learning styles & multiple intelligences (just some approaches!)
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Learning Styles &Multiple Intelligences (just some approaches!)
Lead LectureY1 Approaches to LearningSemester 2 Week 3Emma Morley
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Un-assessed Group Poster PresentationWeek 5
This will be based around your poster – no PowerPoint
You will present the information as outlined for the poster i.e.Brief biography, with significant highlightsOutline of key theories / ideas Impact on thinking in education Impact on current practice with practical
examplesStrengths / limitations
The Broad Landscape
3A Different View
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West-Burnham & Coates (2005)
Intelligence
The LearningCulture
NeurologicalFactors
The Individual
as a Learner
Health&
Well-being
Family&
Community
SocialRelationships
EffectiveLearning
Some approaches to learning……
Thinking SkillsThinking StylesLearning StylesConstructivismMultiple IntelligencesVAKVisual Task BoardsWALTWILFBrain-based LearningLearning about LearningCreativity
Learning IntentionsSuccess CriteriaKWL BoardsMetacognitionEmotional Literacy‘Look, Pair, Share’FeedbackPeer and self assessment ‘Two Stars & a Wish’ ‘Traffic Lights’/ ‘Thumbs Up’Assessment OF LearningAssessment AS LearningAssessment FOR Learning
A tool kit……. VAK
Multiple Intelligences
Brain based Learning
TASC
Thinking Hats
P4C
High Scope
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Some tools are better than others…..
It will depend on what it is you are trying to achieve Where it is you are starting from Individual jobs may require different tools (one size
does not necessarily fit all!) Some jobs require more than one tool Some people disagree with the choice of certain tools Sometimes you have to try more than one tool There are no guarantees that what you do will work !
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Learning styles – the great debate!
There is agreement that:
People learn in different ways.
People have preferred approaches to learning known as learning styles.
It is helpful to a learner to be aware of his / her preferred learning style.
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On average, we remember …..20% of what we READ30% of what we HEAR40% of what we SEE50% of what we SAY60% of what we DO
90% of what we SEE, HEAR, SAY and DO
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There is a range of current approaches to the issue of learning styles, based on different standpoints re learning.
One popular approach ….
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PERCEPTUAL MODALITY
This refers to the ways our bodies take in information using the senses i.e. biologically based reactions.
VISUAL AUDITORY KINAESTHETIC
= VAK
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What do you focus on when you watch a firework display??
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Do you mainly… See the colours and patterns of the
fireworks? Hear the loud noise? Smell the gunpowder and feel the
excitement / fear?
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Visual Learners …… Learn by seeing Have good visual recall Prefer information presented visually, e.g.
maps, diagrams, graphs, posters, displays Often use hand movements when
describing or recalling events & objects Tend to look up when thinking or recalling
information
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Auditory Learners …… Prefer to learn by listening Have good auditory memory Benefit from discussion, lectures,
interviewing, hearing stories & audio tapes Like sequence, repetition, and summary When recalling memories, tend to tilt their
heads and use level eye movement
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Kinaesthetic Learners …… Prefer to learn by doing Good at recalling events Associate feelings or physical experiences
with memory Enjoy physical activity, field trips,
manipulating objects, Prefer practical first-hand experience Often find it difficult to keep still Need regular breaks in classroom activities Access information while looking down
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There are clues in the language they use:
I see what you mean I get the picture I hear what you are saying It sounds good to me I feel this way Hang in there Get to grips with
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Children with learning difficulties often display great difficulty with particular learning approaches, especially auditory.
Children with behavioural difficulties are predominantly kinaesthetic learners
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‘Health Warnings’ It is beneficial for learners to be aware of
their preferred learning approaches – metacognition
However, it is not helpful to “label” learners and can limit their adaptability and motivation and your expectations.
Given a choice, a learner will adopt the preferred learning style and avoid less favoured approaches.
Good learners can access learning equally well through all 3 modalities.
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If you want to know more:
Explore the literature of NLP (Neuro Linguistic Programming) which is where much of the VAK material originates
But BEWARE! Many researchers / educators feel strongly that this material has little scientific / research basis! See article in reading pack.
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For teachers … Research into learning styles stresses
cognitive diversity A one-size pedagogy / curriculum does not
fit all - good teachers have always known this!
SO… good teachers present learning in all 3 modalities – see video in today’s seminar for an excellent demonstration!
But beware! We tend to teach as we prefer to learn – through our own preferred learning styles.
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“However well matched teaching and learning styles may be, the incorporation of new knowledge in a cognitive pattern, as intended by the teacher, is not guaranteed.”
(Coates in West-Burnham & Coates, 2005 p. 61)
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Information Processing
VAK is not the whole story Once the information is taken in, it is
processed in the brain. Learning occurs when new knowledge
is incorporated into existing knowledge
Information processing by the brain will give significance to some pieces of information & discard others.
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What do we mean by intelligence?
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Theories of Intelligence
Nature – genetic, fixed
Nurture – can be changed Margaret McMillan Sure Start / High Scope
Real answer lies somewhere in between
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Testing Intelligence
IQ tests allow people to be grouped Popular with administrators & policy
makers Used for pupils with SEN 11+ exam
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Limitations Putting numbers on intelligence, particularly for young
children, carries risks Genetic impact not fully known Impact of environment / nutrition still not fully
understood Differences between groups not fully explained IQ seems to be rising – 3 points every 10 years –
reasons not fully understood Important aspects of behaviour e.g. creativity, social
sensitivity, wisdom, are nor measured by IQ tests.(Pound, L (2008) How Children Learn (2) Londin: Step Forward Publishing)
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In school … Which kinds of intelligence do schools
traditionally rely on most heavily?
How can all children be helped to demonstrate and develop their personal strengths?
What are the implications for teaching?
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Intelligent?
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The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
This originates from Howard Gardner’s seminal work Frames of Mind (1983)
Gardner believes each learner has a different profile of intelligences
This will affect the way in which learners approach problems and the ease with which new ideas might be understood, depending on how they are presented
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Gardner (1999) defines intelligence as
… a bio-psychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture.
1999 p.33-34
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Gardner’s multiple intelligences are:
Interpersonal Intra-personal Linguistic Mathematical and Logical Visual and Spatial Kinesthetic Musical Naturalist Spiritual & Moral (Existential)From Howard Gardner’s seminal work Frames of Mind (1983)
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Interpersonal
(social)The
Conversationalist
Negotiates & reads social situations wellRelates well, mixes well, has many friendsAble to read others, negotiates in disputesCommunicates well, sometimes manipulates
Intra-personal (intuitive)The Thinker
Self-knowledge, sensitivity to own values, deeply aware of own feelings, often privateHas a well-developed sense of selfIntuitive, self-motivated
Linguistic The Orator
OrderlyLikes to read & writeSpells easilyEnjoys word games
Mathematical and LogicalThe Engineer
Likes abstract thinkingSystematic, preciseUses logical structureEnjoys problems, computers, counting
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Visual and Spatial The Artist
Thinks in pictures, creates mental images, likes art, easily reads maps, charts & diagramsHas good colour sense
Kinesthetic (bodily)The Acrobat
Exceptional control of body & objectsGood timing, responses, reflexesLearns best by moving, participating, doingLikes sport, responsive to physical environment
Musical The Musician
Sensitive to pitch, rhythm, timbreSensitive to emotional power of musicSensitive to complex organisation of musicMay be deeply spiritual
NaturalistThe David Bellamy
Appreciates & understands the natural worldFascinated by plants & animalsUses knowledge of natural world productively e.g. farming, biological science
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So what does all this mean for teachers & learners?
“Research indicates that the single biggest factor limiting pupil achievement has been teacher beliefs about their pupils’ ability and beliefs.”
(West-Burnham & Coates 2005 p.65)
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Bibliography / suggested further reading:
Conner, M. & Hodgins, W. (2000) Learning Styles, www.learnativity.com/learningstyles.html
Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Gardner, H. (2000) Intelligence Reframed: multiple intelligences for the 21st century. New York: Basic Books. New York: Basic Books
Smith, A & Call, N. (1999) The ALPS Approach: Accelerated Learning in Primary Schools. Stafford: Network Educational Press
West-Burnham, J. & Coates, M. (2005) Personalizing Learning: Transforming education for every child. Stafford: Network Educational Press
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