learning disabilities

Learning Disabilities

ReadingDefinition

Written languageSpoken Language

Social Uses of LanguageMathematics

Behavioral ProblemsPerceptualMemory

Social CompetenceAssessment

Large number of learning characteristics makes it difficult to interpret research findings that can provide the basis for

recommending effective teaching strategies.

Learning disabilities may occur within the lifespan.

No two individuals with learning disabilities are found to be alike. There is a great deal of intra-individual variations within the profiles

of groups of these children.

Uneven profiles are found.

Reading poses the most difficulty among all the subjects in the curriculum. Reading problems are ushered in by deficiencies in

language skills especially the phonological skills.

These skills develop the ability to understand the rules of how various sounds go with certain letters to make up words called

Grapheme-phoneme correspondence.

The difficulty in breaking words into their component

sounds result to difficulties in reading and spelling.

DyslexiaRefers to the disturbance in the ability to learn in

general and the ability to read in particular.

Written Language poses severe problems:

HandwritingSpelling

Composition Illegible and Slow Writing

Their written work show lack of planning,

organizing, drafting and editing.

Developmental Aphasia

Spoken language poses problems on the mechanical uses of language syntax or grammar, semantics or word meanings and phonology or the breaking down of words

into their component sounds and blending individual sounds to compose words.

Developmental Aphasia

Is a condition characterized by loss of speech functions, often, but not always due to brain injury.

Pragmantics or Social Uses of Language

•Problems in the ability to carry on a conversation. •Unable to engage in a give and take conversation•Find it difficult to understand ideas•Long silences•Inability to respond

Mathematics

Problems are recognized as second

to deficiencies in reading, language

and spelling.

Dyscalculia

The students with these inabilities tend to fail and be retained in a grade level.

Behavior problems

•Inattention•Impulsivity•Hyperactivity

Social acceptance is low but some can be popular.

Perceptual, Perceptual-Motor, General Coordination Problems

1.Exhibit Visual and/or auditory perceptual disabilities.

Problem is in organizing and interpreting visual and auditory

stimuli.Menu

2. Difficulty with physical activities that involve gross and fine motor skills.

3. Problems with attention and hyperactivity.

Memory, Cognitive and Metacognitive Problems

•Problems in remembering assignments or appointments.•Disorganized thinking•Lack of awareness skills, strategies and resources to perform task effectively.

Attention Deficit- Selective attention or inability to focus on relevant details of the lesson

Cannot scan all the sensory stimuli such as the instructional aids used by the teacher but instead distracted.

Coaching and effective selective attention strategies

Poor Memory- poor ability to store and retrieve information

They lack the ability to organized information for recall. Happens either because of the absent ,

immature or inefficiently use of common strategies for storing and recalling information.

The teacher calls him/her back to attention. Provide study guides and summary of lessons.Menu

Problems in Social Competence

Learning disabled person may be popular, neglected or rejected.

May have low social acceptance but can enjoy popularity or may have significant deficits in social skills but enjoy acceptance.

Assessment of Learning Disabilities

Tests:

•Norm-referenced tests•Process tests•Informal reading inventories•Criterion refrenced tests•Direct daily measurement of Learning

Students with LD manifest deficits in the expected number of skills for mastery in a particular level.

Specific perceptual problems are in visual perception, auditory perception, and

visual-motor coordination.TESTS

• llinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities• Marianne Frostig Developmental Test of Visual

PerceptionMenu

Criterion Referenced TestsFor specific subjects:

ReadingLanguage

Mathematics

Determine the mastery level of the student that he/she should be

capable of achieving.Menu

Informal Reading InventoryConsists of a series of

progressively more difficult sentences and paragraphs

for oral reading.

Mistakes are recorded like problems in consonants, omissions, reversals, substitutions

and comprehension.

Direct Daily MeasurementExample: In Mathematics, the teacher observes and records the correct rate or how many times the student gives wrong responses and the percentage

of correct answers.

So, the teacher can adjust his/her lesson.

Direct Daily MeasurementChildren with learning disability

should be identified early so he/she will received his/her own

individualized educational plan.

A SPED teacher should assist a regular teacher in her way of teaching so, the regular teacher will not be engage in doing behaviors that would make the

student have inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity.

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