latin american revolutions. power & wealth good land & homes work the hardest for the...
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LATIN AMERICAN LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONSREVOLUTIONS
Power & wealthPower & wealth Good land & homesGood land & homes
Work the hardest for the littlest rewardWork the hardest for the littlest reward
Resent (angry/dislike) their Resent (angry/dislike) their place in societyplace in society
Greatest number of Greatest number of people in societypeople in society
Living the Living the ‘good life’‘good life’
Struggling to surviveStruggling to survive
Would love to change Would love to change their situation--liberaltheir situation--liberal
Lack of education, Lack of education, adequate medical adequate medical
care, basic necessitiescare, basic necessities
Relatively little work—Relatively little work—no manual laborno manual labor
Conservative—keep things Conservative—keep things the samethe same
Fewest people because there’s only so much Fewest people because there’s only so much power and money to go aroundpower and money to go around
Strength in Strength in numbersnumbers
During the Age of Exploration…
Latin America had been colonized (taken over) by the Spanish and the Portuguese
With the Europeans in Control…
Peninsulares—Spanish-born (European)
Held all power in Latin America
With the Europeans in Control…
Creoles—Persons of European (Spanish) decent but born in
Latin America
Resented their lack of power in Latin
America
With the Europeans in Control…
Mestizo—Mixture of Native American
and European
Mulatto—Mixture of African and European
Native Americans & African slaves
Peninsulares
Creoles
Encommienda System…• System in which persons of “low System in which persons of “low
societal value” do all the work societal value” do all the work but high society reaps (gets) all but high society reaps (gets) all
of the benefitsof the benefits• Mestizos, mullatoes, Natives Mestizos, mullatoes, Natives
and slaves do the work…and slaves do the work…Peninsulares and creoles get all Peninsulares and creoles get all
the benefitsthe benefits
How Would You Feel???
• A foreign country invades your homeland, steals your natural resources, brings
diseases for which you have no immunities (killing millions), imports African slaves to
‘replace’ Native workers who have died and they are forcing you to do all of their work!!!
CAUSESCAUSES
Encommienda Encommienda systemsystem
The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
American American RevolutionRevolution
French French RevolutionRevolution
Influences on Independence Influences on Independence Movement…Movement…
1700s—Enlightenment• People begin to question governmental
power…is it fair, is it right?• According to Locke, an unjust
government can be overthrown
Influences on Independence Influences on Independence Movement…Movement…
1776—American Revolution• Latin Americans see that a ‘lowly group
of rebels’ (American colonists) can defeat the mighty British
• The idea of revolution spreads
Influences on Independence Influences on Independence Movement…Movement…
1789--French Revolution• ANOTHER successful revolution led by
peasants…
• If the Americans can defeat the British and the French can de-throne an absolute monarch…what can the people of Latin America do???
What Does Napoleon Have to do With This???
• Remember…Napoleon was taking over countries in Europe; one such country was Spain
• Napoleon’s brother took the throne of Spain and the people of Spain had some decisions to make…
1. Focus their energy on getting their country back from the French…
OR2. Control the latin American colonies
an ocean away…
For Your Notes…
Napoleon’s Role in Latin America
• Napoleon took over European countries such as Spain and forced the Spanish to focus on regaining control of their
country• Because the Spanish were focused on
domestic (at-home) affairs, they loosened their grip on their Latin
American colonies…this made it the perfect time for people to step forth as leaders of independence movements
Leader Nation(s)
Causes of Discontent/
Motives
Actions Results
Toussaint L’Ouverture
HAITI
Horrible working conditions for slavesoverworkedunderfedFew rights & poor treatment of mulattoes/ mestizos
Fought for freedom from FranceLed a group of revolting slavesGot slaves freedRebuilt Haiti
Toussaint died before independence* Napoleon left Haiti because yellow fever was destroying his army* 1804—Haitian independence
Miguel Hidalgo M
exico
Hated European control of Mexico* Saw
slavery in Mexico
and poor treatment of Natives as unfair
* He was a priest who
called on his parishioners to take up
arms against the Spanish
* Led a group to Mexico City—slaughtered peninsulares on the way
He was captured and
executed
“The Liberator”
Simon Bolivar
Venezuala
Columbia
Ecuador
Peru
Bolivia
Lack of freedomsInequality in societyEconomic hardship
Set up an alliance with Venezuelan cowboysJoined together with Jose de san MartinWanted to create a single nation (Gran Columbia) but failed
Successfully gained
independence for Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru
& Bolivia
Jose de San Martin
Ar g e n t i n a
Chile
Peru
Detested European control of Latin American territory
Led an army
using his European military training
Won freedom from the
Spanish in Argentina,
Chile & Peru
EFFECTSEFFECTS
ECONOMICECONOMIC
POLITICALPOLITICAL INTERNATIONALINTERNATIONAL
POLITICAL: POLITICAL: THE CAUDILLOSTHE CAUDILLOS
* By 1830, nearly all Latin * By 1830, nearly all Latin American countries were ruled by American countries were ruled by caudillos.caudillos.
* The upper classes supported * The upper classes supported dictatorship because it kept the dictatorship because it kept the lower classes out of power.lower classes out of power.
* The lower classes did not have * The lower classes did not have experience with democracy. experience with democracy. Dictatorship seemed normal.Dictatorship seemed normal.
WHY?WHY?
EFFECTEFFECTSS
ECONOMIC: ECONOMIC: ONE-CROP ECONOMIESONE-CROP ECONOMIES
* Now that trade was not restricted to the * Now that trade was not restricted to the mother country, the U.S. and Great Britain mother country, the U.S. and Great Britain became the new countries’ major trading became the new countries’ major trading partners.partners.
* A colonial economy continued…Latin * A colonial economy continued…Latin America mainly exported cash crops and America mainly exported cash crops and raw materials while importing raw materials while importing manufactured goods.manufactured goods.
AN IMBALANCE OF TRADEAN IMBALANCE OF TRADE
* As the imbalance of trade grew, Latin American countries took out large * As the imbalance of trade grew, Latin American countries took out large loans from the U.S., Britain, and Germany to build infrastructure.loans from the U.S., Britain, and Germany to build infrastructure.
* When the countries could not pay back their loans, foreign lenders gained * When the countries could not pay back their loans, foreign lenders gained control of major industries in Latin America.control of major industries in Latin America.
THE QUESTION OF LANDTHE QUESTION OF LAND
* Thus, the creoles replaced the * Thus, the creoles replaced the peninsulares at the top of the social peninsulares at the top of the social pyramid, but other classes remained at the pyramid, but other classes remained at the bottom of the ladder.bottom of the ladder.
* Once the Spaniards were expelled, the new governments seized * Once the Spaniards were expelled, the new governments seized their lands and put them up for sale, BUT….only the creoles could their lands and put them up for sale, BUT….only the creoles could afford to buy them.afford to buy them.
NO!NO!
EFFECTEFFECTSS
AT LEAST, DID THE SOCIAL PYRAMID CHANGE?AT LEAST, DID THE SOCIAL PYRAMID CHANGE?
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