leadership style nelson mandela

ASSIGNMENT 2 - LIO

By: 154 Ateendra Gupta163 Noopur Vijay165 Pradyumn Tulsian177 Swapnil Raj374 Shubham Choudhary 376 Tushar Singh

His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalized racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation.

Mandela was committed to nonviolent resistance, having drawn influence by Mohandas Gandhi. Mandela spent 27 years in prison, during which time his reputation grew.

About Nelson Mandela He was Born on 18 July 1918.

He was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

• It is better to lead from behind and to put others in front, especially when you celebrate victory when nice things occur. You take the front line when there is danger. Then people will appreciate your leadership.

• Long speeches, the shaking of fists, the banging of tables and strongly worded resolutions out of touch with the objective conditions do not bring about mass action and can do a great deal of harm to the organization and the struggle we serve.”

Thinking Of Mandela

Five factor model

of personality

Emotional Stability

• His ability to control and manage his emotions where others might be unable was astounding, to the point of embracing those that had imprisoned him.

• Emerging without bitterness, he actively place forgiveness at the forefront of moving forward, both for himself and for South Africa.

Extraversion

Mandela asserted his opinions tactfully, and subtly guided opinion in his favor.

His vision and passion of ending the brutal apartheid system and setting his country on a path to freedom was a cause that he was willing to give his life for.

His dignity and easy grace separated him from others, and ensured that his self-assuredness and commanding presence could not be ignored.

Agreeableness

• During his imprisonment, a time that for most would be one of despair, hostility and bitterness, Mandela was known to care for those that were sick or wounded, and to walk proudly though the prison yard.

• His agreeableness was apparent to all through his ability to be accepting and nurturing to everyone around him.

Conscientiousness

Mandela when listening to ancestral stories of valor during wars of resistance in defense of their land, he also dreamed of making his own contribution to the freedom struggle of his people.

– Integrity: Mandela was known as an honest and respected man who was successfully able to move South Africa to fair and free elections.

– He did what he said he was going to do. Mandela consistently modeled the core values he espoused. This integrity was essential to earning the respect of the outgoing white apartheid regime, and eventually the respect of millions of South African citizens.

Openness

• Mandela’s openness enabled him to see through the differences and discrimination of his time, to a future of common humanity, brotherhood and peace.

• Mandela appears to be more of a visionary. Unique idea to unify the nation of South Africa by getting them all to support one team

Emotional Intelligence

• Mandela understood that he could not be just himself anymore, that he depended on others and therefore if he could engage with those people he could create better opportunities for a more bearable life.

• Mandela was aware that his existence in jail would be much worse alone, and that by influencing others and using them to help he could improve it, but to do this he had to manage himself

• “I was made by the law a criminal, not because of what I had done but because of what I stood for”.

• This allowed him to establish relationships with his jailors. Mandela made people feel bigger, and in achieving this he also rose as a leader.

Relationship managemen

t

Self Awarenes

s

Social awareness

Self- managem

ent

Self confidence

• Mandela had confidence in his ability to do good for the nation. He strictly rejected the offer made by jailers of remission of sentence in exchange of the Bantustan Policy.

He was different because……

He anticipated

• When offered freedom in exchange for renouncing opposition to the government, Mandela rebuked President Botha: “What freedom am I being offered while the organization of the people remains banned? … What freedom am I being offered if I must ask permission to live in an urban area?”

He challenged

• Botha’s successor F.W. de Klerk called for democratic elections and in 1994, Mandela became president of South Africa in a very rare, peaceful and orderly transition from white minority to black-majority rule.

Mandela and de Klerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 “for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa.”

He interpreted

• Nelson Mandela recognized that South Africa could follow in Zimbabwe’s footsteps, unless he practiced racial harmony. That meant forgiving without forgetting and sharing power.

“We have to surprise [the white minority] with restraints and generosity,” he said. A master of symbolism, Mandela invited his prison guards to the presidential swearing-in ceremony.

He decided

• In 1993, a white man assassinated Chris Hani, a leader of the South African Communist Party, triggering a widespread demonstration against the de Klerk government. Mandela, recently out of prison, had the guts to call for peace when people wanted revenge.

• He also made a courageous decision to use sports as a means of healing, believing, “Sport…has the power to unite people in a way that little else does

He aligned

• “We understand it still that there is no easy road to freedom…none of us acting alone can achieve success. We must therefore act together as a united people, for national reconciliation, for nation building, for the birth of a new world.”

He learned• Mandela exemplifies how a strategic leader adjusts strategy and execution amid

complex social, political, legal and economic forces without compromising deeply held values.

• His thinking took a sharp turn when he met leaders of the Communist Parties of China and Vietnam who were striving to privatize state enterprises. “They changed my views altogether,” Mandela told a biographer.

Integrity

• He did what he said he was going to do.  Mandela consistently modeled the core values he espoused

Optimist

• Mandela surviving 27 years of imprisonment.  It was this optimism that gave Mandela the strength to emerge as an international leader from the moment he left prison.

Creative Visionary

• He did what he said he was going to do.  Mandela consistently modeled the Mandela knew in what direction he needed to take his country.  He was creative in the ways that he moved his people toward achieving this vision.  His use of sport, the Rugby World Cup in particular, is an extraordinary example of his creative vision.

• values he espoused

Collaborative and kind • It was this cultivation and

expectation of collaboration, modeled by Mandela himself, that allowed the country's decision-makers to let go of their original mentality: "my people's agenda vs. yours" — a mentality that was palpable at every turn when Mandela took office in 1994.  Beyond all else, Mandela’s fostering of a collaborative and inclusive culture (and country) was the key to avoiding a civil war — a war that had seemed almost inevitable.

Flexible

• Mandela encouraged, empowered, complimented, listened to and sought input from all around him.  At the same time, Mandela knew when it was time to be direct and assertive; he knew when it was time to challenge others and hold folks accountable.

Leader/Leadership role in steering the organizational performance.

• Nelson Mandela had a strong leadership role that combined to make him as influential and inspiring a leader as our world had seen.

• Each trait helped in bringing about a change in the condition of the people of South Africa.

• Some of them were:

He was a person of Integrity: Mandela

consistently modeled the core values he

espoused; this earned him respect

of the outgoing white apartheid

regime.

He was a true Optimist:This optimism that led to

Mandela surviving 27 years of imprisonment. Mandela came out of prison in 1990

expressing no bitterness towards his tormentors;

Espoused the principles of nation building and

cooperative governance.

Believed deeply in the goodness of all

human beings:Empowered his former captors.Though not an

important trait, this helped him survive

with little bloodshed in SA.

Choosing collaboration over retaliation:

Retaliation deepens divides; collaboration heals them. Retaliation perpetuates ignorance; collaboration promotes learning and

progress.Assembled a multiracial,

mixed-gendered leadership team to combat apartheid as

head of the ANC.

The Creative Visionary:He knew in what

direction he needed to take his country.

His use of sport, the Rugby World Cup in

particular, is an extraordinary example of

his creative vision.

He was flexible with great interpersonal skills:

Mandela encouraged, empowered, complimented,

listened to input from everyone.

At the same time, Mandela knew when it was time to be

direct and assertive.

Also, took a strong stand against the world’s giant super

powers, for the defense of Africa.

How South Africa has changed since Nelson Mandela

• Economic growth Though overall GDP growth fluctuated, personal incomes showed a more steady increase. As a crude measure of that wealth, GDP per capita rose from $5,760 in 1990 to $6,679 10 years later

Unemployment

• Though the changes were slow, there was an increase in the percentage of South Africans in work during the 1990s, from 48.4% in the year of Mandela's release to 52.2% in 2000 - a rise of more than half a million people.

Trade

After 1992, as a percentage of all economic output, trade began to constitute a larger part of South Africa's overall economic wellbeing.

Migration

Aid to South Africa

Living conditions

What makes Nelson Mandela a leader?

Dedication, inspiration, and his vision of change.

Preaching equality for all may it be white or black

Put an end to segregation/apartheid

rule of Africa and the first black president of the

country.

He dedicated his life to achieving

freedom for his people

Motivating others

Peaceful tactics to resolve conflicts

• Basically he used 5 parts of leadership.

What makes Nelson Mandela a leader?

He modeled the way(eg. Non violence, Equality for all)

Inspired a shared vision( Eg. Equality and Integration)

Enabled others to act (Eg. Allowed others to emerge as leaders)

Challenged the process (eg. Challenged the leadership style of the whites)

Encouraged the heart (eg connect, inspire and give courage )

Kind of leader - Transformational

•Nelson Mandela was able to do this by inspiring the followers campaigning for equal rights and against apartheid.

Inspirational motivation

•Supportive behavior towards followers, showing concern for their needs, encouraging and assisting development.

Individualised consideration

•People perceived him as confident, competent and committed to higher ideals and ethics.

Idealised influenced

•Changing outlook on life. Mandela made his followers realised that their sacrifices and decisions would lead South Africa to “freedom”.

Intellectual stimulation

Kind of Leader - Charismatic

• ApartheidSituation of

Crisis/Change

• the democratic South Africa where everyone would have equal rightsVision

• He held strong emotional reactions towards his followers

• Despite being in Prison his followers believed in him to continue to fight for apartheid and pledged willing obedience to him.

Followers• 1994 election, every South African has equal

voting right• Involvement of both the blacks and whites in the

functioning of the government

Validation through success

Bayer & Browning

Kind of Leader – Ethical

• Mandela had strong ethical values through having a heart and soul of leadership by consistently advising his followers to adopt a peaceful course of action and to avoid all violence.

Kind of leadership – Servant• Nelson Mandela lived to serve others• His achievements were not only to benefit himself or his own

goals, but also to achieve goals of the fellow man• Despite the personal cost, he stayed true to his conviction that

South Africa should be a democracy with one-person, one-vote equality for all of its citizens.

• He worked with those who had imprisoned him at Robben Island to bring about a peaceful transition of power.

• He walked away from power leaving the example for South Africa that dictatorships and royal families are poor governing models.

KIND OF LEADERS REQUIRED IN 21ST CENTURY ORGANIZATION

The leadership Zone Model

ROLE OF FOLLOWERS IN CONSTRUCTING THE LEADERSHIP IDENTITY

Constructing Leadership Identity..

Identifacation

Behaviours

Values

Attitudes

Connected with Person, Group or Organization

“Identification with the leader occurs when an individual’s beliefs about his/her leader become self-referential or self-defining”

Follower’s Leadership behavior constructing leadership identity

Follower’s Visionary

Leadership Behaviour

Leader’s visionary

leadership behaviors

Leadership Identity

Effective Followers in constructing leadership

TraitsPossess of a high level of organizational

understanding

Make sound decisions

Show enthusiasm when asked to do tasks

Support leader and group energetically

Take Moral Action when needed Participate in Transformation Constructively Challenge

counterproductive policies & behaviors

Demonstrate strong commitment to their work

Take on a high level of responsibility.

Implementers

Resources

Partners

Individualists

Types

“Followers take their own responsibility seriously, in which . . . They are committed to caring for and supporting leaders who use their power for the common good, will reject budding tyrants . . . Before they amass power”

Nelson Mandela’s views about the Role of Follower’s who represent their courageous leader

Courage to take Moral Actions

Courage to assume responsibility

Courage to serve

Courage to participate in transformation

Courage to challenge

Courage to lead from front

Courage to grow the courage

Courage to take challenge

Courage to live with paradox

Courage to create own brand of leadership

Courage to say NO

Courage to lead the change

Courage to bring its own successor

Mandela Transform to a Leader

LEADERSHIP WITH INFLUENCE OF POWER, CONTROL AND DOMINANCE

5 Essential Leadership Power

Essential Powers

Reward

Coercive

Legitimate

Referent

Expert

Relationship between Leadership and Power

Types of Power• Legitimate Power– Used after becoming a President in 1994 – Could fall

into a civil war due to deep wounds by apartheid.– Stopped brain drain in South Africa, also known as

white flight.– Allay fears of the white minority, invited his prison

guards when he was being sworn as the president.– Contained violence due to killing of Hani in 1993.

• Personal Power– Rejected the proposal to be independent from

President Botha.– Rose too prominence in ANC through his liberal politics

especially defiance campaign.

• Expert Power– Expertise of establishing peace and unity.– Made the springbok emblem to stay and made Afrikaans

speaking white to believe they had a place in the country.• Connection Power– Established linkages with all sections of the society to

effectively influence the movement of the masses.• Referent Power– One-to-one relationship with followers and leaders to

guide the future of South Africa

Types of Power and Influencing Tactics

Mandela views about Power

On day when he got released from Jail after 27Yrs, he said,"The time comes in the life of any nation when there remain only two choices - submit or fight. That time has now come to South Africa. We shall not submit and we have no choice but to hit back by all means in our power in defence of our people, our future, and our freedom".

Political Views:

Democracy and Social Order

Quitting is leading too: Mandela’s

Job was to set the course not to

steer the ship as he says leaders

lead as much by what they choose

not to do as what they do.

Lead from the back: Mandela

often called meeting of his kitchen

cabinet at his home for which he

was discouraged but he simply

listen to the rebuttals.

Leaders and Leadership Resisted and Undermined in Organization

Mandela’s struggle with leadership in his Govt. Administration

Nelson in struggle to maintain equality and democracy throughout his people, he said,

I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.

THANKING YOU..