learning target(s): define psychology and trace its historical development. identify and apply the...
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Learning Target(S): • Define psychology and trace its
historical development. • Identify and apply the major
modern perspectives/approaches.
Psychology’s RootsPre-scientific
Psychology Is the mind
connected to the body or distinct?
Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank slate filled by experience?
History of PsychologySocrates (469-399 B.C.) & Plato (428-348 B.C.)
Socrates and Plato believed the mind was separate from the body.
Socrates
Plato
4
History of Psychology Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body.
5
John Locke (1632-1704)
The mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences
wrote on it.
History of Psychology
René Descartes (1596-1650)
The body and mind are separate, knowledge is
innate
Founding Fathers of Ψ Wilhelm Wundt = “Father
of Modern Psychology”– 1st psych lab – Measure the simplest human
processes (reaction time)
Edward Titchener (& Wundt) – Structuralism– Break down conscious experience
into objective sensations & components
Founding Fathers of Ψ• William James – Functionalism
– How our behavior and mental processes help us adapt to our environments
• John B. Watson – Behaviorism– Emphasized study of observable
behavior
Founding Fathers of Ψ
• B.F. SkinnerReinforcement & behavior
Founding Fathers of Ψ• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) -
Psychoanalysis – Emphasizes unconscious motives and
conflicts in behavior
Gestalt Psychology
• German psychologists Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, & Wolfgang Kohler (1920s)
• Emphasizes tendency to organize & integrate stimuli into meaningful patterns
“the whole is more than the sum of its parts”
What is Psychology?• Psychology: the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes– Empirical science, not pseudoscience!
• Four goals of psychology:1) Description2) Explanation3) Prediction4) Control
Other Milestones in Scientific Psychology
• G. Stanley Hall – first psych lab in U.S. @ Johns Hopkins U. (1883)– 1st American psych journal (1887) – American
Journal of Psychology• Herman Ebbinghaus – studies on memory
(1885)• American Psychological Association (1892)• Margaret Floy Washburn – 1st woman to
receive Ph.D. in psychology (1894)• Mary Whiton Calkins – first woman president
of APA (1905)• Francis Cecil Sumner – 1st African-American
Ph.D. in psychology
Modern Psychology Perspectives
Learning Target: Compare and contrast the seven major psychological perspectives.
Why do we do the
things we do?
Why do we think the way we do?
Evolutionary/Biological• Applies Darwin to Ψ
– Inherited behaviors ensure survival– Natural selection
• Interaction of genes & behavior• Parts of the brain, chemicals, hormones,
nervous system
Psychodynamic• Modern psychoanalytic school• Unconscious desires and urges drive our behavior• Conflicts from childhood
Behavioral (Learning)• John Watson, B.F. Skinner• Focuses on OBSERVABLE behaviors• How we learn behaviors
– Associations– Rewards & punishments– Observation
• How to change or modify behaviors
Cognitive• Wilhelm Wundt, Jean Piaget, Herman Ebbinghaus• Focuses on mental processes• How we encode, process, store, & retrieve info• Perception of the world around us
Humanistic• Focuses on positive growth (get in touch with
our emotions)• People are good by nature and have free will• Motivated to reach self-actualization• Control over choices
Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers
Socio-Cultural• How our behavior & thoughts are influenced by
society & culture
Even in the same high school, behaviors can change in accordance to the various subcultures.
Individualist v. CollectivistVariable Individualist Collectivist
Personal Identity Separate from others Connected to others
Major Goals Self-defined; be unique; realize your personal potential; compete with others
Defined by others; belong; occupy your proper place; meet your obligations to others; be like others
Criteria for self-esteem Ability to express unique aspects of the self; ability to be self-assured
Ability to restrain the self and be part of a social unit; ability to be modest
Sources of success and failure
Success comes from personal effort; failure, from external factors
Success is due to help from others; failure is due to personal faults
Major frame of reference Personal attitudes, traits, and goals
Family, work group
Levels of Analysis – Biopsychosocial Model
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