lecture 8 on worldwide development of unmanned aviation...
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Lecture 8 on
Worldwide Development of
Unmanned Aviation – Research
Programmes and Critical
Technologies – part 1
Zdobyslaw Goraj
Warsaw, April 30, 2020
2/50
Layout of the lecture
• UAS market – forecast of development
• IAI – MALAT – key programmes
• USA – overview of selected projects
• Elbit – HERMES 900 – an example of new approach to
multi-mission and safety challenges
• European selected programmes (UAVNET,CAPECON,NACRE, ...
• Autonomy versus automation
• The most important research and development issues:
• power units
• batteries
• sensors, optoelectronics
• safety and reliability
• Law regulations and requirements
3/50
Investment of UAV development in US
4/50
Civil UAVs are expected to produce over € 1 billion for Europe alone over the next decade - Frost & Sullivan
-
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Eu
ro m
illi
on
sTelcoms
13%Forest Fire
12%
Borders
11%
Coastguard
13%
Law
Enforcement
3%
Powerline
5%Pipeline
6%
Earth
Observation
37%
In the long-term, UAVs are likely
to become a true ‘disruptive
technology’, eventually taking
on many of the roles currently
performed by manned aircraft
and also opening up some new
markets. - Frost & Sullivan
European Civil UAV Market (Frost & Sullivan)
5/50
UAV Market Development Forecast
R&D USA
R&D RoW
Acquisition – RoW
Acquisition USA
Mini-UAVs
Tactical UAVs
Naval UAVs
MALE
HALE
UCAVs
Civil
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Mil
lio
ns $
US
Source:
“WORLD UAV Systems, Market profile & Forecast”, Teal, 2009
Constant Growth
in UAV Market
and
R&D Investments
Acquisition – whole World
6/50
UAS - RTD & Procurement – US & ROW
RTD $ millions 2009 2012 INCREASE
US 1,720 1,775 3,1%
ROW 200 400 100%
PROCUREMENT $ millions 2008 2011 INCREASE
US 2,000 2,100 5%
ROW 500 600 20%
7/50
Manned - Unmanned Mix transition
C3 Control +
Communication +
Computer
C4 Control + Command
Communication + Computer
8/50
IAI - MALAT
A World-Leader in Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)
Founded in 1974
Over 300 Million $ U.S. Annual sales with 2 years Backlog
More than 800 UAVs produced and delivered
8 Different operational UAV systems
More than 900 Employees dedicated to UAV Design,
Development, Production and Integration
From MALAT presentation, 2010
9/50
IAI/Malat UAV Assembly and Integration Facilities
From MALAT presentation, 2010
10/50
UAS in production IAI/Malat
Heron / Eagle 1
Searcher III Hunter / MQ-5B
Ranger NRUAV
Mosquito Bird Eye 400
I-View
Bird Eye 650
From MALAT presentation, 2010
11/50 GCS Land Based Shipboard
MPR/SAR COMINT ELINT EO/IR/LD
RADIO RELAY IFF AIS UHF
Main tasks
From MALAT presentation, 2010
COMMUNICATION
INTELLIGENCE
IDENTIFICATION
FRIEND-FOE AUTOMATIC
IDENTIFICATION
SYSTEM
ELECTRONIC
INTELLIGENCE MEDIUM
POWER
RADAR
12/50
AIRMULE – cargo delivery at emergency (floods,
earthquakes, biological, atomic & chemical emergencies)
13/50
Panther – tilt rotor UAV
Ultra quiet electric motor
AFCS (TOL & transition)
Weight – 65 kg
Payload – 12 kg
Endurance - 6 h
Ceiling – 3 km
14/50
HERON – MALE UAV
15/49
USA DoD UAS Roadmap 2012-2021
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
FY-12 FY-16 FY-18 FY-21
Follow-on UAS
USAF MQ-9 Reaper
USAF MQ-1B
USAF RQ-4
USN MQ-4C
USN UNCLASS
USMC GROUP4 UAS
16/50
USMC GROUP 4 UAS (Lekkie) Group 1
Dragon Eye
Group 1
Raven B
Group 3
RQ-7B Shadow
Group 4
MQ-8B Fire Scout
Group 2
Scan Eagle
17/49
Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel UCAV
• First spotted in Afghanistan in 2007
• This UAV was known as the Beast of Kandahar
• Was rumoured as Lockheed Desert Provler or Polecat UCAV derivative
• This is Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel UCAV, confirmed by USAF
in the end of 2009 as used in operational service
• Estimated initial parameters:
• wing span ~90 ft
• length ~ 40 ft
• ceiling 50 000 ft
18/50
Phantom Eye, a hydrogen powered unmanned spy plane –
an example of fuel cell technology
19/50
Phantom Eye - SUBSYTEMS BR&T STL - Boeing Research &
Technology – St.Louis
Tactical Common Data Link (TCDL) is a secure data link
being developed by the U.S. military to send secure data and streaming video links
20/50
Major UAS programme updates • Nortrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk.
Due to high operating costs and disappointing
sensors performance compared to the legacy
U2, the RQ-4 Block 30 was cancelled on
January 2012 Block 40 procurement will be
increased.
• Northrop Grumman X-47B UCAS-D:
Autonomous aerial refuelling system
successfully demonstrated on a navy Learjet.
• GA-ASIMQ-9 Reaper (Predator B): The MQ-X
program to replace the Reapers has
been put on hold on February 2012. Instead
the USAF plans to upgrade its Reaper UAV.
21/49
Recent Civil UAV Application
Honeywell T-Hawk Used by Miami SWAT for locating shooting sources
MTOW 18 lb
Endurance 40 min
Payload FMV
Takeoff VTOL
SWAT - Special
Weapons And Tactics
Aurora Flight Sciences Skate Aurora was hired by AFRL to test the city patrol
ability as part of Urban Beat Cop project.
The project examine the possibility of replacing
Patrolmen with UAV
Endurance: 1hr
Payload: video 1R
Takeoff: VTOL
Recharge: Parasitic recharge/
Perching on powerline /
Electromagnetic induction
Vertical tack-off
Insitu/Boeing Scan Eagle Used for monitoring hurricane escape routes in
Houston, Texas
Shell uses Scan Eagle UAV for monitor wildlife
in offshore areas where the company planes
to work
MTOW 40 lb
Endurance 24 hrs
Payload EOIR, SAR
Takeoff: launcher
AeroVironment Qube Civil derivative of DARPA Shrike
The UAV is designed to meet the FAA civilian
Requirements and regulation, intended for law
enforcement application
MTOW: 5,5 lb; Endurance: 40 min
Payload: Color TV, IR; Takeoff: VTOL
22/49
Major UAS programs updates • EADS Talarion: Talarion is an advanced twin-jet
unmanned air vehicle (UAV) system developed by
EADS to meet the requirements of France, Germany
and Spain. Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition
and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) airborne platform.
• The EADS Barracuda is a jet powered European
(UAV) currently under development by EADS,
intended for the role of aerial reconnaissance
and also combat (UCAV), Germany, Spain.
• BAE Taranis: Named after the Celtic god of
thunder, Taranis is an unmanned aerial combat vehicle
drone with stealth capabilities, built by BAE Systems for
the MoD. The delta-winged, finless craft was unveiled in
2010 and made a number secretive test flights between
2013and 2015. The cost of the programme is now thought
to be in excess of £200 million.
• Dassault nEUROn: SAAB, Leonardo, EADS, RUAG
First flight mid 2012, swarm (formation) flight 2014
(RAFALE + FALCON 7X).
23/50
Hermes 900 – a new approach to
reliability and safety MTOW 1180 kg
Payload-max 450 kg
Fuel-max 350 kg
Speed Range 60-120 Kt
Altitude-max 30 kf
Wing Span 15-17 m
Endurance 36 h
Engine Rotax 914F
ATOL Capable
BLOS Capable
Auto-taxi Capable
HERMES 1500
24/51
25/50
NACRE – Innovative Evaluation Platform
• Preliminary Design and Detailed design :
Modular Flying Platform Airframe
Modular Flying Platform Systems (FMCS, Autopilot)
Ground Segment
Sizing is based on:
-Froude Similarity
-Operational aspects
-Available engines
Main characteristics
-Span : 4160 mm
-Length : 4445 mm
-Max. Weight : 100 kg
-Max. Thrust : 400 N
Property of NACRE
consortium
NACRE = “New Aircraft Concepts REsearch”
IEP Taxi tests, Bemowo, May 2009
26/50
NACRE = “New Aircraft Concepts REsearch”
IEP Taxi tests in Modlin, Feb.2010
27/50
NACRE = “New Aircraft Concepts REsearch”
28/50
CAPECON Configurations
IAI
ONERA
PW
PW
POLITO
UNINA
EUROCOPTER
AGUSTA
MALE – PW-104
HALE – PW-114
CAPECON Configurations - Civil UAV Applications and Economic Effectivity
of Potential Configuration Solutions
29/50
WUT – MALE Configuration
WUT PW103 Configuration
WUT PW103 Internal Layout
Maximum Takeoff Weight
Basic Empty Weight
Fuel Weight
Payload Weight
Span
Reference Area
Propulsion Type
Propulsion
Flight Altitude
Total Endurance
kg
kg
kg
kg
m
m 2
kft
hr
930
488
225
217
12 .
10.2 .
Piston
20
42
TAE 125
Auxiliary power unit
CAPECON Configurations - Civil UAV Applications and Economic Effectivity of Potential Configuration Solutions
Torsion box section (HALE PW-114)
30/50
Mass [kg] %
m1 0,60 6,5
m2 3,17 34
m3 3,17 34
m4 0,59 6,5
m5 0,87 9,5
m6 0,88 9.5
Torsion box
total
9,28 100
Weights of wing components [kg]
torsion box with fuel ribs, nose
and anti-icing installation
96
control surfaces 11.5
wingtip with brackets 7.8
control surfaces’ consoles 3
actuators 16.5
fuel installation 6
Whole
wing
2x 140,8
= 281.6
kg
4,5 %
of max
TOW
PW-113 – central element of the structure
31/50
Three main frames
made of aluminium alloy
Other frames made
of composite material
Wing – fuselage joining
LRT – Low Reynolds Transonic wing section
32/50
Polish PW-114
Israeli HA-50
Israeli LRT wing section
CAPECON project (Civil UAV Applications and
Economic Effectivity of Potential Configuration Solutions)
CAPECON - successive steps performed in the design loop
- HALE PW-111
33/50
PW-111
PW-112
PW-113
PW-114
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