lecture(protein synthesis)
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8/2/2019 Lecture(Protein Synthesis)
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Protein Synthesis
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Marvelous Mussel Adhesive
Mussel binds itself to rocks with threads
coated with the protein bysuss
Gene for bysuss has been put into yeast
Yeast synthesize the protein based on
the instructions in the mussel DNA
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Mussels Must Stick to Surfaces
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Same two steps produce all proteins:
1) DNA is transcribed to form RNA
Occurs in the nucleus RNA moves into cytoplasm
2) RNA is translated to form polypeptide
chains, which fold to form proteins
Steps from DNA to Proteins
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Three Classes of RNAsMessenger RNA
Carries protein-building instructionRibosomal RNA
Major component of ribosomes
Transfer RNA Delivers amino acids to ribosomes
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A Nucleotide Subunit of RNA
phosphate
group
sugar
(ribose)
uracil (base)
Figure 14.2
Page 228
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Base Pairing during
Transcription
DNA
DNA DNA
RNAG C A T
C G T A
G C A U
C G T A
base pairing in DNA replication base pairing in transcription
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Transcription Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsofH466l
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Transcription & DNA Replication Like DNA replication
Nucleotides added in 5 to 3 directionUnlike DNA replication
Only small stretch is template RNA polymerase catalyzes nucleotide addition
Product is a single strand of RNA
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Promoter
A base sequence in the DNA
that signals the start of a gene
For transcription to occur, RNA
polymerase must first bind to a
promoter
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Gene Transcriptiontranscribed DNA
winds up again
DNA to be
transcribed unwinds
mRNAtranscript
RNA polymerase
Figure 14.4c
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Adding Nucleotides
growing RNA transcript5
35
3
direction of transcription
Figure 14.4d
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Transcript Modificationunit of transcription in a DNA strand
exon intron
mature mRNA transcript
poly-A
tail
5
5 3
3
snipped
outsnipped
out
exon exonintron
cap
transcription into pre-mRNA
3 5
Figure 14.5Page 229
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Genetic Code
Set of 64 base
triplets
Codons
61 specify amino
acids3 stop translation
Figure 14.7
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tRNA Structurecodon in mRNA
anticodon
amino
acidOH
amino-acid
attachment site
Figure 14.8
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Ribosomestunnel
small ribosomal subunit large ribosomal subunit intact ribosome
Figure 14.9b,c
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Three Stages of Translation
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
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Translation Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PSwhTG
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsofH466lqkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsofH466lqkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PSwhTGFMxs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PSwhTGFMxs&feature=related -
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Initiation
Initiator tRNA binds tosmall ribosomal subunit
Small subunit/tRNAcomplex attaches tomRNA and moves alongit to an AUG start
codonLarge ribosomal subunit
joins complexFig. 14.10a-c
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Binding Sites
binding site for mRNA
P(first
binding site
for tRNA)
A (second
binding site
for tRNA)
Figure 14.10d
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Elongation
mRNA passes through ribosomal
subunits
tRNAs deliver amino acids to the
ribosomal binding site in the order
specified by the mRNA
Peptide bonds form between the amino
acids and the polypeptide chain grows
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Elongation
Fig. 14.10e-g
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Termination
Stop codon into place
No tRNA with anticodon
Release factors bind to
the ribosome
mRNA and polypeptide
are released
new
polypeptidechain
mRNA
Fig. 14.10j-k
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What Happens to the
New Polypeptides?
Some just enter the cytoplasm
Many enter the endoplasmic reticulum
and move through the cytomembrane
system where they are modified
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Overview
Transcription
Translation
mRNA rRNA tRNA
Mature mRNA
transcripts
ribosomal
subunits
mature
tRNA
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Gene Mutations
Base-Pair Substitutions
Insertions
Deletions
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Base-Pair Substitution
original base triplet
in a DNA strand
During replication, proofreadingenzymes make a substitution
a base substitution
within the triplet (red)
original, unmutated
sequence
a gene
mutation
possible outcomes:
or
Figure 14.11Page 234
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Frameshift Mutations
Insertion
Extra base added into gene region
Deletion
Base removed from gene region
Both shift the reading frame
Result in many wrong amino acids
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Frameshift Mutation
mRNA
parental DNA
amino acids
altered mRNA
DNA with
base insertion
altered amino-
acid sequence
arginine glycine tyrosine tryptophan asparagine
arginine glycine leucine glutamateleucine
Figure 14.12Page 234
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Transposons
DNA segments that move
spontaneously about the genome
When they insert into a gene region,
they usually inactivate that gene
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Transposons and Plants
Barbara McClintockNobel Prize 1983
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Mutation Rates
Each gene has a characteristic mutation
rate
Average rate for eukaryotes is between10-4 and 10-6 per gene per generation
Only mutations that arise in germ cells
can be passed on to next generation
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Mutagens
Ionizing radiation (X rays)
Nonionizing radiation (UV)
Natural and synthetic chemicals
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