liz alden wily nrm political economist

Measuring Policy Commitment to Community Management of

Protected AreasLooking at East African Forests

Liz Alden WilyNRM Political Economist

The Background

Forests a critical landscape for more than trees

Global wave of change in how forests protected and managed

Africa: 40+ of 56 states have new guiding forest policies &/or laws

Laws as Source for Assessment

Precise Binding Refine new policy development

But –No indicator of implementation

Supporting current legal change since 1990

Constitutions (c.20)

Land rights (c. 25)

Local government (c. 14)

Environmental management (c. 10)

The East African Case …

Large forest/woodland area (47 million ha)

Diverse forest types: mainly multi-functional woodland (50-96%)

Longstanding government protection strategies (15-48% as Reserves)

New National Forest Policies

Ethiopia - Tanzania - Kenya - Uganda -

1994 + draft 1998 2000 2001

New Forest Laws

Ethiopia

Tanzania

Uganda

Kenya

1994 + revisions

2002

2003

Bill 2003

CBFM &/Or PFM underway

Estimated Number of Communities Involved?

==========TZ. 2,000UG. 30+KE: 20+ETH: 200+

Estimated Number of Forests Involved?

============

TZ: 1,500+UG: c.10KE: c.10ETH: c.20

All four states claim they support community based forest management -

But do they?

Looking at the laws …

Indicator #1: Does law assure subsistence use of Govt. FR?

UGANDA: YES

TANZANIA: YES

KENYA: YES

ETHIOPIA: YES

Indicator #2: Does the law commit to benefit sharing of Govt. FR products/benefits?

UGANDA: YES

TANZANIA: YES

KENYA: YES

ETHIOPIA: YES

Indicator #3: Are natural trees on farm now the private property of farmer?

UGANDA: YES

TANZANIA: YES

KENYA: YES

ETHIOPIA: YES

Indicator #4: Is community participation promoted in the law?

UGANDA: YES

TANZANIA: YES

KENYA: YES

ETHIOPIA: YES

Indicator #5: Does law require that communities help write forest management plans?

UGANDA: CONSULTED ONLY

TANZANIA: OBLIGATORY & views to be accounted for

KENYA: CONSULTED ONLY

ETHIOPIA: NO

Indicator #6: If community asks, must Govt. permit community management/co-management?

UGANDA: NO

TANZANIA: YES

KENYA: NO

ETHIOPIA: NO

Indicator #7:Are all protected area classes open to community management?

UGANDA: NO

TANZANIA: YES

KENYA: NO

ETHIOPIA: NO

Indicator #8:May a community manage a national Forest Reserve?

UGANDA: Co-manager only

TANZANIA: YES: autonomously or as co-manager

KENYA: YES, by contract

ETHIOPIA: Co-manager only

Indicator #9: May communities create, own & manage their own protected forest areas?

UGANDA: YES

TANZANIA: YES

KENYA: NOT PROVIDED FOR

ETHIOPIA: NOT PROVIDED FOR

Indicator #10: Do community managers have the power to control who uses the Community Forest?

UGANDA: NO

TANZANIA: YES

KENYA: NOT PROVIDED

ETHIOPIA: NO

Indicator #11:Do community managers have right to issue licences & collect fees?

UGANDA: ONLY CF

TANZANIA: YES, using own bylaws

KENYA: NO

ETHIOPIA: NO

Indicator #12: Does the law enable a Government PA to be reclassified as a Community Forest?

UGANDA: NO

TANZANIA: YES

KENYA: NO

ETHIOPIA: NO

Indicator #13: Are all community members to be considered in management arrangements?

UGANDA: USER GROUPS only

TANZANIA: YES, legally obliged

KENYA: USER GROUPS only

ETHIOPIA: UNCLEAR

Indicator #14: Have limitations been placed upon the state taking more customary lands for Forest Reserves?

UGANDA: only under Land Act

TANZANIA: YES

KENYA: NO

ETHIOPIA: NO

Indicator #15: Are institutions for CBFM easily put in place?

UGANDA: NO (must form new legal

TANZANIA: YES (existing Village Councils)

KENYA: NO (must form legal body)

ETHIOPIA: YES (potentially)