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Latin America Section 1
Latin America Section 1
Preview
• Starting Points Map: Turmoil in Latin America
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Trends in Latin America
• The Cuban Revolution
• Other Conflicts
Revolution and Intervention
Latin America Section 1
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Latin America Section 1
Reading Focus
• What were some key economic and social trends in postwar Latin America?
• How did the Cuban Revolution come about and what changes did it bring?
• What other revolutions arose in Central America?
Main Idea
In reaction to economic and social conditions in Latin America after World War II, many Central American countries experienced revolutions that involved intervention by the United States.
Revolution and Intervention
Latin America Section 1
After World War II many countries in Latin America struggled to address problems of poverty and inequality.
• Roots of poverty, inequality go back to history of colonialism
– Most land, wealth in hands of elite
– Economies based on agricultural exports
• To decrease dependence on foreign countries, import-substitution led industrialization policy adopted
Economic Trends• Local industries developed to
replace need to import manufactured goods
• Dependence on foreign countries remained for investment, technology, loans, military aid
• Rural land use remained a major issue
Industrialization
Trends in Latin America
Latin America Section 1
Economic Trends
Industrialization did not solve land problems
• Rural lands
– Owned by small group of elites, many with ties to U.S. business interests
– Peasants struggled to find land to farm
• Addressing the issue
– Some countries took land from large landholders, gave to landless peasants
– Mixed results, but still major economic trend
Latin America Section 1
Cities
• Unable to make living in rural areas, people flocked to region’s cities
• Movement caused rapid urbanization
• Many found life no easier in cities
• Shortages of food, housing, safe drinking water presented challenges
Social Trends
• Large gap between rich, poor major social issue
• Liberation Theology promoted by priests
• Church should be active in struggle for economic, social equality
• Criticized by Catholic Church, but popular in Catholic Latin America
Latin America Section 1
Summarize
How did people in Latin America try to deal with some of the region’s economic and
social problems?
Answer(s): industrialization, land reform, migration to cities, Liberation Theology movement
Latin America Section 1
In Cuba, social and economic trends led to a revolution. There, social inequality and heavy U.S. influence led to a revolt that brought communism to this large Caribbean island.
• Cuba very dependent on U.S.
• 1950s, hotels, casinos owned by wealthy Americans, Cuba’s elite
• U.S. owned sugar, tobacco plantations
Reasons for Revolt
• Valuable exports from plantations
• Little land for peasants to farm
• Cuba one of richest Latin American countries
• Most Cubans could not earn living
Rich and Poor
• Business interests encouraged U.S. government support of corrupt dictators
• Anticommunist Fulgencio Batista took power in 1952 military coup
U.S. Support
The Cuban Revolution
Latin America Section 1
The Cuban Revolution
The coming of Castro
• Batista’s Cuba
– “A rich country with too many poor people”
– Batista’s coup stirred discontent, nationalism among poor
• Revolutionaries under Castro
– Led unsuccessful attack, 1953; guerrilla war became full-scale revolution, 1955
– Batista fled 1959; Castro took control
Latin America Section 1
• Castro focused on ending U.S. dominance, redistributing wealth, reforming society
• Energies went to restructuring economy, society, government, foreign policy
• 1961, program virtually eliminated illiteracy in one year
• Created medical care system, raised life expectancy
Castro’s Programs
• Broad support for revolution to remove Batista
• Most did not know what kind of revolution Castro would lead
• Middle-class Cubans supported moderate democratic reforms
• Many Castro revolutionaries, including Che Guevara, wanted Marxist regime
Goals of the Revolution
The Cuban Revolution
Latin America Section 1
The Cuban Revolution
Changes under Castro
• Limited size of landholdings
• Nationalized private property, businesses
• To ensure he had power to make changes
– Took full control of government
– Took away freedom of press
• Result of radical actions
– Led Cuba more toward communism
– Led Cuba toward confrontation with U.S.
Latin America Section 1
U.S. Involvement• Cuba’s move toward communism troubled U.S. leaders
• Viewed Latin America as part of U.S. sphere of influence
• Wanted to keep communism out of region
Cuban Missile Crisis• 1962, CIA learned Soviet Union building nuclear missile site in Cuba
• President John Kennedy ordered naval blockage to keep Soviet ships out
• World came close to nuclear war before compromise, missiles removed
Organization of American States• Set up shortly after World War II to promote economic, military cooperation
• 1961, U.S.-trained invasion force of Cuban exiles landed at Bay of Pigs
• Mission to spark nationwide uprising against Castro; mission failed
The Cuban Revolution
Latin America Section 1
• Mixed results as well; economy suffered from U.S. embargo
• Castro’s policies led many Cubans to leave country, many for U.S.; caused economy to struggle
• Castro relied on Soviet Union for economic support; Soviet collapse in 1991 hurt economy
Economic Effects of Revolution
• Mixed results since Cold War; good access to health care, education
• People’s civil liberties restricted under one-party system
• Government jails opponents, spies on citizens
Results of the Revolution
The Cuban Revolution
Latin America Section 1
Identify Cause and Effect
What were some of the causes and effects of the Cuban Revolution?
Answer(s): Causes—social inequality, U.S. influence, revolts; Effects—access to health care and education, but restricted freedom, economy still suffers
Latin America Section 1
Causes• Economic conditions not only
cause of revolutions
• Political corruption, repression
• U.S. support for corrupt governments stirred nationalism
U.S. Concerns• Pressure from United Fruit
Company, concerns over Arbenz’ s leftist leanings
• U.S. decided to remove from power
Guatemala• 1952, Guatemalan president
Arbenz used land reform to redistribute land to peasants
• Policy hurt American-owned United Fruit Company
CIA Intervention• Intervened in coup that toppled
Arbenz, replaced him
• Start of repressive dictatorship
• Civil war raged from 1970s until peace accord of 1996
Other Conflicts
Latin America Section 1
El Salvador• Military dictatorships kept power through unfair elections, repression
• 1980 assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero, outspoken government critic, sparked bloody civil war between Communist guerillas, army
Reagan Administration• Supported Salvadoran government and army
• Provided money and military aid
• Violence continued into the 1990s
Civil War• Peasant villagers often caught in middle
• Government “death squads” roamed countryside, killed anyone suspected of aiding opposition
Other Revolutions
Latin America Section 1
Nicaragua• Nicaragua struggled with instability
• Ruled for four decades by Somoza family
• Wealthy family, controlled about one quarter of country’s farmland
• Anti-communist views kept them in favor with U.S.
• Corruption, violent tactics alarmed many Nicaraguans
• 1979, Somoza forced to flee• Sandinistas, revolutionary group
took over capital• Ruled as junta, group of leaders
who rule jointly• Launched economic, social reforms• Allowed political opposition
Sandinistas
• Reagan administration cut off aid• Sandinistas looked to socialist
countries for financial aid• Contras, U.S.-trained, funded rebel
group, began campaign of violence• 1984 election kept Sandinistas in
power, though violence continued
Contras
Other Revolutions
Latin America Section 1
Make Generalizations
How did U.S. influence affect conflicts in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua?
Answer(s): civil war, violence, some corrupt leaders overthrown, economic problems, some financial and military aid
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