH��ZKHQ�SDUDOOHO�OLJKW�UD\V�SDVV�WKURXJK�D�OHQV��,WV�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�YHUWH[�LV�FDOOHG�WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK�

Principal axisPrincipal axis

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2. �)±3�5D\�� �$� UD\�RI� OLJKW�SDVVLQJ�

WKURXJK� WKH� IRFXV�� )� LQ� IURQW� RI�WKH�OHQV�LV�UHIUDFWHG�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�

2. ��)±3�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�GLUHFWHG�WRZDUGV�WKH�IRFXV��)�EHKLQG�WKH�OHQV�LV�UHIUDFWHG�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�

3. �9�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDVVLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�H[DFW�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�OHQV��9HUWH[��FRQWLQXH�WR�WUDYHO�LQ�the same direction.

3. �9�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDVVLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�H[DFW�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�OHQV��9HUWH[��FRQWLQXH�WR�WUDYHO�LQ�the same direction.

7R�JUDSKLFDOO\�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DQG�NLQG�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG��WKH�UD\�GLDJUDP�FDQ�EH�XVHG��&RQVLGHU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�VWHSV�XVLQJ�WKH�WKUHH�PDMRU�UD\V�GHVFULEHG�DERYH�

1. )URP�WKH�REMHFW��GUDZ�WKH�¿UVW�UD\��3±)�UD\���)URP�WKH�VDPH�SRLQW�RQ�WKH�REMHFW��GUDZ�WKH�VHFRQG��)±3�UD\���DQG�WKLUG��9�UD\��UD\V�

2. 7KH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�UD\V�LV�WKH�LPDJH�SRLQW�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�WR�WKH�REMHFW�SRLQW���)RU�H[DPSOH��LI�\RX�VWDUWHG�GLDJUDPPLQJ�IURP�WKH�WLS�RI�WKH�DUURZ�VKDSHG�REMHFW��WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�UHIUDFWHG�UD\V�LV�DOVR�WKH� WLS� RI� WKH�DUURZ�VKDSHG� LPDJH��7KXV�� \RX� FDQ�GHWHUPLQH� FRP�SOHWHO\�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DQG�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�WKH�LPDJH�

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3. )RU�D�FRQFDYH� OHQV�� OLJKW� UD\V�GLYHUJH� IURP�D�YLUWXDO� IRFXV��EXW� WKH�SURFHGXUH�IRU�ORFDWLQJ�LPDJHV�LV�WKH�VDPH�DV�IRU�FRQYH[�OHQVHV�

,Q� WKH� QH[W� DFWLYLW\�� \RX�ZLOO� XVH� WKH� VWHSV� GHVFULEHG� DERYH� WR� ORFDWH�DQG�GHVFULEH�WKH�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�FRQYH[�DQG�FRQFDYH�OHQVHV�E\�JUDSKLFDO�PHWKRG���7R�GR�WKLV��DOZD\V�VWDUW�E\�GUDZLQJ�WKH�OHQV�DQG�LWV�SULQFLSDO�D[LV��WKHQ�LGHQWLI\� WKH�)�DQG��)�RQ� WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�� �1H[W� LV� WR�GUDZ�WKH�REMHFW�� WKHQ�GLDJUDP�WKH�UD\V�IURP�WKH�REMHFW��

Activity 8

Are you L-O-S-T after Refraction?

Objectives:• &RQVWUXFW�UD\�GLDJUDPV�IRU�OHQVHV�• 'HWHUPLQH� JUDSKLFDOO\� WKH� ORFDWLRQ�� RULHQWDWLRQ�� VL]H�� DQG� W\SH� RI�

LPDJH�IRUPHG�• 6KRZ�JUDSKLFDOO\� WKH�FKDQJHV� LQ� WKH� LPDJH� IRUPHG�DV�DQ�REMHFW¶V�

position is changed.

Materials:• paper• ruler

Procedure:1. �&RS\�HDFK�RI�WKH�GLDJUDPV��$±+��EHORZ�RQ�D�FOHDU�VKHHW�RI�SDSHU���&RQVWUXFW�

UD\�GLDJUDP�XVLQJ��DV�PXFK�DV�SRVVLEOH���WKH�µWKUHH�PRVW�XVHIXO�UD\V¶�IRU�HDFK�RI�WKH�IROORZLQJ�FDVHV�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�ORFDWLRQ��RULHQWDWLRQ��VL]H��DQG�W\SH�RI�WKH�LPDJH���

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&RQYH[�/HQVA. %�

&� D.

E.

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&RQFDYH�/HQV)� G.

H.

2. 8VH�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH���EHORZ�WR�VXPPDUL]H�WKH�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�DQG�ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�

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Table 9. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed by Lenses

Location of Object

ImageLocation Orientation

(XSULJKW�RU�LQYHUWHG�SL]H�(same,

reduced or HQODUJHG�

T\SH��UHDO�RU�YLUWXDO�

&219(;�/(16A. %H\RQG��)¶B. $W��)¶C. %HWZHHQ��)¶�DQG�

)¶D. $W� WKH� )RFDO�

SRLQW��)¶E. %HWZHHQ� )¶� DQG�

V

&21&$9(�/(16F. $W��)¶G. $W� WKH� )RFDO�

SRLQW��)¶H. %HWZHHQ� )¶� DQG�

V

� 4�����5HIHU�WR�7DEOH�����+RZ�GRHV�WKH�LPDJH�FKDQJH�LQ�LWV�VL]H�DQG���������������������ORFDWLRQ��DV�WKH�REMHFW�FRPHV�QHDUHU�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV"�&RQFDYH���������������������OHQV"

� 4�����5HIHU�WR�WKH�VL]H�RI�REMHFW�DQG�WKH�VL]H�RI�LPDJH�IURP�WKH�GUDZQ���������������������UD\�GLDJUDPV�IRU�FRQYH[�OHQV��,GHQWLI\�WKH�ORFDWLRQ�RI�REMHFW���������������������IRU�ZKLFK�WKH�IROORZLQJ�RSWLFDO�LQVWUXPHQWV�DUH�XVHG�WR��0DWFK���������������������FROXPQ�$�ZLWK�FROXPQ�%���

Column A Column BSKRWRFRS\�³;HUR[´�0DFKLQH $W��,Q¿QLW\

&DPHUD %H\RQG��)¶Telescope $W��)¶3URMHFWRU %HWZHHQ��)¶�DQG�)¶

0DJQLI\LQJ�*ODVV %HWZHHQ�)¶�DQG�9

� 4�����:K\�LV�LW�LPSRVVLEOH�IRU�D�FRQFDYH�OHQV�WR�IRUP�D�UHDO�LPDJH"

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The Lens Equation

5D\�GLDJUDP�GRHV�QRW�SURYLGH�H[DFW�ORFDWLRQ�DQG�QXPHULFDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW� WKH� LPDJH�IRUPHG� LQ� OHQVHV��DV� LQ� WKH� LPDJH�IRUPHG� LQ�FXUYHG�PLUURUV�WKURXJK�UD\�GLDJUDP���7R�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�H[DFW� ORFDWLRQ�DQG�VL]H�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�LQ�OHQVHV��D�OHQV�HTXDWLRQ�LV�QHHGHG���7KH�IROORZLQJ�GHULYDWLRQ�VKRZV�WKH�OHQV�HTXDWLRQ�XVLQJ�WKH�UHVXOWV�IURP�UD\�GLDJUDP��

)URP�WKH�¿UVW�DQG�WKLUG�UD\V��VLPLODU�WULDQJOHV�DUH�VHHQ�LQ�WKH�GLDJUDP�

)URP�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�REMHFW��K�DQG�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�LPDJH��K¶�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����D���\RX�FDQ�DUULYH�DW�WKH�¿UVW�HTXDWLRQ�

� 6LPLODUO\��DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����E���WKH�VHFRQG�HTXDWLRQ�FDQ�EH�GHULYHG�as

� &RPELQLQJ�(TXDWLRQV���DQG����\RX�ZLOO�JHW

(b)(a)

Figure 20.��6LPLODU�7ULDQJOHV�DUH�)RUPHG�XVLQJ�WKH��D��¿UVW�UD\��3�±�)�UD\��DQG��E��WKLUG�UD\��9�UD\��

Equation 1

Equation 2

Equation 3

Similar Triangles

Similar Triangles

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5HDUUDQJLQJ�(TXDWLRQ����\RX�ZLOO�DUULYH�DW

DQG�¿QDOO\��

� ZKHUH��I� �IRFDO�OHQJWK�RU�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�DQG�WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW�)� � S� �GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�REMHFW�IURP�WKH�OHQV� � T� �GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IURP�WKH�OHQV

7KH� HTXDWLRQ� DERYH�� FDOOHG� PLUURU� HTXDWLRQ�� DSSOLHV� WR� ERWK� FRQYH[�DQG�FRQFDYH�OHQVHV��+RZHYHU��LQ�WKH�FDVH�RI�WKH�FRQFDYH�OHQV� the image will DOZD\V�EH�ORFDWHG�RQ�WKH�VLGH�ZKHUH�WKH�REMHFW�LV�DOVR�ORFDWHG���,W�LV�WKHUHIRUH�FRQVLGHUHG�WKDW�WKH�YDOXH�RI�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH��T�LV�QHJDWLYH���7KH�IRFDO�OHQJWK��I�LQ�D�FRQFDYH�OHQV�LV�QHJDWLYH�ZKLOH�SRVLWLYH�LQ�D�FRQYH[�OHQV�

6DPSOH�3UREOHP�

:KDW�LV�WKH�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH�DQG�LPDJH�VL]H�LI�D������FP�WDOO�OLJKW�EXOE�LV�SODFHG�D�GLVWDQFH�RI������FP�IURP�D�FRQYH[�OHQV�KDYLQJ�D�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI������FP"

*LYHQ�

K� ������FP

S� ������FP

I� ������F

Lens Equation

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G� �"

T� �"

To determine the image distance, the lens equation must be used.

6LQFH�WKUHH�RI�WKH�IRXU�TXDQWLWLHV�LQ�WKH�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�HTXDWLRQ�DUH�NQRZQ��WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�LPDJH��K�FDQ�EH�FDOFXODWHG��

7KH�QHJDWLYH�YDOXHV� IRU� LPDJH�KHLJKW� LQGLFDWH� WKDW� WKH� LPDJH� LV�DQ� LQYHUWHG�image.

,Q� WKH� FDVH� RI� D� FRQFDYH� OHQV�� \RX� IRXQG� RXW� WKDW� WKH� LPDJH� DOZD\V�DSSHDUV� LQ� IURQW� WKH� OHQV�� ,W� LV� WKHUHIRUH� FRQVLGHUHG� WKDW� WKH� YDOXH�RI� LPDJH�distance, q is negative.

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6DPSOH�3UREOHP�

:KDW�LV�WKH�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH�DQG�LPDJH�VL]H�LI�D������FP�WDOO�OLJKW�EXOE�LV�SODFHG�D�GLVWDQFH�RI������FP�IURP�D�GLYHUJLQJ�OHQV�KDYLQJ�D�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI�������FP"�

*LYHQ�

K� ������FPS� ������FPI� �������FP

)LQG�T� �"K¶� �"

To determine the image distance, the lens equation will be used.

7KLV�FRQ¿UPV�WKH�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH��T�DV�QHJDWLYH� To determine the image KHLJKW��WKH�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�HTXDWLRQ�LV�QHHGHG��6LQFH�WKUHH�RI�WKH�IRXU�TXDQWLWLHV�LQ�WKH�HTXDWLRQ�DUH�NQRZQ��WKH�IRXUWK�TXDQWLW\�FDQ�EH�FDOFXODWHG��7KH�VROXWLRQ�is shown below.

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Activity 9

Making Improvised Optical Device

Option 1: The CameraTask:

• &RQVWUXFW�D�SLQ�KROH�FDPHUD�DQG�H[SODLQ�WKH�IDFWRUV�WKDW�DIIHFW�WKH�image on the screen

Materials:• LOOXVWUDWLRQ�ERDUG�FDUGERDUG• black cartolina, cutting mat• SLQ�VHZLQJ�QHHGOH��JOXH�VWLFN\�WDSH• FXWWHU��VFLVVRUV��IRRW�UXOHU��FOHDU�ODPS�

Procedure:1. :LWK�\RXU�JURXS�PDWHV�DQG�XVLQJ�WKH�PDWHULDOV�JLYHQ��GHVLJQ�DQG�FRQVWUXFW�

DQ� LPSURYLVHG� FDPHUD� EDVHG� RQ� WKH� LQIRUPDWLRQ� JDWKHUHG� IURP� GLIIHUHQW�resources.

2. $� UHFRUG� VKHHW� LV�SURYLGHG� WR� VHUYH�DV� \RXU�JXLGH� IRU�DFFRPSOLVKLQJ� WKH�ZULWWHQ�UHSRUW�RQ�\RXU�FRQVWUXFWHG�FDPHUD��5HIHU�WR�\RXU�FRS\�RI�$WWDFKHG�$VVHVVPHQW�7RROV��3UREOHP�6ROYLQJ�6KHHW�

Option 2: The Periscope

Task:

• &RQVWUXFW�D�SHULVFRSH�DQG�WUDFH�WKH�LQFLGHQW�DQG�UHÀHFWHG�UD\V�

Materials:• 2 plane mirrors• LOOXVWUDWLRQ�ERDUG�FDUGERDUG• cutting mat• JOXH�VWLFN\�WDSH• FXWWHU��VFLVVRUV��IRRW�UXOHU��FOHDU�ODPS�

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What to do:1. :LWK�\RXU�JURXS�PDWHV�DQG�XVLQJ�WKH�PDWHULDOV�JLYHQ��GHVLJQ�DQG�FRQVWUXFW�

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2. $� UHFRUG� VKHHW� LV�SURYLGHG� WR� VHUYH�DV� \RXU�JXLGH� IRU�DFFRPSOLVKLQJ� WKH�ZULWWHQ�UHSRUW�RQ�\RXU�FRQVWUXFWHG�SHULVFRSH��5HIHU�WR�\RXU�FRS\�RI�$WWDFKHG�$VVHVVPHQW�7RROV��3UREOHP�6ROYLQJ�6KHHW�

Option 3: The Microscope

Task:

• 6HW�XS�D�VLPSOH�PLFURVFRSH�DQG�LQYHVWLJDWH�WKH�IDFWRUV�DIIHFWLQJ�WKH�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�FDSDELOLWLHV�RI�D�PLFURVFRSH

Materials:• VHW�RI�OHQVHV�ZLWK�GLIIHUHQW�IRFDO�OHQJWKV• specimen, light source, ruler or meter stick• WKLQ��FOHDQ�VKHHW�RI�SDSHU�WR�VHUYH�DV�WKH�FDPHUD¶V�VFUHHQ

What to do:

1. Using the materials given, construct or set up a simple microscope. Use NQRZOHGJH� OHDUQHG� LQ� WKH� SUHYLRXV� OHVVRQ�DQG�EDVHG�RQ� WKH� LQIRUPDWLRQ�JDWKHUHG�IURP�GLIIHUHQW�UHVRXUFHV�

2. 'LVFXVV�ZLWK�\RXU�JURXS�PDWHV�DQG�DJUHH�RQ�RQH�GHVLJQ���� 8VH�WKH�SUREOHP�VROYLQJ�UHFRUG�VKHHW�DV�\RXU�JXLGH�IRU�ZULWLQJ�WKH�UHSRUW�RQ�

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Option 4: The Telescope

Task:

x� &RQVWUXFW�D�VLPSOH�WHOHVFRSH�DQG�LQYHVWLJDWH�WKH�IDFWRUV�DIIHFWLQJ�WKH�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�FDSDELOLWLHV�RI�D�WHOHVFRSH�

Materials:• VHW�RI�OHQVHV�ZLWK�GLIIHUHQW�IRFDO�OHQJWKV

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211

What to do:

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212

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V. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback

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214

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VI. Summative Assessment

Directions���&KRRVH�WKH�OHWWHU�RI�WKH�EHVW�DQVZHU�

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7. �:KDW�LV�WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI�WKH�PLUURU�LQ�QR���"a. �����FPb. �����FPc. �����FPd. 14.6 cm

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218

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18. $Q�REMHFW� LV� NHSW� DW� D�GLVWDQFH�RI� ������ FP� IURP�D� FRQYH[� OHQV�RI� IRFDO�OHQJWK�������FP��)LQG�WKH�GLVWDQFH�EHWZHHQ�LWV�LPDJH�DQG�OHQV�a. ������FP�b. 25.25 cm c. ������FP�d. no image

����$�OLJKW�UD\��WUDYHOLQJ�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�D[LV�RI�D�FRQYH[�OHQV��VWULNHV�WKH�OHQV���:KDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKLV�UD\�DIWHU�WUDYHOLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�OHQV"a. ,W�WUDYHOV�FURVVLQJ�WKH�D[LV�DW�D�SRLQW�HTXDO�WR�WZLFH�WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK�b. ,W�WUDYHOV�WR�WKH�D[LV�SDVVLQJ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�OHQV�DQG�LWV�IRFDO�SRLQW�c. ,W�WUDYHOV�WR�WKH�D[LV�SDVVLQJ�WKURXJK�LWV�IRFDO�SRLQW�d. ,W�WUDYHOV�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�

����6XQ¶V�UD\V�DUH�REVHUYHG�WR� IRFXV�DW�D�SRLQW�EHKLQG�WKH�¿VKERZO�QHDU� WKH�ZLQGRZ��7KH�¿VKERZO�DFW�DV�ZKDW�W\SH�RI�OHQV"a. &RQYHUJLQJ�/HQVb. Diverging Lensc. )RFXVLQJ�/HQVd. 1RQH�RI�WKH�DERYH

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Glossary of Terms

Concave Lens D�NLQG�RI�OHQV�WKDW�LV�WKLFNHU�DW�WKH�HGJHV�DQG�WKLQQHU�LQ�the center. It is called a diverging lens.

Concave Mirror D�FXUYHG�PLUURU� LQ�ZKLFK� WKH� UHÀHFWLYH�VXUIDFH�EXOJHV�DZD\� IURP� WKH� OLJKW� VRXUFH�� � ,W� LV� FDOOHG�D� FRQYHUJLQJ�mirror.

Convex Lens D�NLQG�RI�OHQV�WKDW�LV�WKLFNHU�LQ�WKH�FHQWHU�WKDQ�WKH�HGJHV���It is called a converging lens.

Convex Mirror. D�FXUYHG�PLUURU� LQ�ZKLFK� WKH� UHÀHFWLYH�VXUIDFH�EXOJHV�towards the light source. It is called a diverging mirror.

Plane Mirror D�SROLVKHG�RU�VPRRWK�VXUIDFH� �DV�RI�JODVV�� WKDW� IRUPV�LPDJHV�E\�UHÀHFWLRQ�

5HÀHFWLRQ�RI�/LJKW WKH�ERXQFLQJ�RI�OLJKW�UD\V�ZKHQ�LW�KLWV�D�VXUIDFH�

Refraction of Light WKH�EHQGLQJ�RI� OLJKW� UD\V�ZKHQ�SDVVLQJ�REOLTXHO\� IURP�one medium into another.

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References and Links

Printed Materials:

%HOHQ��-�*���$�,�<DS��(�%�2JHQD��DQG�$�,�<DS� Addressing Misconceptions in Mathematics and Science�� 4XH]RQ� &LW\�� 1,60('� 83� 'LOLPDQ� DQG�'267�6(,�

/LWWHOO��0F'RXJDO� Science, Integrated Course 1, Teacher’s Edition. Evanston, ,OOLQRLV��0F'RXJDO�/LWWHOO�������

3DGXD��$OLFLD��DQG�5LFDUGR�&ULVRVWRPR� Laboratory Manual and Workbook in Physics��9LEDO�3XEOLVKLQJ�+RXVH��,QF��������

6KLSPDQ�� -DPHV�� -HUU\� :LOVRQ�� DQG� &KDUOHV� +LJJLQV�� -U� An Introduction to Physical Science�� 3DVLJ� &LW\�� &HQJDJH� /HDUQLQJ� $VLD� 3WH� /WG��3KLOLSSLQH�%UDQFK��������

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221

Electronic Sources:

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222

Appendix A

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