kondensaattoriesitys - riss ostrobotnia 17092014...

Kondensaattoriesitys - RISS

Ostrobotnia 17092014

Kimmo Saarinen

One world. One KEMET.

RISS esitelmä

One world. One KEMET.

Esityksen sisältö

• Mikä on kondensaattori

• Evoxin historiaa

• Merkittävimmät

kondensaattoriteknologiat

• Kondensaattorimarkkinat

Mikä on kondensaattori?

One world. One KEMET.

What is a Capacitor

• A CAPACITOR is a passive electronic component consisting

of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric. When a

voltage potential difference exists between the conductors,

an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores

energy and produces a mechanical force between the

plates.

5

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All capacitors utilize the same basic mechanism in their structure

Electrode Plates Dielectric

The value of a capacitor is measured in farads. For 1 farad of

capacitance, 1 coulomb of charge is stored on the plates, when 1 volt of

force is applied.

1 farad = 1 coulomb / 1 volt

1 coulomb represents ~ 6 x 1019 electrons

Common Structure

6

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An electronics component that

- stores electrical charges

- conducts alternating current

- separates different voltage levels, i.e. does not conduct direct current

C = K A/d x 8.85x 10-12

F

Where C = Capacitance expressed in Farads

− K = Dielectric constant

− A = Area of the Electrodes in square meters

− d = Distance between the electrode in meters

− 8.85x10-12

= Absolute permittivity of vacuum

CAPACITOR

7

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Capacitor Classification

• Electrostatic capacitors have a symmetrical structure.

• Two electrodes are of similar material separated by one dielectric

• Non-Polarized

• Electrolytic capacitors have a non-symmetrical structure.

• Metal anode on which the oxide of that metal is formed to act as dielectric layer.

• Electrolyte is used as the “de facto”cathode of the capacitor

• Polarized

8

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Theoretical capacitor symbol

LS ESR

IR

C

REAL CAPACITOR equivalent circuit Z

frequency

Real capacitor

Theoretical capacitor

Z = Impedance

LS = Total series L due to the armature (film) or electrodes (MLCC) and the leads of the capacitor

ESR = Total series resistance due to armature (film) or electrodes (MLCC), to the leads and to the connection

IR = Insulation resistance

C = Capacitance

LS = LL + LW LL = Inductance of the leads ; LW = Inductance of winding (film) or electrodes (MLCC)

ESR = RL + RC + RW RL = Res. of leads ; RC = Res. of contacts ; RW = Res. of winding or electrodes

QUALITY OF CAPACITORS THEORETICAL

IR Infinite

LS zero

ESR zero

The “RLC” Circuit

C ESR ESL 9

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ESL - Inductive Reactance (XL) opposes Capacitive Reactance

X Z

ESR

XC

XL

X

0 Impedance is a

factor of vector

summation.

)(2 HenriesfLX L

Vectors R, XL, XC, Z

22RXXZ LC

)()(2

1

FaradsCHertzfXC

10

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RLC Frequency Response

self-resonant frequency.

1,E-03

1,E-02

1,E-01

1,E+00

1,E+01

1,E+02

1,E+03

1,E+04

1,E+05

1,E-01 1,E+00 1,E+01 1,E+02 1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05 1,E+06 1,E+07 1,E+08

Imp

ed

an

ce (

Oh

ms)

Frequency (kHz)

Impedance vs. Freq. 47 µF Capacitance with 2.5 nH ESL

0.25 Ohms ESR

0.10 Ohms ESR

0.05 Ohms ESR

0.01 Ohms ESR

0.001 Ohms ESR

LCf

2

1

11

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Impedance Across Types

Lowest impedance is not always highest capacitance

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

1,E+02 1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05 1,E+06 1,E+07

100 µF

Aluminum

1 µF

Ceramic

10 µF

Tantalum

12

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High Frequency or Tuned Circuit Applications

Q

Power Applications

ESR

General Applications

DF

Loss Factor vs. Application

13

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Based on Vector relationship

Where:

Theta (θ)

Z

ESR

Common Terms Define “Loss” Element

Dell (δ)

DF = cot(θ) = ESR/XC = tan(δ)

PF = cos(θ) = ESR/Z

Q = tan(θ) = XC/ESR = 1/DF

XC

DF = Dissipation Factor

PF = Power Factor

Q = “Q” or Figure of Merit

14

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Capacitance Change with Frequency

FREQUENCY

% C

ap

acita

nce

Cha

ng

e Film -2% to -5%

Ceramic 0% to -5%

Tantalum -15% to -60% ~30kHz to 300kHz

Aluminum -15% to -90% ~10kHz to 30kHz

15

Suomalainen Evox

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Lyhyt historia

• Runar Öhman perustaa Oy Evox Ab:n 1947 Virkkalassa

• Aluksi mikrofoonien ja gramofonien äänirasioiden valmistusta

ja pian myös kondensaattoreiden

• Paperi-, keraamiset putki- ja muovikondensaattorit (polystyreeni ja

polyesteri, film-foil tyyppiä), myöhemmin myös vaihesiirto ja

puhelinpakkakondensaattorit

• 1951 aloitettiin vienti

• Ruotsiin, Norjaan, Tanskaan, Brasiliaan ja Turkkiin

• 1956 uusi tehdas

• 4,5 Mkpl valmistusta

• Keskityttiin muovikalvokondensaattoreihin ja tuotantokoneisiin

• 1960-luvun alussa sopimus Nokian kondensaattoritehtaan

kanssa, että Nokia tekee vahvavirtakondensaattorit ja Evox

heikkovirtakondensaattorit

One world. One KEMET.

Lyhyt historia

• 1964 maailman ensimmäiset automaattiset

polystyreenikondensaattoreiden käämikoneet

• Perustettiin oma konepaja

• 1965 lisenssi käämikoneista myytiin Siemensille

• Mahdollisti metalloitujen polyesterikondensaattoreiden kehittämiseen (1967)

koneineen ja hieman myöhemmin oman metalloinnin ja leikkuun aloittamisen

• 1972 perustettiin tutkimus ja tuotekehityslaboratorio

• 1976 Runar Öhman eläkkeelle ja saatiin tasavallan

presidentin vientipalkinto

• 1979 aloitti Suomussalmen tehdas

• 1980 Huhtamäki yhtymä osti Evoxin

• Hieman myöhemmin fuusioitiin Huhtamäkeen-> Huhtamäki Oy Evox

• Perustettiin tehdas Meksikoon ja Singaporeen 1982 ja yhtiö

USA:an 1984

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Lyhyt historia

• 1986 Finvest Oy osti Evoxin

• -> Evox Oy

• 1988 Finvest osti LM Erikssonilta RIFA tuotemerkin ja siihen

liittyvän kondensaattoriliiketoiminnan

• Merkittävimmät lisäykset metalloidut paperi- ja Al-

elektrolyyttikondensaattorit

• 1989 Meksikon tehdas lopetettiin

• 1992 Evoxin Virkkalan tehtaan kondensaattorivalmistus

siirrettiin Ruotsiin Suomussalmelle ja Singaporeen ja

pääkonttori Kalmariin

• Toiminta jatkui Evox Rifa nimellä

• 1992 Singaporen tuotanto Batamin saarelle Indonesiaan

• 1998 pääkonttori takaisin Suomeen

One world. One KEMET.

Lyhyt historia

• Vuonna 2000 Finvest jakautui neljäksi yhtiöksi, jotka kaikki

aloittivat Helsingin pörssissä

• Yhtiön nimi Evox Rifa Group Oyj

• 2005 Kalmarin tehdas suljettiin ja tuotanto siirrettiin

Suomussalmella ja Batamille

• 2007 yhtiö myytiin amerikkalaiselle KEMET Electronics Co:lle

• Pois pörssistä ja toiminta jatkui KEMET Electronics Oy:n nimellä

• Suomessa tällä hetkellä myyntikonttori Espoossa ja tehdas

Suomussalmella

Merkittävimmät kondensaattoriteknologiat

ja niiden ominaisuuksia

One world. One KEMET.

EDLC

Capacitors

Fixed Variable

Electrolytic Polymer Film

+ Polar - Trimmer

Non-Polar

Glass Porcelain Paper

PME/BME Foil Metallized

wound/stacked Aluminium Tantalum

Ceramic

Capacitor Technologies

Poly MnO2 SLC Wet

Class1 Class2

Poly MnO2 Wet MLCC

Class1 Class2

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Material & Size

Relationship to Capacitance

C =e0KA

d

WLA

d

L

W

Dielectric

Material

(K)

Material K

Vacuum 1.00000

Air 1.00059

MLCC

C0G 5 - 90

X7R 3000 - 5000

Y5V 6000 - 8000

Film

PET 3.3

PEN 3.0

PP 2.2

PPS 3.0

Elect. Al2O3

8.5

Ta2O5 27.7

24

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Properties of different dielectrics Capacitance range, µF

10-6 10-4 10-2 1 102 104 106 F

Super capacitors (EDLCs)

PP polypropylene film

Ta electrolytic (MnO2 and Polymer)

Al electrolytic (wet electrolyte)

PET polyester film

PEN polyester film

PPS polyphenylenesulphide film

High stability ceramics (NPO = COG)

Medium to low stability ceramics (X7R, X5R, Y5V, Z5U)

Paper

108

Al electrolytic

(polymer)

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Properties of different dielectrics Insulation resistance, M

10-1 1 10 102 103 104 105 106 107

PP polypropylene film

Ta electrolytic (MnO2

and Polymer

Al electrolytic (wet electrolyte)

PET polyester film

PEN polyester film

PPS Polyphenylenesulphide Film

High stability ceramics (NPO/COG)

Medium stability ceramics (X7R)

Paper

Low stability ceramics (Z5U,Y5V)

Super capacitors

M

Al electrolytic

(Polymer )

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Properties of different dielectrics Dissipation factor,

tan (1% = 10-2) at 1 kHz

0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Tanδ

PP polypropylene film

PPS polyphenylene sulphide film

High stability ceramics (NPO=COG)

PEN polyester film

PET polyester film

Paper

Medium stability ceramics (X7R)

Low stability ceramics (Z5U,Y5V)

Ta electrolytic (MnO2 and Polymer)

Aluminium electrolytic

Super capacitors

Al electrolytic (Polymer)

One world. One KEMET.

•Patch Antenna

Ni Cu

Sn

Ni

PdAg or Pd Ag

Ceramic

BME

Base Metal Electrode

NME

Noble Metal Electrode

MLCC NME vs BME

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Wet Al Electrolytic Capacitor

Winding

Paper

Anode

Foil

Cathode

Foil

Paper

Tabs

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Construction of Al Electrolytic

Capacitor

Electrolyte Paper layer

Aluminium Cathode Foil

Aluminium Anode Foil

Oxide

Layer

(dielectric)

Simplified enlarged cross section

One world. One KEMET.

Etched anodic Al-foil

Purity: 99.99% aluminium

Etched micro channels: 1m, L= 30-

40m

Dielectric: Al-oxide Al2O3 , thickness

1.1nm/V, R=9

+

+

+

- - -

+ +

+ +

+

+ +

+

+ + +

+

+ +

+

- - -

- - -

- - - -

- -

- - -

- - -

- - -

+ +

+

- - -

Oxide layer

on the walls

of the etched

micro channels

Solid Aluminum

core

Oxide layer

on the walls

of the etched

micro channels

One world. One KEMET.

Dry Ta Electrolytic Capacitor

Construction

Cathode can be also of conductive polymer instead of manganese dioxide

+ - Anode Cathode

or gold

plated terminal

epoxy molding

Alloy 42 ( NiFe )/ Ta

welding

tantalum wire

PTFE washer

porous Ta anode

pellet tantalum

pentoxide

manganese dioxide

graphite silver paint

silver

adhesive

polarity mark

tin or gold

plated terminal

tin

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Tantalum / Polymer

Capacitor Structure

Ta Ta2O5

MnO2

or

Polymer

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Technology Primer: Storage Cousins

Ultracapacitors and their energy storage cousins

Electrolyte

Traditional Capacitor Ultracapacitor Battery Dielectric

A

d d

A

2

0

2

1CVW

d

AC

V

QC

• Energy storage on the electrode surface • High surface area materials

• Organic electrolyte to increase voltage

ADVANTAGES: • Rearrangement of ions – FAST

• No chemical reactions – HIGH CYCLE LIFE POWER DELIVERY DEVICE

Electroactive materials

• Energy storage in the bulk of the electrode materials

• Chemical reactions • Mass transfer between the

electrodes

ADVANTAGE: • Faradaic processes – HIGH

ENERGY ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE

HYBRID

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Technology Primer: Ragone Plot

Ultracapacitors and their energy storage cousins

Kondensaattorimarkkinat

One world. One KEMET.

Maailman Kondensaattorimarkkinat,

Lukumäärä / Kondensaattoriteknologia

-

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014e

Vo

lum

e (

Bp

cs

)

Years

World Capacitor Market in Volume (Bpcs) and Dielectric

Ceramics Aluminium Film Tantalum

One world. One KEMET.

0

5

10

15

20

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014e

Va

lue

(B

US

D)

Year

World Capacitor Market in Value (BUSD) and Dielectric

Ceramics Aluminium Film Tantalum

Maailman Kondensaattorimarkkinat,

Arvo / Kondensaattoriteknologia

One world. One KEMET.

-

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014e

Vo

lum

e (

Bp

cs

)

Years

World Capacitor Market in Volume and Market Area

EMEA Japan Americas ROW

Maailman Kondensaattorimarkkinat,

Lukumäärä / Markkina-alue

One world. One KEMET.

Maailman kondensaattorimarkkinat,

Arvo / Markkina-alue

0

5

10

15

20

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014e

Va

lue

(B

US

D)

Year

World Capacitor Market in Value and Market Area

EMEA Japan Americas ROW

One world. One KEMET.

GLOBAL ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY PRODUCTIONKc212.239bes-global

1990 2000 2010 20201980

$247Bn

1982

Computer

23%

Communications

26%

Consumer

15%

Military

19%

Industrial/

Medical

13%

Automotive

4%

4.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

$Trn

2011

Asia 19%

China 37%

Europe 15%

Americas 23%

14.6%

29.6%

18.7%

29.7%

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

Japan 6%

$1,560Bn

2/3 of the industry is

based on networked

communications

Consumer

11%

Industrial/

Medical

14%

Automotive

10%

Military

8%

7.4%

2016

$2,052Bn

Consumer

9%

Industrial/

Medical

13%

Automotive

10%

Military

7%

Computer

32%

Communications

26%

Computer

32%

Communications

29%

Global Electronic Industry Production

41

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Global Consumption of EDLCs

by Market Segment

Estimated 2011 TAM: $245M Est 2015: $1.16B Est 2020: $7B

56% CAGR!

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RISS esitelmä

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