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APPLICATION OF NATURAL STABLE APPLICATION OF NATURAL STABLE ISOTOPES IN LARVAL NUTRITION
STUDIESISOTOPES IN LARVAL NUTRITION
STUDIES
Lewis Le Vay amp Julian GamboashyDelgadoSchool of Ocean Sciences College of Natural Sciences
Bangor University
Stable isotopes applications in larval nutrition
You are what you eatWidely used in ecological studies
Ratios of 13C12C amp 15N14N proxies for organic matter assimilation
Safe alternative to radiolabels
Enriched short term tracer studies orNatural longer studies under normal feeding δ 13C 00 0
Tissue changes with time ingestion amp turnover rates
Hatcheries as mescosms
Mixing models contribution to growth from mixed food sources
Compound specific analysis amino acid utilisation
Ingestion and protein turnover using enriched feeds
eg Short term studies with enriched foods using flooding dosemodels developed for radiolabelled single amino acids
15N labelled algae Rotifers fed 24h Turbot larvae fed 14h
Allows estimation of (i) ingestion rate( ) gest o ate(ii) protein synthesis amp degradation(iii) comparison of dietary treatments
(Conceiccedilatildeo et al 2001)
Garlick et al 1980 Houlihan et al 1988
See also Conceiccedilatildeo et al (2007) for review
Longer term natural isotope signature changes
δ15N permil and CN ratios in Litopenaeus vannamei during larval development δ N permil and CN ratios in Litopenaeus vannamei during larval development Larvae were fed only on C gracilis (zoea stages) and Artemia (mysis stages) Horizontal dotted lines represent isotopic signatures of foods
(Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay under review)
Hatcheries as simple controlled food webs
Limited number of Selected for isotopic Limited number of sources
Selected for isotopic composition
Typical feedsunder normalrearing conditions
eg Shlechtreim et al (2004)
Jomori et al (2008)
14
Tissue isotopic signature changes with diet
-15
-14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
∆13C δ13C δ13CDiscrimination factor
17
-16new diet isotopic signature
∆13C = δ13Cconsumer- δ13Cdiet
-18
-17
-19
δ13Ct= δ13Cass + (δ13Cinitialndash δ13Cass)e -(k+m)t
-20
days Rate of change
δ Ct δ Cass (δ Cinitial δ Cass)e
Hesslein et al 1993 modified from Fry amp Arnold (1982)
Contribution of live amp inert feeds to tissue growth in Sole larvae
-14
-16
-15artemia
metamorphosis
a
a
b
a
c
b
a
a
b
a
c
b
b
b
a
12C -18
-17
Li f d
a
b
a
bc
b
3C
δ13C
-20
-19Live feed70LF30IF30LF70IFInert feed
treatmentsdiff ti t d
rotifers
a
a
aa
c
d dc
δ13
-22
-21
inert feed
differentiated not added
Days after hatching
0 5 10 15 20 25-23
rotifer
Atlantic Arc Aquaculture Group
Gamboa Delgado et al 2008
y g
Nutrient assimilation and sources -application to compound feed components pp p p
Soy-protein based diet δ13C 25 36 permil Comparing 50 amp 90 δ13C -2536 permil δ15N 315 permil
Fishmeal based diet
Comparing 50 amp 90 fishmeal replacement with soy protein
Fishmeal based diet δ13C -2074 permil δ15N 926 permil Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay (2009)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
N sourcesfishsoyafishsoya
Obs 6931Exp 5050Exp 5050
Obs 3268Exp 1090
Nitrogen isotopic changes (permil) in muscle tissue of PL L vannameifed diets based on fish meal (FM) and soy protein isolate (SPI)
But individual amino acids behave differently
0 0
-50
00
Lys
Met Leu
Val Ile Phe Tyr
Arg His Glu
Asp AlaSer
Pro
ThrG
ly
Bulk
15 0
-100
δ 13
C
-200
-150
-250
-300
δ13C of tissue amino acids following acid hydrolysis of marine shrimp tail m scle protein (750 gml) sing a Dione ICS3000 strong anionmuscle protein (750μgml) using a Dionex ICS3000 strong anion exchange chromatography system interfaced to a GVI Liquiface and Isoprime IRMS (Preston unpublished data)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picturep
Isotope fractionation of C associated with the tricarboxylic acid p y(TCA) cycle and other metabolic processes
Frantle et al (1999)
∆15N pattern less clear also related to number of transamination steps
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
∆15N for bulk material and individual amino acids between Brachionus plicatilis and its food source (Tetraselmis suecica)
McLelland and Montoya (2002
Example from insects pollen vs nectar as sources of carbon for amino acid synthesis sources of carbon in the butterfly Heliconius
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
Essential and non-essential amino acid δ13C from pollen larval host plant and eggs OrsquoBrien at al (2003)
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
Stable isotopes applications in larval nutrition
You are what you eatWidely used in ecological studies
Ratios of 13C12C amp 15N14N proxies for organic matter assimilation
Safe alternative to radiolabels
Enriched short term tracer studies orNatural longer studies under normal feeding δ 13C 00 0
Tissue changes with time ingestion amp turnover rates
Hatcheries as mescosms
Mixing models contribution to growth from mixed food sources
Compound specific analysis amino acid utilisation
Ingestion and protein turnover using enriched feeds
eg Short term studies with enriched foods using flooding dosemodels developed for radiolabelled single amino acids
15N labelled algae Rotifers fed 24h Turbot larvae fed 14h
Allows estimation of (i) ingestion rate( ) gest o ate(ii) protein synthesis amp degradation(iii) comparison of dietary treatments
(Conceiccedilatildeo et al 2001)
Garlick et al 1980 Houlihan et al 1988
See also Conceiccedilatildeo et al (2007) for review
Longer term natural isotope signature changes
δ15N permil and CN ratios in Litopenaeus vannamei during larval development δ N permil and CN ratios in Litopenaeus vannamei during larval development Larvae were fed only on C gracilis (zoea stages) and Artemia (mysis stages) Horizontal dotted lines represent isotopic signatures of foods
(Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay under review)
Hatcheries as simple controlled food webs
Limited number of Selected for isotopic Limited number of sources
Selected for isotopic composition
Typical feedsunder normalrearing conditions
eg Shlechtreim et al (2004)
Jomori et al (2008)
14
Tissue isotopic signature changes with diet
-15
-14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
∆13C δ13C δ13CDiscrimination factor
17
-16new diet isotopic signature
∆13C = δ13Cconsumer- δ13Cdiet
-18
-17
-19
δ13Ct= δ13Cass + (δ13Cinitialndash δ13Cass)e -(k+m)t
-20
days Rate of change
δ Ct δ Cass (δ Cinitial δ Cass)e
Hesslein et al 1993 modified from Fry amp Arnold (1982)
Contribution of live amp inert feeds to tissue growth in Sole larvae
-14
-16
-15artemia
metamorphosis
a
a
b
a
c
b
a
a
b
a
c
b
b
b
a
12C -18
-17
Li f d
a
b
a
bc
b
3C
δ13C
-20
-19Live feed70LF30IF30LF70IFInert feed
treatmentsdiff ti t d
rotifers
a
a
aa
c
d dc
δ13
-22
-21
inert feed
differentiated not added
Days after hatching
0 5 10 15 20 25-23
rotifer
Atlantic Arc Aquaculture Group
Gamboa Delgado et al 2008
y g
Nutrient assimilation and sources -application to compound feed components pp p p
Soy-protein based diet δ13C 25 36 permil Comparing 50 amp 90 δ13C -2536 permil δ15N 315 permil
Fishmeal based diet
Comparing 50 amp 90 fishmeal replacement with soy protein
Fishmeal based diet δ13C -2074 permil δ15N 926 permil Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay (2009)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
N sourcesfishsoyafishsoya
Obs 6931Exp 5050Exp 5050
Obs 3268Exp 1090
Nitrogen isotopic changes (permil) in muscle tissue of PL L vannameifed diets based on fish meal (FM) and soy protein isolate (SPI)
But individual amino acids behave differently
0 0
-50
00
Lys
Met Leu
Val Ile Phe Tyr
Arg His Glu
Asp AlaSer
Pro
ThrG
ly
Bulk
15 0
-100
δ 13
C
-200
-150
-250
-300
δ13C of tissue amino acids following acid hydrolysis of marine shrimp tail m scle protein (750 gml) sing a Dione ICS3000 strong anionmuscle protein (750μgml) using a Dionex ICS3000 strong anion exchange chromatography system interfaced to a GVI Liquiface and Isoprime IRMS (Preston unpublished data)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picturep
Isotope fractionation of C associated with the tricarboxylic acid p y(TCA) cycle and other metabolic processes
Frantle et al (1999)
∆15N pattern less clear also related to number of transamination steps
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
∆15N for bulk material and individual amino acids between Brachionus plicatilis and its food source (Tetraselmis suecica)
McLelland and Montoya (2002
Example from insects pollen vs nectar as sources of carbon for amino acid synthesis sources of carbon in the butterfly Heliconius
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
Essential and non-essential amino acid δ13C from pollen larval host plant and eggs OrsquoBrien at al (2003)
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
Ingestion and protein turnover using enriched feeds
eg Short term studies with enriched foods using flooding dosemodels developed for radiolabelled single amino acids
15N labelled algae Rotifers fed 24h Turbot larvae fed 14h
Allows estimation of (i) ingestion rate( ) gest o ate(ii) protein synthesis amp degradation(iii) comparison of dietary treatments
(Conceiccedilatildeo et al 2001)
Garlick et al 1980 Houlihan et al 1988
See also Conceiccedilatildeo et al (2007) for review
Longer term natural isotope signature changes
δ15N permil and CN ratios in Litopenaeus vannamei during larval development δ N permil and CN ratios in Litopenaeus vannamei during larval development Larvae were fed only on C gracilis (zoea stages) and Artemia (mysis stages) Horizontal dotted lines represent isotopic signatures of foods
(Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay under review)
Hatcheries as simple controlled food webs
Limited number of Selected for isotopic Limited number of sources
Selected for isotopic composition
Typical feedsunder normalrearing conditions
eg Shlechtreim et al (2004)
Jomori et al (2008)
14
Tissue isotopic signature changes with diet
-15
-14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
∆13C δ13C δ13CDiscrimination factor
17
-16new diet isotopic signature
∆13C = δ13Cconsumer- δ13Cdiet
-18
-17
-19
δ13Ct= δ13Cass + (δ13Cinitialndash δ13Cass)e -(k+m)t
-20
days Rate of change
δ Ct δ Cass (δ Cinitial δ Cass)e
Hesslein et al 1993 modified from Fry amp Arnold (1982)
Contribution of live amp inert feeds to tissue growth in Sole larvae
-14
-16
-15artemia
metamorphosis
a
a
b
a
c
b
a
a
b
a
c
b
b
b
a
12C -18
-17
Li f d
a
b
a
bc
b
3C
δ13C
-20
-19Live feed70LF30IF30LF70IFInert feed
treatmentsdiff ti t d
rotifers
a
a
aa
c
d dc
δ13
-22
-21
inert feed
differentiated not added
Days after hatching
0 5 10 15 20 25-23
rotifer
Atlantic Arc Aquaculture Group
Gamboa Delgado et al 2008
y g
Nutrient assimilation and sources -application to compound feed components pp p p
Soy-protein based diet δ13C 25 36 permil Comparing 50 amp 90 δ13C -2536 permil δ15N 315 permil
Fishmeal based diet
Comparing 50 amp 90 fishmeal replacement with soy protein
Fishmeal based diet δ13C -2074 permil δ15N 926 permil Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay (2009)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
N sourcesfishsoyafishsoya
Obs 6931Exp 5050Exp 5050
Obs 3268Exp 1090
Nitrogen isotopic changes (permil) in muscle tissue of PL L vannameifed diets based on fish meal (FM) and soy protein isolate (SPI)
But individual amino acids behave differently
0 0
-50
00
Lys
Met Leu
Val Ile Phe Tyr
Arg His Glu
Asp AlaSer
Pro
ThrG
ly
Bulk
15 0
-100
δ 13
C
-200
-150
-250
-300
δ13C of tissue amino acids following acid hydrolysis of marine shrimp tail m scle protein (750 gml) sing a Dione ICS3000 strong anionmuscle protein (750μgml) using a Dionex ICS3000 strong anion exchange chromatography system interfaced to a GVI Liquiface and Isoprime IRMS (Preston unpublished data)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picturep
Isotope fractionation of C associated with the tricarboxylic acid p y(TCA) cycle and other metabolic processes
Frantle et al (1999)
∆15N pattern less clear also related to number of transamination steps
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
∆15N for bulk material and individual amino acids between Brachionus plicatilis and its food source (Tetraselmis suecica)
McLelland and Montoya (2002
Example from insects pollen vs nectar as sources of carbon for amino acid synthesis sources of carbon in the butterfly Heliconius
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
Essential and non-essential amino acid δ13C from pollen larval host plant and eggs OrsquoBrien at al (2003)
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
Longer term natural isotope signature changes
δ15N permil and CN ratios in Litopenaeus vannamei during larval development δ N permil and CN ratios in Litopenaeus vannamei during larval development Larvae were fed only on C gracilis (zoea stages) and Artemia (mysis stages) Horizontal dotted lines represent isotopic signatures of foods
(Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay under review)
Hatcheries as simple controlled food webs
Limited number of Selected for isotopic Limited number of sources
Selected for isotopic composition
Typical feedsunder normalrearing conditions
eg Shlechtreim et al (2004)
Jomori et al (2008)
14
Tissue isotopic signature changes with diet
-15
-14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
∆13C δ13C δ13CDiscrimination factor
17
-16new diet isotopic signature
∆13C = δ13Cconsumer- δ13Cdiet
-18
-17
-19
δ13Ct= δ13Cass + (δ13Cinitialndash δ13Cass)e -(k+m)t
-20
days Rate of change
δ Ct δ Cass (δ Cinitial δ Cass)e
Hesslein et al 1993 modified from Fry amp Arnold (1982)
Contribution of live amp inert feeds to tissue growth in Sole larvae
-14
-16
-15artemia
metamorphosis
a
a
b
a
c
b
a
a
b
a
c
b
b
b
a
12C -18
-17
Li f d
a
b
a
bc
b
3C
δ13C
-20
-19Live feed70LF30IF30LF70IFInert feed
treatmentsdiff ti t d
rotifers
a
a
aa
c
d dc
δ13
-22
-21
inert feed
differentiated not added
Days after hatching
0 5 10 15 20 25-23
rotifer
Atlantic Arc Aquaculture Group
Gamboa Delgado et al 2008
y g
Nutrient assimilation and sources -application to compound feed components pp p p
Soy-protein based diet δ13C 25 36 permil Comparing 50 amp 90 δ13C -2536 permil δ15N 315 permil
Fishmeal based diet
Comparing 50 amp 90 fishmeal replacement with soy protein
Fishmeal based diet δ13C -2074 permil δ15N 926 permil Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay (2009)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
N sourcesfishsoyafishsoya
Obs 6931Exp 5050Exp 5050
Obs 3268Exp 1090
Nitrogen isotopic changes (permil) in muscle tissue of PL L vannameifed diets based on fish meal (FM) and soy protein isolate (SPI)
But individual amino acids behave differently
0 0
-50
00
Lys
Met Leu
Val Ile Phe Tyr
Arg His Glu
Asp AlaSer
Pro
ThrG
ly
Bulk
15 0
-100
δ 13
C
-200
-150
-250
-300
δ13C of tissue amino acids following acid hydrolysis of marine shrimp tail m scle protein (750 gml) sing a Dione ICS3000 strong anionmuscle protein (750μgml) using a Dionex ICS3000 strong anion exchange chromatography system interfaced to a GVI Liquiface and Isoprime IRMS (Preston unpublished data)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picturep
Isotope fractionation of C associated with the tricarboxylic acid p y(TCA) cycle and other metabolic processes
Frantle et al (1999)
∆15N pattern less clear also related to number of transamination steps
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
∆15N for bulk material and individual amino acids between Brachionus plicatilis and its food source (Tetraselmis suecica)
McLelland and Montoya (2002
Example from insects pollen vs nectar as sources of carbon for amino acid synthesis sources of carbon in the butterfly Heliconius
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
Essential and non-essential amino acid δ13C from pollen larval host plant and eggs OrsquoBrien at al (2003)
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
Hatcheries as simple controlled food webs
Limited number of Selected for isotopic Limited number of sources
Selected for isotopic composition
Typical feedsunder normalrearing conditions
eg Shlechtreim et al (2004)
Jomori et al (2008)
14
Tissue isotopic signature changes with diet
-15
-14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
∆13C δ13C δ13CDiscrimination factor
17
-16new diet isotopic signature
∆13C = δ13Cconsumer- δ13Cdiet
-18
-17
-19
δ13Ct= δ13Cass + (δ13Cinitialndash δ13Cass)e -(k+m)t
-20
days Rate of change
δ Ct δ Cass (δ Cinitial δ Cass)e
Hesslein et al 1993 modified from Fry amp Arnold (1982)
Contribution of live amp inert feeds to tissue growth in Sole larvae
-14
-16
-15artemia
metamorphosis
a
a
b
a
c
b
a
a
b
a
c
b
b
b
a
12C -18
-17
Li f d
a
b
a
bc
b
3C
δ13C
-20
-19Live feed70LF30IF30LF70IFInert feed
treatmentsdiff ti t d
rotifers
a
a
aa
c
d dc
δ13
-22
-21
inert feed
differentiated not added
Days after hatching
0 5 10 15 20 25-23
rotifer
Atlantic Arc Aquaculture Group
Gamboa Delgado et al 2008
y g
Nutrient assimilation and sources -application to compound feed components pp p p
Soy-protein based diet δ13C 25 36 permil Comparing 50 amp 90 δ13C -2536 permil δ15N 315 permil
Fishmeal based diet
Comparing 50 amp 90 fishmeal replacement with soy protein
Fishmeal based diet δ13C -2074 permil δ15N 926 permil Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay (2009)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
N sourcesfishsoyafishsoya
Obs 6931Exp 5050Exp 5050
Obs 3268Exp 1090
Nitrogen isotopic changes (permil) in muscle tissue of PL L vannameifed diets based on fish meal (FM) and soy protein isolate (SPI)
But individual amino acids behave differently
0 0
-50
00
Lys
Met Leu
Val Ile Phe Tyr
Arg His Glu
Asp AlaSer
Pro
ThrG
ly
Bulk
15 0
-100
δ 13
C
-200
-150
-250
-300
δ13C of tissue amino acids following acid hydrolysis of marine shrimp tail m scle protein (750 gml) sing a Dione ICS3000 strong anionmuscle protein (750μgml) using a Dionex ICS3000 strong anion exchange chromatography system interfaced to a GVI Liquiface and Isoprime IRMS (Preston unpublished data)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picturep
Isotope fractionation of C associated with the tricarboxylic acid p y(TCA) cycle and other metabolic processes
Frantle et al (1999)
∆15N pattern less clear also related to number of transamination steps
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
∆15N for bulk material and individual amino acids between Brachionus plicatilis and its food source (Tetraselmis suecica)
McLelland and Montoya (2002
Example from insects pollen vs nectar as sources of carbon for amino acid synthesis sources of carbon in the butterfly Heliconius
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
Essential and non-essential amino acid δ13C from pollen larval host plant and eggs OrsquoBrien at al (2003)
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
14
Tissue isotopic signature changes with diet
-15
-14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
∆13C δ13C δ13CDiscrimination factor
17
-16new diet isotopic signature
∆13C = δ13Cconsumer- δ13Cdiet
-18
-17
-19
δ13Ct= δ13Cass + (δ13Cinitialndash δ13Cass)e -(k+m)t
-20
days Rate of change
δ Ct δ Cass (δ Cinitial δ Cass)e
Hesslein et al 1993 modified from Fry amp Arnold (1982)
Contribution of live amp inert feeds to tissue growth in Sole larvae
-14
-16
-15artemia
metamorphosis
a
a
b
a
c
b
a
a
b
a
c
b
b
b
a
12C -18
-17
Li f d
a
b
a
bc
b
3C
δ13C
-20
-19Live feed70LF30IF30LF70IFInert feed
treatmentsdiff ti t d
rotifers
a
a
aa
c
d dc
δ13
-22
-21
inert feed
differentiated not added
Days after hatching
0 5 10 15 20 25-23
rotifer
Atlantic Arc Aquaculture Group
Gamboa Delgado et al 2008
y g
Nutrient assimilation and sources -application to compound feed components pp p p
Soy-protein based diet δ13C 25 36 permil Comparing 50 amp 90 δ13C -2536 permil δ15N 315 permil
Fishmeal based diet
Comparing 50 amp 90 fishmeal replacement with soy protein
Fishmeal based diet δ13C -2074 permil δ15N 926 permil Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay (2009)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
N sourcesfishsoyafishsoya
Obs 6931Exp 5050Exp 5050
Obs 3268Exp 1090
Nitrogen isotopic changes (permil) in muscle tissue of PL L vannameifed diets based on fish meal (FM) and soy protein isolate (SPI)
But individual amino acids behave differently
0 0
-50
00
Lys
Met Leu
Val Ile Phe Tyr
Arg His Glu
Asp AlaSer
Pro
ThrG
ly
Bulk
15 0
-100
δ 13
C
-200
-150
-250
-300
δ13C of tissue amino acids following acid hydrolysis of marine shrimp tail m scle protein (750 gml) sing a Dione ICS3000 strong anionmuscle protein (750μgml) using a Dionex ICS3000 strong anion exchange chromatography system interfaced to a GVI Liquiface and Isoprime IRMS (Preston unpublished data)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picturep
Isotope fractionation of C associated with the tricarboxylic acid p y(TCA) cycle and other metabolic processes
Frantle et al (1999)
∆15N pattern less clear also related to number of transamination steps
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
∆15N for bulk material and individual amino acids between Brachionus plicatilis and its food source (Tetraselmis suecica)
McLelland and Montoya (2002
Example from insects pollen vs nectar as sources of carbon for amino acid synthesis sources of carbon in the butterfly Heliconius
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
Essential and non-essential amino acid δ13C from pollen larval host plant and eggs OrsquoBrien at al (2003)
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
Contribution of live amp inert feeds to tissue growth in Sole larvae
-14
-16
-15artemia
metamorphosis
a
a
b
a
c
b
a
a
b
a
c
b
b
b
a
12C -18
-17
Li f d
a
b
a
bc
b
3C
δ13C
-20
-19Live feed70LF30IF30LF70IFInert feed
treatmentsdiff ti t d
rotifers
a
a
aa
c
d dc
δ13
-22
-21
inert feed
differentiated not added
Days after hatching
0 5 10 15 20 25-23
rotifer
Atlantic Arc Aquaculture Group
Gamboa Delgado et al 2008
y g
Nutrient assimilation and sources -application to compound feed components pp p p
Soy-protein based diet δ13C 25 36 permil Comparing 50 amp 90 δ13C -2536 permil δ15N 315 permil
Fishmeal based diet
Comparing 50 amp 90 fishmeal replacement with soy protein
Fishmeal based diet δ13C -2074 permil δ15N 926 permil Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay (2009)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
N sourcesfishsoyafishsoya
Obs 6931Exp 5050Exp 5050
Obs 3268Exp 1090
Nitrogen isotopic changes (permil) in muscle tissue of PL L vannameifed diets based on fish meal (FM) and soy protein isolate (SPI)
But individual amino acids behave differently
0 0
-50
00
Lys
Met Leu
Val Ile Phe Tyr
Arg His Glu
Asp AlaSer
Pro
ThrG
ly
Bulk
15 0
-100
δ 13
C
-200
-150
-250
-300
δ13C of tissue amino acids following acid hydrolysis of marine shrimp tail m scle protein (750 gml) sing a Dione ICS3000 strong anionmuscle protein (750μgml) using a Dionex ICS3000 strong anion exchange chromatography system interfaced to a GVI Liquiface and Isoprime IRMS (Preston unpublished data)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picturep
Isotope fractionation of C associated with the tricarboxylic acid p y(TCA) cycle and other metabolic processes
Frantle et al (1999)
∆15N pattern less clear also related to number of transamination steps
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
∆15N for bulk material and individual amino acids between Brachionus plicatilis and its food source (Tetraselmis suecica)
McLelland and Montoya (2002
Example from insects pollen vs nectar as sources of carbon for amino acid synthesis sources of carbon in the butterfly Heliconius
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
Essential and non-essential amino acid δ13C from pollen larval host plant and eggs OrsquoBrien at al (2003)
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
Nutrient assimilation and sources -application to compound feed components pp p p
Soy-protein based diet δ13C 25 36 permil Comparing 50 amp 90 δ13C -2536 permil δ15N 315 permil
Fishmeal based diet
Comparing 50 amp 90 fishmeal replacement with soy protein
Fishmeal based diet δ13C -2074 permil δ15N 926 permil Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay (2009)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
N sourcesfishsoyafishsoya
Obs 6931Exp 5050Exp 5050
Obs 3268Exp 1090
Nitrogen isotopic changes (permil) in muscle tissue of PL L vannameifed diets based on fish meal (FM) and soy protein isolate (SPI)
But individual amino acids behave differently
0 0
-50
00
Lys
Met Leu
Val Ile Phe Tyr
Arg His Glu
Asp AlaSer
Pro
ThrG
ly
Bulk
15 0
-100
δ 13
C
-200
-150
-250
-300
δ13C of tissue amino acids following acid hydrolysis of marine shrimp tail m scle protein (750 gml) sing a Dione ICS3000 strong anionmuscle protein (750μgml) using a Dionex ICS3000 strong anion exchange chromatography system interfaced to a GVI Liquiface and Isoprime IRMS (Preston unpublished data)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picturep
Isotope fractionation of C associated with the tricarboxylic acid p y(TCA) cycle and other metabolic processes
Frantle et al (1999)
∆15N pattern less clear also related to number of transamination steps
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
∆15N for bulk material and individual amino acids between Brachionus plicatilis and its food source (Tetraselmis suecica)
McLelland and Montoya (2002
Example from insects pollen vs nectar as sources of carbon for amino acid synthesis sources of carbon in the butterfly Heliconius
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
Essential and non-essential amino acid δ13C from pollen larval host plant and eggs OrsquoBrien at al (2003)
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
N sourcesfishsoyafishsoya
Obs 6931Exp 5050Exp 5050
Obs 3268Exp 1090
Nitrogen isotopic changes (permil) in muscle tissue of PL L vannameifed diets based on fish meal (FM) and soy protein isolate (SPI)
But individual amino acids behave differently
0 0
-50
00
Lys
Met Leu
Val Ile Phe Tyr
Arg His Glu
Asp AlaSer
Pro
ThrG
ly
Bulk
15 0
-100
δ 13
C
-200
-150
-250
-300
δ13C of tissue amino acids following acid hydrolysis of marine shrimp tail m scle protein (750 gml) sing a Dione ICS3000 strong anionmuscle protein (750μgml) using a Dionex ICS3000 strong anion exchange chromatography system interfaced to a GVI Liquiface and Isoprime IRMS (Preston unpublished data)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picturep
Isotope fractionation of C associated with the tricarboxylic acid p y(TCA) cycle and other metabolic processes
Frantle et al (1999)
∆15N pattern less clear also related to number of transamination steps
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
∆15N for bulk material and individual amino acids between Brachionus plicatilis and its food source (Tetraselmis suecica)
McLelland and Montoya (2002
Example from insects pollen vs nectar as sources of carbon for amino acid synthesis sources of carbon in the butterfly Heliconius
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
Essential and non-essential amino acid δ13C from pollen larval host plant and eggs OrsquoBrien at al (2003)
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
But individual amino acids behave differently
0 0
-50
00
Lys
Met Leu
Val Ile Phe Tyr
Arg His Glu
Asp AlaSer
Pro
ThrG
ly
Bulk
15 0
-100
δ 13
C
-200
-150
-250
-300
δ13C of tissue amino acids following acid hydrolysis of marine shrimp tail m scle protein (750 gml) sing a Dione ICS3000 strong anionmuscle protein (750μgml) using a Dionex ICS3000 strong anion exchange chromatography system interfaced to a GVI Liquiface and Isoprime IRMS (Preston unpublished data)
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picturep
Isotope fractionation of C associated with the tricarboxylic acid p y(TCA) cycle and other metabolic processes
Frantle et al (1999)
∆15N pattern less clear also related to number of transamination steps
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
∆15N for bulk material and individual amino acids between Brachionus plicatilis and its food source (Tetraselmis suecica)
McLelland and Montoya (2002
Example from insects pollen vs nectar as sources of carbon for amino acid synthesis sources of carbon in the butterfly Heliconius
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
Essential and non-essential amino acid δ13C from pollen larval host plant and eggs OrsquoBrien at al (2003)
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picturep
Isotope fractionation of C associated with the tricarboxylic acid p y(TCA) cycle and other metabolic processes
Frantle et al (1999)
∆15N pattern less clear also related to number of transamination steps
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
∆15N for bulk material and individual amino acids between Brachionus plicatilis and its food source (Tetraselmis suecica)
McLelland and Montoya (2002
Example from insects pollen vs nectar as sources of carbon for amino acid synthesis sources of carbon in the butterfly Heliconius
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
Essential and non-essential amino acid δ13C from pollen larval host plant and eggs OrsquoBrien at al (2003)
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
∆15N pattern less clear also related to number of transamination steps
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
∆15N for bulk material and individual amino acids between Brachionus plicatilis and its food source (Tetraselmis suecica)
McLelland and Montoya (2002
Example from insects pollen vs nectar as sources of carbon for amino acid synthesis sources of carbon in the butterfly Heliconius
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
Essential and non-essential amino acid δ13C from pollen larval host plant and eggs OrsquoBrien at al (2003)
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
Example from insects pollen vs nectar as sources of carbon for amino acid synthesis sources of carbon in the butterfly Heliconius
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
QuickTimetrade and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture
Essential and non-essential amino acid δ13C from pollen larval host plant and eggs OrsquoBrien at al (2003)
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
Where nexthellip
More on dietary sources and utilisation of inert feedsoptimising co-feeding inert feed ingestion and digestibility
Refinement of compound specific anaysis using LC-IRMS(eg McCullagh et al 2008)
Amino-acid requirements with developmentgrowth(eg Berthold et al 1993)
Bioavailability of individual amino acids (eg Saavedra et al 2007)( g )
Utilisation of feed componentseg (Gamboa Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)eg (Gamboa-Delgado amp Le Vay 2009)
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
Berthold HK Hachey DL Reeds PJ Thomes OP Hoeskemas amp Klein PD (1991) Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo PNAS 88 8091-8095
Conceiccedilatildeo LEC Morais S Roslashnnestad I 2007b Tracers in fish larvae nutrition a review of methods and applications Aquaculture 267 62ndash75
Fantle MS Dittel AI Schwalm S Epifanio CE Fogel ML 1999 A foodweb analysis of the juvenile crab Callinectes sapidus using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids Oecologia 120 416-426
Fry B 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology Springer Science NY USA 390 pp
Fry B Arnold C 1982 Rapid 13C12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) Oecologia 54 200ndash204
Gamboa-Delgado J Cantildeavate JP Zerolo R and Le Vay L 2008 Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (5) Aquaculture 280 190-197
Gamboa-Delgado J and Le Vay L 2009 Artemia replacement in co-feeding regimes for mysis and postlarval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei Nutritional contribution of inert diets to tissue growth as indicated by natural carbon stable isotopes Aquaculture under review
Gamboa-Delgado and Le Vay L 2009 Nitrogen stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets Aquaculture 291 115-123
G li k l d 1980 id d i h i f i h f i h i i i b i j i f h l l iGarlick PJ McNurlan MA Preedy VR 1980 A rapid and convenient technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues by injection of phenylalanine-H-3Biochem J 192 719ndash723
Hesslein RH Hallard KA Ramlal P 1993 Replacement of sulfur carbon and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by 34S 13C and 15N Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 2071ndash2076
Houlihan DF McCarthy ID Carter CG Marttin F 1995b Protein turnover and amino acid flux in fish larvae ICES Mar SciSymp 201 87ndash99
J i R K D tti C C i D J P t ll M C 2008 St bl b ( 13C) d it (15N) i t t l i di t f li d d f d i Pi t Jomori RK Ducatti C Carneiro DJ Portella MC 2008 Stable carbon (_13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes as natural indicators of live and dry food in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) larval tissue Aquac Res 39 370ndash381
McClelland JW Montoya JP 2002 Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids in plankton Ecology 83 2173-2180
McCullagh J Gaye-Siessegger J Focken U 2008 Determination of underivatized amino acid _13C by liquid chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry for nutritional studies the effect of dietary non-essential amino acid profile on the isotopic signature of individual amino acids in fish Rap Commun Mass Spect 22 1817-1822
OrsquoB i D M B C L F l M L 2003 P ll f di i th b tt fl H li i h it i i t i id f ti l i id t f f ll t P R OrsquoBrien DM Boggs CL Fogel ML 2003 Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs P R Soc London B Bio 270 2631ndash2636
Saavedra M Beltran M Pousatildeo-Ferreira P Dinis MT Blasco J Conceiccedilatildeo LEC 2007 Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzolarvae towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile Aquaculture 263 192ndash198
Schlechtriem C Focken U Becker K 2004 Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient in larval fish feeding on live food Aquat Ecol 38 93-100
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