le chimeric antigen receptor (car) t-cells nella leucemia ... · 1. leucemia linfoblas+ca acuta del...

Post on 05-Oct-2020

3 Views

Category:

Documents

0 Downloads

Preview:

Click to see full reader

TRANSCRIPT

Le chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells nella leucemia e

nei linfomi

Prof. Paolo Corradini Divisione di Ematologia -Trapianto Midollo Osseo,

Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano Cattedra di Ematologia, Università di Milano

CARTcells

•  Chimerican+genreceptor(CARs)areproteinsthatincorporateanan+genrecogni+ondomain,cos+mulatorydomains,andT-cellac+va+ondomains.

•  Tcellsgene+callymodifiedtoexpressCARsspecificallyrecognizeandeliminatemalignantcellsexpressingatargetan+gen(CD19,BCMAetc)

CARTS1.  Comefunzionanoequantofunzionano

2.  Letossicitàacute

E’ una terapia che ha l’intento di guarire una malattia che non ha più terapie disponibili, questa è una differenza importante con molti altri farmaci oncologici.

4

UNASTORIADISUCCESSODELL’IMMUNOTERAPIA

SadelainM,Cell2017

5

STRUTTURA

BrentjensetalJCO2015

Persistence Central memory pool SRC Mitochondrial biogenesis Oxidative metabolism

Persistence Effector memory pool SRC Mitochondrial biogenesis Glycolytic metabolism

CAR-specific

activation

CAR-specific

activation

T cell

BBz CAR

28z CAR

CAR Signaling Domains Program Cells for Metabolic Fitness

CAR T Cells: they are bionic !

! CAR scFv or TCR can reprogram specificity of T cells for tumor target. Specificity is important to avoid toxicity

! CAR signaling domains can reprogram T cell metabolism. This can enhance survival in tumor microenvironment and effector function: • CD28 domains: enhance glycolysis via “Warburg” effect. This leads to enhanced effector function and decreased persistence

• 4-1BB domains: enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, and are associated with enhanced persistence

• ICOS domains: enhanced persistence and cellular respiration in CD4 CAR T cells

8

CRISPRtechnologyforCARTS

SadelainM,Nature2018

9

CRISPR technology is a simple yet powerful tool for editing genomes. It allows

researchers to easily alter DNA sequences and modify gene function. Its many

potential applications include correcting genetic defects, treating and preventing the

spread of diseases and improving crops. However, its promise also raises ethical

concerns. In popular usage, "CRISPR" (pronounced "crisper") is shorthand for

"CRISPR-Cas9." CRISPRs are specialized stretches of DNA. The protein Cas9 (or

"CRISPR-associated") is an enzyme that acts like a pair of molecular scissors,

capable of cutting strands of DNA.

CRISPR technology was adapted from the natural defense mechanisms of bacteria

and archaea (the domain of single-celled microorganisms). These organisms use

CRISPR-derived RNA and various Cas proteins, including Cas9, to foil attacks by

viruses and other foreign bodies. They do so primarily by chopping up and

destroying the DNA of a foreign invader. When these components are transferred

into other, more complex, organisms, it allows for the manipulation of genes, or

"editing."

10

DavilaIntJHem2013

MECCANISMOD'AZIONE

11

LATEMPISTICAPERLACOSTRUZIONEDELLECARTSELASOMMINISTRAZIONERICHIEDE

CIRCA3-4SETTIMANE

BuechnerJ,Hemasphere2018

12

COMESIEFFETTUALATERAPIACONCARTS?

KochenderferJN,NatRev2013

13

DOPOLAREINFUSIONEDELLECARTS:

GiraltS,BBMT2018

•  FASEPRECOCE(giorno0al+30):

Lasomministrazioneèunasempliceinfusioneendovenosa,puòavvenireinregimediricovero(solitamentedipochigiorni).Ilrischioditossicitàacuteèesclusivodiquestoperiodo.

•  FASEPOSTINFUSIONE(dalgiorno+30):

Ilpazientevienemonitoratoambulatorialmentepercomplicanzelungotermine(neurotossicità)erispostadimalaYa.Ilrischiodioncogenesiviralevienemonitoratofinoa15annidallareinfusione.

14

TOSSICITA'DELLECARTS1)  SINDROMEDARILASCIOCITOCHINICO(CRS):rispostainfiammatoriasistemica

causatadarilasciodicitochinedopoinfusionedicelluleimmunieffeVrici.

15-50%diCRSgrave (grado3-4)negli studi,differenteasecondadi+podiCARTedimalaYa.

ManifestazionisimiliallasindromedaaYvazionemacrofagica.

2)NEUROTOSSICITA’:diffusionepassivadicitochineedicelluleimmunitarienelsistema nervoso centrale. Tipicamente si manifesta come encefalopa+aglobale, afasia, EEG rallentamento diffuso o convulsioni, liquor posi+vo perCARTs,larisonanzamostraedemaincasipiùgravi.

PREVALENZA5-30%neglistudi

Esordiobifasico:1)giorni0-5,+picamenteassociatoasintomidiCRS;2)dopogg+5,comparequandosintomidaCRSdiminuiscono

3)INFEZIONI:incidenzasimileallealtrechemiodisalvataggio

Hilletal,Blood2018

15

Inqualipatologiesonosta\faYdeglistudiclinici:

1.  leucemialinfoblas+caacutadelbambinoedelgiovaneadulto

2.  linfomadiffusoagrandicelluleBelinfomafollicolare

3.  leucemialinfa+cacronica

4.  mielomamul+plo

SONO STATE APPROVATE COME USO “COMMERCIALE” E NONSPERIMENTALE DALLA FDA AMERICANA NELLA LEUCEMIALINFOBLASTICADELBAMBINOEDELGIOVANEADULTOENELLINFOMADIFFUSOAGRANDICELLULEB

Key CAR-T Results: Pediatric/Young Adult ALL CTL019 (anti-CD19) JCAR017 (anti-CD19) JCAR018 (anti-CD22) KTE-C19 (anti-CD19)

Trial [sponsor] Phase I/IIa, NCT01626495 / CHP959 [Univ of Pennsylvania]

Phase I/II, NCT02028455 / PLAT-02 [Seattle Children’s Hospital]

Phase I, NCT02315612 [National Cancer Institute]

Phase I, NCT01593696 [National Cancer Institute]

Patient population 4-24 yrs*, ≥2nd r/r ALL (N=59), ≥2nd

relapse or refractory (majority refractory to multiple prior therapies) [*enrolled adults too; efficacy data here is for pediatric cohort only]

1-26 yrs, r/r ALL (N=37, evaluable N=32); majority (>75%) have had 1 or 2 relapses; ~2/3 have had transplant

7-22 yrs, r/r ALL, (N=9, 7 assessed) all had undergone ≥1 prior alloHSCT and had been previously treated with a CAR-T

4-27 yrs, r/r ALL or NHL (N=46 infused; ALL n=45, DLBCL n=1). Prior transplant history not stated.

Dosing Varied lymphodepleting chemotherapy regimens used. Target dosing 107-108 cells/kg. Median 4.3x106 cells/kg infused

Varied lymphodepleting strategies used 4 dose levels: 5x105-1x107

cells/kg; MTD 5x106 cells/kg better risk-benefit profile with much lower 5x105 cells/kg dose

Induction chemotherapy with fludarabine 25 mg/m2 days -4,- 3,-2 and cyclophosphamide 900 mg/m2 on day -2 Lowest dose: 3x105 cells/kg (6 pts treated). Next dose: 1x106 cells/kg (3 pts treated)

Initial 21 pts and all w low burden: low-dose chemo: fludarabine (25 mg/m2/day days -4 to -2) and cyc (900 mg/m2 day -2) High disease burden: high-dose individualized chemotherapy regimen Dose-finding: 1x106 or 3x106

cells/kg; MTD was 1x106 /kg Response rate CR 93% (55/59) at 1 month,

median f/u 12 mo CR 91% (21/22) as of Sept 2015 data cut-off; CMR 91% (85% MRD-negative)

(Preliminary data) 2/7 pts had MRD-negative CR (1 at each dose), 2 with SD, 3 with PD, 2 pts too early to assess

CR 60%

Response durability 18 pts in remission >1 yr, 13 without further therapy

Longest CR: 7 mos In the 1 MRD-negative CR pt, sustained at 2 mo (relapsed at 3 mo)

Longest CR 28 mo (in pt with primary refractory ALL) Median LFS 17.7 mo (45.5% probability of LFS at 18 mo), based on 20 pts who achieved MRD-negative CR

Persistence of CAR T cells

Detectable 3 yrs or longer 3 mos In the 1 MRD-negative CR pt, 19% CAR T cells in bone marrow at 2 mo

68 days

Safety sCRS in 27% (8/30) among early (N=30) cohort/ CRS (all grades) 88% of larger pediatrics cohort (N=59). Severe AEs: 43% (13/30) neurotoxicity; self-limiting. 3 CRS-related deaths among adult pts (none among pediatric pts)

CRS 27% (n=22) 18% (n=22) neurotoxicity. No deaths reported

Max CRS was gr 2; no dose- limiting CRS. At lowest CAR-T dose, 1 pt had gr 3 diarrhea. No deaths reported

sCRS 7/46 (15%); grade 3/4 neurotox 3/46 (7%); no permanent neurocognitive decline

No deaths reported.

93%CRrateforr/rALLaferCTL019

>200 patients with CLL, ALL, NHL, MM have gotten CTL019

•  59r/rpediatricALLpts:

55inCRat1mo(93%)medianf/u12mo

•  6wenttosubsequenttransplant,1toDLI

•  6moRFS: 76%(95%ci65-89%)12moRFS:55%(95%ci42-73%)

•  Norelapsespast1year•  18pa+entsinremission

beyond1year

CTL019 Phase I Trial for r/r CLL: 5 yr follow up Summary of patient baseline characteristics

N= 14 patients, protocol 04409 (NCT01029366)

! ORR: 57%

! CR 4/14 (28%)

! PR 4/14 (28%)

! NR 6/14 (43%)

Characteristics Statistics, N(%) N 14 Age at infusion in years

Mean (SD) Median (range)

66.9 (8.1) 66 (51-78)

Gender Male Female

12 (85%) 2 (14%)

Number of prior therapies Mean (SD) Median (range)

5.3 (2.8) 5 (1-11)

P53 or 17p deletion

No

Yes

8 (57%) 6 (43%)

IGHV mutation No Yes

9 (64%) 4 (29%)

Porter et al, Science Trans Med 2015

19

SOMMARIOSTUDICLINICICARTSinNHL(adults)Studio CAR design Istologia #Pts ORR(%) CR(%) Tossicità grado

3-4 (%)

NCI, 2015

CD19/CD3z/CD28 with Cy/Flu (hi-dose)

DLBL,NHL,CLL 15 80 53 CRS 50% Neurotox 30%

NCI , 2016

CD19/CD3z/CD28 post alloSCT

DLBCL,MCL,CLL,ALL

20 40 30 CRS 50% Neurotox 5%

U Penn, 2016

CD19/CD3z/4-1BB variable conditioning

DLBLCL,FL,MCL 28 57 51 CRS 14% Neurotox 7%

FHCRC, 2016

CD19/CD3z/4-1BB with Cy/Flu

DLBCL,FL,MCL 18 72 50 CRS 13% Neurotox 28%

NCI, 2017

CD19/Cd3z/CD28 with Cy/Flu (lo-dose)

DLBLCL,FL,MCL 22 73 55 NO SEVERE CRS Neurotox 55%

ZUMA1 Kite

Cd19/CD3z/4-1BB with Cy/Flu

DLBCL,TFL,PMBCL

101 82 54 CRS 13%

JULIET Novartis

Cd19/CD3z/4-1BB with Cy/Flu

DLBCL 51 59 43 Neurotox 28%

TRASCEND Juno

CD19/Cd3z/4-1BB;fixed CD43/CD8 with Cy/Flu

DLBCL,MCL,PMBCL,FL

69 75 56 CRS 1 Neurotox 14%

20 Terapie con CART anti-CD19 nei linfomi CTL0191-4 KTE-C194,5 JCAR0174,6

Trial phase 2 (NCT02030834) 2 (NCT02348216) 1 (NCT02631044)

Vector Lentiviral Gammaretroviral Lentiviral

Costim domain 4-1BB CD28 4-1BB

Disease state r/r DLBCL, non-GC DLBCL, DHL, TFL, FL r/r DLBCL, TFL/PMBCL r/r DLBCL, NOS,

tDLBCL, FL3B

Key inclusion criteria

•  Age ≥18 years •  ECOG 0-1 •  R/R disease after ASCT or

ineligible for ASCT

•  Age ≥18 years •  ECOG 0-1 •  Stable or progressive disease as best

response to last line of therapy, or disease progression ≤12 months after ASCT

•  Age ≥18 years •  ECOG 0-2 •  R/R disease after at

least 2 lines of therapy or after ASCT

Key exclusion criteria

•  Uncontrolled active infection •  Active hepatitis B/C •  Concurrent use of steroids •  Active CNS involvement •  Patients in CR

•  Infections that are uncontrolled or require IV antimicrobials for management

•  HBaAG-positive or anti-HCV positive •  detectable CSF malignant cells, brain

metastases, history of CNS lymphoma, CSF malignant cells or brain metastases

•  Uncontrolled systemic infection

•  Active hepatitis B/C •  Therapeutic doses of

steroids within 7 days of leukapheresis or 72 hours prior to infusion

•  Active CNS involvement

ASCT, autologous stem cell transplant; CNS, central nervous system; CR, complete response; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DHL, double-hit lymphoma; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; FL, follicular lymphoma; FL3B, FL grade 3B; GC, germinal center; HCV, hepatitis C virus; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; NOS, not otherwise specified; PMBCL, primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma; R/R, relapsed or refractory; tDLBCL, transformed DLBCL; tFL, transformed FL. 1. Schuster, SJ, et al. Blood. 2015;126(23) [abstract 183]; 2. Schuster, SJ, et al. Blood. 2016;128(22) [abstract 3026]; 3. Chong EA, et al. Blood. 2016;128(22) [abstract 1100]; 4. www.clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed April 25, 2017; 5. Locke FL, et al. AACR 2017 [abstract CT019]. 6. Abramson JS, et al. Blood. 2016;128(22) [abstract 4192].

20

21

21

Per riassumere i bisogni clinici insoddisfatti

1.  Pazien+ refraVari primari o ricadu+ entro un anno dalla

chemioterapiadiprimalinea

2.  Pazien+ che falliscono il trapianto autologo o non idonei al

trapianto. Va ricordato che il trapianto allogenico è una strategia

pra+cabilesolonel10-20%deipazien+,principalmenteacausadella

malaYachemiorefraVaria,dellaetàodellecomorbidità

3.  Pazien+ricadu+dopotrapiantoallogenico

Salvage regimens: R-ICE vs R-DHAP

Event grade 3-4, n (%) R-ICE R-DHAP Infection with neutropenia 33 (17) 31 (16) Infection without neutropenia 11 (6) 15 (8) Renal 2 (1) 11 (6) Platelet transfusions, % 35 57 Toxic deaths, n 1 3

Gisselbrecht C et al, J Clin Oncol 2010

NOT ELIGIBLE TO TRANSPLANT: R-GEMOX

REGIMEN N^ Medianage

RR% CR% FFS F.U.

(R)GEMOX 32 65 78 50 9mos 42mos

NOT ELIGIBLE TO TRANSPLANT: R-bendamustine

REGIMEN N^ Medianage

RR% CR% PFS F.U.

R-BENDA 59 67 63 37 6.7mos 5mos

Allo-SCT in refractory/relapsed DLBCL

Analysis of the EBMT Registry

Van Kampen RJW et al, J Clin Oncol 2011

Inclusion Criteria: "  first allo-SCT in relapsed DLBCL after a previous ASCT between 1997

and 2006. "  age at allo-SCT >= 18 years "  availability of an HLA-identical sibling or a matched unrelated donor

101pa\ents;medianage,46years(18-66)

Allo-SCT in refractory/relapsed DLBCL: EBMT Registry

Van Kampen RJW et al, J Clin Oncol 2011

101pa\ents;medianfollow-upforsurvivors36months

Allogeneictransplanta\oninB-celllymphomas:OSandPFScurves

-R-condi+oningversuscontrolgroup-

p=0.708

OS PFS

p=0.509

65%(R)

48%(R)65%

56%

DoderoAetal.,BBMT2017

RituximabgroupControls

RituximabgroupControls

Grakversushostdiseaseandrelapsefreesurvival(GRFS)inB-celllymphomas:anovelendpoint

p=0.644

AllPa\ents

43%4years56%1year

DoderoAetal.,BBMT2017

29

29 LockeFL,etal.MolTher.2017;25(1):285-295.

Endpoint primario: l'incidenza di tossicità dose-limitante (DLT) La risposta globale è stata del 71% (n = 5/7) e la risposta completa(CR) del 57% (n = 4/7). Tre pazienti hanno CR in corso (tutti a 12 mesi)

Nello studiomul+centricoZUMA-1di fase1,hannovalutatoKTE-C19,unaterapia autologa basata su cellule T ingegnerizzate (CART specifiche perl’an+gene CD3z/CD28), in pazien+ con DLBCL refraVario. I pazien+ hannoricevuto chemioterapia condizionata a basse dosi con concomitanteciclofosfamide (500mg/m2)efludarabina (30mg/m2)per3giorni, seguitadaKTE-C19aunadosetargetdi2x10e6celluleCART/kg.

30

Efficacia clinica dopo infusione di KTE-C19

30

Duratadellarispostaesopravvivenzadopol'infusioneconKTE-C19

LockeFL,etal.MolTher.2017;25(1):285-295.

CRa30ggdopol'infusionediKTE-C19nelpz5Scansioni PET-CT alla malaYa basale e 30giorni dopo l'infusione di KTE-C19 in unpaziente con recidiva di DLBCL dopoprecedenteterapiaconR-CHOP,R-ICEeASCTc o n R i t u x i m a b - g e m c i t a b i n a -busulfanmelphalan+azaci+dina-vorinostat

31

James N. Kochenderfer et al.

22pazien+: il tasso totaledi remissione (ORR)è statodel 73%con il 55%diremissionicomplete(CR)eil18%diremissioniparziali(PR).Sonoincorso11di 12 CR; Il 55% dei pazien+ aveva tossicità neurologiche di grado 3 o 4completamenterisolte.Ilregimedicondizionamentoachemioterapiaabassodosaggioha ridoVo i linfoci+del sangueeha aumentato la IL-15nel siero. Ipazien+ che hanno raggiunto una remissione avevano un picco mediano dicellule CAR+ di 98/mcl e quelli che non avevano oVenuto una remissioneavevanounpiccomediodicelluleCAR+di15/mcl(P=0,027).

RISULTATI

32

A B

James N. Kochenderfer et al. JCO 2017

LecelluleCARThannomandatoinremissionedeilinfomichemio-refranari

B)PFSapar+redalgiornodell'infusionecellulareetermineilgiornodellaprogressionedellamalaYaè mostrato per tuY i pazien+. I segni rossiindicano pazien+ con CR in corso al momentodell'ul+moFUconun'eccezione:ilsegnorossoa4mesi dopo l'infusione delle CART indica il puntotemporale incui ilpaziente40èstatosoVopostoadAlloSCTmentreerainremissioneparziale.Duepazien+ sono sta+ censorizza+ ai 13 mesi, 3pazien+a14mesi,mac'èunsolosegnorossosulgraficoperciascunodiques+pun+temporali.

A)Rappresentazionegraficadei+pidirispostaan+-linfomaeladuratadellerisposte.

33

KochenderferJCO2015

EradicazionedeiPMBCL/DLBCLcloni

34

PrimaryAnalysisofJULIET:AGlobal,Pivotal,Phase2TrialofTisagenlecleucel(CTL019)inAdultPa\entsWithRelapsedorRefractoryDiffuseLargeB-CellLymphomaStephenJ.Schusteretal.-LymphomaProgram,AbramsonCancerCenter,UniversityofPennsylvania

JULIETèuntrialdi fase IIabracciounico, inaperto,mul+centrico, di +sagenlecleucel in pazien+ adul+conDLBCLR/R(NCT02445248)I pazien+ hanno ricevuto una singola infusione conuna dose target che variava da 1×108 a 5×108 di+sagenlecleucelCARTcells

35

StudioProof-of-ConceptTisagenlecleucelèstatoesaminatoinunostudiomonocentricodifaseIIsuadul+conLinfomiCD19+R/R.- Iltassodirispostaglobale(ORR)eradel64%(18/28);rispostacompleta(CR),57%(16/28)-LacoorteDLBCLhaavutounORRdel50%(7/14);CR,43%(6/14)-TuYipazien\inCRsonorimas\inCRalfollow-upmedianodi29mesi

36

Arruolamento dei dei pazienti

37

Efficacia•IlsetdianalisidiefficaciaincludevatuYipazien+chehannoricevutoun'infusionedi+sagenlecleucelcon≥3mesidifollow-up

•Degli81pazien+valuta+,il40%avevaunCR•L'endpointprimarioèstatoraggiunto:ORR,53%(95%CI,42%-64%;P<.0001)•Laduratadellerisposteèstatadimostratadallastabilitàtra3-e6mesideitassidirisposta•Larispostaa3mesieraindica\vadelbeneficioalungoterminediquestotranamento•GliORReranocoeren+traisoVogruppi•Duratadellarisposta(DOR)eOSmedianinonsonosta+raggiun+•Il74%deipazien+nonhaavutorecidivea6mesi•QuasituYipazien\inCRalterzomesesonorimas\inriposta•Nessunpazientehaprocedutoaltrapiantomentreerainrisposta

38

Durata della Risposta

39

Sicurezza

•Nessundecessoèstatoosservatoacausadi+sagenlecleucel,sindromedarilasciodicitochine(CRS)oedemacerebrale•IltempomedianodiinsorgenzadelCRSèstatodi3giorni(intervallo,1-9giorni)•Deipazien+traVa+perCRS,il15%haricevutotocilizumabel'11%haricevutocor+costeroidi

Tabella3.Even\avversidipar\colareinteresse

40

40

Conclusioni 1)  LaterapiaconcelluleCARTan+-CD19èpromeVente,faYbilee

può indurre remissioni complete durature in pazien+chemorefraVari.

2)  Conunaformazioneappropriata,latossicitàpuòessereges+ta,maèancoraunproblemadaconsiderareseriamente.

3)  È necessario migliorare il tempo di produzione per essereefficacementeeampiamenteu+lizzatonellapra+caclinica.

4)  La selezione dei pazien+ in base al rischio di malaYa (COO,DHL,THL,ecc.)saràessenzialeperoYmizzareirisulta+alungotermine.

5)  Vannostudia+interven+aggiun+viperipazien+inremissioneparziale.

41

LE2TERAPIECONCARTSAPPROVATEDAFDA:KYMRIAHeYESCARTA

GiraltSA,BBMT2018

42

TOSSICITA'“ON-target”e“OFF-tumor”

ONtarget#CARTsriconosconocorrenamentelaproteinadisuperficiecellulareCD19

OFFtumor#altrecelluleCD19+nontumoralisonodistrunedalleCARTs(Bcellaplasia)

43

TOSSICITA'DELLECARTS1)SDRDARILASCIOCITOCHINICO(CRS):rispostainfiammatoriasistemicacausatada

rilasciodicitochinedopoinfusionedicelluleimmunieffenrici.

15-50%diCRSgrave(grado3-4)neglistudi,differenteasecondadi\podiCARTedimalaYa

ManifestazionisimiliaHLH

2)NEUROTOSSICITA'(CRES):diffusionepassivadicitochineedicelluleimmunitarieinSNC.Tipicamentesimanifestacomeencefalopa\aglobale,afasia,EEGrallentamentodiffusooconvulsioni,CSFposi\voperCARTs,MRImostraedemaincasipiùgravi.

PREVALENZA5-30%neglistudi

ONSETbifasico:1)giorni0-5,\picamenteassociatoasintomidiCRS;2)dopogg+5,comparequandosintomidaCRSdiminuiscono

3)INFEZIONI:incidenzasimileallealtrechemiodisalvataggio1

Hilletal,Blood2018

44

44

Conclusioni -1

1)  Con una formazione appropriata, la tossicità può essere gestita, ma è ancora un problema da considerare seriamente.

2)  È necessario migliorare il tempo di produzione per essere efficacemente e ampiamente utilizzato nella pratica clinica.

45

45

Conclusioni -2 1)  La selezione dei pazienti in base al rischio di

malattia sarà essenziale per ottimizzare i risultati a lungo termine e contenere i costi.

2)  Vanno studiati interventi aggiuntivi per i pazienti in remissione parziale dopo la terapia.

3)  E’ la prima terapia cellulare commerciale per una malattia neoplastica, i medici ed i sistemi sanitari dovranno imparare a gestire questa nuova opportunità.

46 Compara\vedescrip\onofCARTcellstrategiesusedas

immunotherapiesagainstMul\pleMyeloma

47

Thiswas the first in humans clinical trial of chimeric an+gen receptor (CAR) Tcellstarge+ngBCMA(B-cellmatura+onan+gen).TcellsexpressingtheCARusedinthiswork(CAR-BCMA)specificallyrecognizedBCMAexpressingcells.Ourfindingsdemonstratean+-myelomaac+vityofCAR-BCMATcells

12pa+entsreceivedCAR-BCMATcellsinthisdose-escala+ontrial.Amongthe6pa+entstreatedonthelowest2doselevels,limitedan+-myelomaac+vityandmildtoxicityoccurred.Onthe3ddoselevel,1pa+entobtainedaVGPR.

48

4th dose level of 9 x 106 CAR+ T cells/kg body weight:Before treatment, thefirst pa+enton the4thdose levelhad chemotherapy resistantMM,making up 90%of BMcells. Afer treatment, BM plasma cells becameundetectablebyflowcytometry,andthepa+ententeredastringentCRthatlastedfor17weeks.Thesecondptonthe 4th dose level had chemotherapy-resistant MMmaking up 80%of BMbefore treatment. 28weeks aferthis pa+ent received CAR-BCMAT cells, BMplasma cellswereundetectablebyflowcytometry,andtheserumMChad decreased by >95%. This pa+ent is in an ongoingVGPR.Bothpa+entshadtoxicityconsistentwithCRS.

49 CAR-BCMATcellsspecificallyrecognizedBCMAinvitroand

exhibitedan\-myelomaac\vityinhumans

(A) Diagramof theMSGV-11D5-3-CD828Z g-retroviral vector encoding the an+-BCMACAR (CAR-BCMA) isshown.(B)CAR-BCMAexpressiononthesurfaceoftheinfusionTcellsofpa+ent10wasdetectedbystainingwith a PE-BCMA-Fc protein reagent. The plot is gated on live CD31 lymphocytes. (C) Demonstra+ngspecificity,thePE-BCMA-FcreagentdidnotstainPBMCsthatwerenottransducedwiththeCAR-BCMAgene.(E)Pa+ent8whohadMMthatwasprogressingdespite8priorlinesoftherapyobtainedaverygoodpar+alremission (VGPR) afer infusion of CAR-BCMA T cells. PET–computed tomography scans from before andafertreatmentshowelimina+onofalargenumberofMMbonelesions.

Figure1

50

• Serum BCMA served as a tumor marker because substan+al decreases inserum BCMA occurred in the 3 pa+ents with the most impressive an+-myelomaresponses(Figure4D).

• These results demonstrate for the first +me that CAR T-cells targe+ng anan+gen other than CD19 can induce complete remissions of a hematologicmalignancy.

•  IthasbeenshownthatCAR-BCMATcellshavepowerfulac+vityagainstMMthatwasresistanttostandardtherapies.

• Theseresultsshouldencouragefurthereffortstoenhancean+-BCMACARTcell therapies. The striking ac+vity of an+-BCMA CAR T cells against MMindicates that CAR T cells targe+ng BCMA have great poten+al to be aneffec+venewtreatmentofMM.

Conclusions

51

52

12enrolled,10treatedand3hadbenerPFScomparedtofirstMel

53

54

55

CARTS

1.  Comefunzionanoequantofunzionano?

2.  Letossicitàacute

3.  IprogrammidigesConeisCtuzionalie

cosC

56

PROGRAMMAGESTIONECARTSMDACC:CARTOXCOMMITTEE

57

PROGRAMMAGESTIONECARTSMDACC:CARTOXCOMMITTEE

1)  IncontriseYmanalididiscussionepazien\interapiaconCARTs

2)  Gruppomul\disciplinarediges\oneCARTs

3)  Creazionediprotocollidiges\onepazien\interapia

4)  Adeguataformazionedelpersonalecheu\lizzeràCART(medici,infermieri,farmacis\)

5)  Discussionedeitrialincorsoedeirisulta\pubblica\

LASOMMINISTRAZIONEDICARTsAVVIENESOLOINAMBIENTISPECIFICIDELL’OSPEDALE

58

PROGRAMMAGESTIONECARTSMDACC:CARTOXCOMMITTEE

•  TeamNEUROLOGI:valutazionestatusneurologicodelpazientegiornaliera

•  TeamINTENSIVISTI:valutazionecondizioniclinichegiornaliera,sepeggioramentorapidoassisteiltrasferimentodelpazienteinICU

•  TeamFARMACISTI:siassicuranodelladisponibilitàdifarmacisalvavitaperges\oneCRS(tocilizumab,almeno2dosiperpazientesecondoFDA)

•  SupportoELETTRONICO:strumen\informa\cichefacilitanolaraccoltaomogeneadeida\circalavalutazionedelletossicitàdelleCARTs(CRS,CRES)

59

PROGRAMMAGESTIONECARTSMSKCC

GiraltSA,BBMT2018

60

RACCOMANDAZIONIEUROPEESUGESTIONECARTS

BuechnerJ,Hemasphere2018

61

OGNIPAESEHAUNENTEREGOLATORIODIRIFERIMENTOPERLETERAPIE

CELLULARI

BuechnerJ,Hemasphere2018

62

LASITUAZIONEREGOLATORIAEUROPEA

BuechnerJ,Hemasphere2018

REQUISITIEUROPEI

1)CARTScompresenellacategoria“AdvancedTherapyMedicinalProducts”(Regula\onECn°1394/2007edireYva2001/18/EC)

2)CARTSconsideratecomeOGMpertantovannoseguitenormediprotezioneambientaleedelpersonalespecifiche(DireYva2001/18/ECeDecisionedellaCommissione2002/623/EC)

63

LASITUAZIONEREGOLATORIAEUROPEA

BuechnerJ,Hemasphere2018

REQUISITINAZIONALISPECIFICI

64

RIMBORSIFDA

1.   KYMRIAH,Novar\s(pediatricALL)#475.000USD

2.   YESCARTA,Gilead(adultNHL) # 373.000USD

Nelprezzononècompresalaspesaperges\rericoveroepossibilicomplicanzedelpaziente.Intalecasopossibilianchespeseaggiun\vecompresetra100.000USDe300.000USD.

(Rimborsabilitàtrapiantoallogenicocellulestaminaliparia80.000-100.000euro+speseaggiun\vepercomplicanze)

www.medscape.comaccessed08/03/2018

65

PROPOSTE1.   Implementazionestandarddiqualitàperterapiecellulari(e

iden\ficazionecentridiriferimento):

•  regolareEFFICIENTEMENTElages\onedeitrial(creazionedireteinterospedalieradiriferimento)

•  maneggiareINSICUREZZAleCARTS(creazionedistandarddiqualitàterapiecellulari,vediFACT-IEC)

•  amministrareilprodonoINSICUREZZA(personaleformatoecreazionedireteintraospedaliera)

2. Creazionediunregistronazionale/europeoperraccoltada\suterapiacellulari(vediesempioCIBMTRedEBMT)

top related