lecture 02 survey

SURVEY TECHNIQUES

SURVEY TECHNIQUES INCLUDE:

1. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS2. TOWNSCAPE ANALYSIS

• URBAN LEGIBILITY• PERMEABILITY

• VISUAL ANALYSIS

Knowing “ how that which came to be” is a sound basis for future action.

‘Peeling back the layers of history’ it can simply mean-

• The examination of early survey map in order to determine the scale of Urban Grain prior to what currently exists.

• After the demolition of the unwanted development it is possible, using the information from the survey to restore the site to something resembling its former richness.

• If the site has an ancient history the study may include a detailed archaeological investigation.

• Ospedale degli Innocenti by Brunellleschi

• Ospedale degli Innocenti by Sangallo

finished after 90 years

A set of four possible attitudes toward the relationship of the new and the old may be

defined• (1) ‘‘Literal replication. The strategy of replication prioritizes

compatibility and minimizes differentiation. This strategy will likely sustain the characteristics of an existing setting so long as its historic elements to be replicated are well understood, the technical means to effect replication are available, and the scale of the replication is modest relative to the original building’’.

• (2) ‘‘Invention within style. This strategy, while not replicating the original design, adds new elements in either the same or a closely related style, sustaining a sense of continuity in architectural language. The intention is to achieve a balance between differentiation and compatibility, but weighted in favor of the latter’’.

A set of four possible attitudes toward the relationship of the new and the old may be

defined• (3) ‘‘Abstract reference. The third strategy seeks to make reference to the

historic setting while consciously avoiding literal resemblance or working in a historic style. This approach seeks to balance differentiation and compatibility, but with the balance tipped toward the former. This is a difficult strategy to execute because it requires an artistry and skill that are not often available’’.

• (4) ‘‘Intentional opposition. The fourth strategy is one of conscious opposition to the context and the determination to change its character through conspicuous contrast, prioritizing differentiation at the expense of compatibility’’.

• Therefore, it is very important to find some basic principles for evaluating urban design in terms of the relationship between the proposed new projects and their immediate surroundings.

Check ListTHE EXAMINATION OF THE:-

•fundamental geographical reasons for settlement formation, including topography, geology, soils and drainage; •the dominant axes of development, including lay lines and vistas of symbolic importance;•dominant buildings of historic significance; •Focal points of activity; •movement patterns of ancient origin, including processional routes; changing seats of power and influence; changing economic patterns and flow of land values, •the density of development, •building conditions and their occupation; •the patterns of population intrusion, invasion and succession; and •finally, the developing patterns of functional areas in relation to changing modes of transport.

•Fundamental geographical reasons for settlement Formation.

Geographical reasons for locating JAIPUR City

The program of this Pope, was based on three main objectives:

• The first was "integrated into a single system of main streets with various works by his predecessors, linking the most important churches and other key points in the city."

• Secondly, gave great importance to "repopulate the hills of Rome, providing a continuous supply of water lacking that were cut from the ancient aqueducts."

• And finally the third, it was a clear intention of the pope to create "an aesthetic city that might lead to the improvement of the current configuration of streets and public spaces as a result of the aggregation of disparate buildings."

TOWNSCAPE ANALYSIS

MAIN ASPECTS OF TOWNSCAPE ANALYSIS

• The first concerns the legibility of the urban structure, that is, the ways in which people perceive, understand and react to the environment.

• The second aspect of townscape analysis concerns the permeability of the environment, that is, the choice it presents to the user.

• The third aspect of the analysis, a visual study, The visual analysis includes studies of urban space, the treatment of façades, pavement, roofline, street sculpture and an analysis of the complexity of visual detail which distinguishes one place from another.

PERCEPTUAL STRUCTURE

Implies the ways in which People perceive, understand & react to

environment.

Legibility is one of the qualities of the traditional city. The traditional city is ‘easy

to read’.

BASIC ELEMENTS & IMAGE OF CITY

PATH WAYSDISTRICTS

EDGESLANDMARK

NODES

PERMEABILITY STUDY: PRIVACY AND ACCESSIBILITY

The design of the interface between the public realm and the more private areas of individual

properties is a legitimate concern of urban design.

Hierarchical layouts reduce permeability:

here there is only one way from A to D and you have to goalong B and C, never A–D directly, or ADCABCD, but always ABCD.

Hierarchical layouts generate a world of cul-de-sacs, deadends and little choice of routes.

CUL-DE-SAC

• Commonly regarded as a road that ends in a sudden, bulbous loop, usually in a subdivision with large, expensive houses.

• A dead-end, usually looped/circular road.

A PERMEABILITY STUDY INCLUDES:

• Some estimate of current pedestrian, cycling and vehicular movements,

• noting blind or dead spots with little activity and points of pedestrian–vehicular conflict.

• Residents can provide invaluable information about trouble spots and ‘no-go’ areas where violence is likely to erupt.

• The permeability study concludes with an analysis of street frontage,

• noting those areas where there is little or no visual or physical contact across the building frontage and also

• Noting places where it may be possible to enrich the street scene and increase levels of permeability between the private domain and public realm.