kelp of laminaria (saccharina) thickets recovery in ...•studies of environmental influence on life...

Kelp of Laminaria (Saccharina) thickets recovery in dependence on abiotic and biotic environments

Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO), Vladivostok, Russia

Tatiana Krupnova, Yury Zuenko, Irina Tsypysheva, and Vladimir Matveev

Field of Laminaria (Saccharina) as algae belt

Distribution of Laminaria fields at Primorye coast (Japan Sea)

Seasonal dynamics of the Laminaria thalli length in 1975, 2006, and 2010

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Correlation between entire surface of the Laminaria leaves (S) and the sporiferous surface (S1) in 1996 and 2010

Changes of the Laminaria biological parameters

Bathymetric distribution of Laminaria thickets at Primorye coast in recent times

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Grazing of Laminaria by sea urchins

Block 1. Understanding the reasons of Laminaria fields shrinking • studies of environmental influence on life cycle of Laminaria (length of periods

with optimal conditions for its early stages development) • studies of anthromogenic impacts on the firlds – overlandings in the years of

insufficient reproduction, worsening of nutrients supply because of the coast deforestation and lowering the organic detritus flux from the coast

Block 2. Measures: • coastal zone surveys to find the sites appropriate for restoring Laminaria fields • developing of biotechnology for using the restored fields as feeding grounds

for sea urchins • studies of meso-scale water circulation in the areas of Laminaria fields

restoration • detail studies of Laminaria taxonomy for selection the best forms for

reproduction

Program for Laminaria fields restoration

Optimal conditions for Laminaria reproduction

Dynamics of sporogenic tissue development (k, solid line) in dependence on water temperature (t, dotted line) at Primorye coast. - the period, optimal for spore sowing

Length of the period (days) with the water temperature between 15o and 8oC favorable for Laminaria zoospores growth and their gametophytes development at the southern Primorye coast. Tendency to shortening of the optimal period is observed in the last two decades

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Long-term changes of conditions for Laminaria reproduction

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Long-term changes of conditions for Laminaria reproduction

Length of the periods (days) with the water temperature between 15o and 8oC favorable for Laminaria zoospores growth and their gametophytes development (light bars) and with the water temperature above 16o that unfavorable for gametophytes (dark bars) at Peter the Great Bay. Tendency to lengthening of the unfavorable period is observed in 1980-1990s

количество дней 0 20 40 60 80 100

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

Года 15-8

Long-term changes of conditions for Laminaria reproduction

Length of the period (days) with the water temperature between 15o and 8oC favorable for Laminaria zoospores growth and their gametophytes development at the nothern Primorye coast. Tendency to shortening of the optimal period is observed in the last two decades

Possible sources of nutrients for Laminaria growth on Primorye shelf in summer-fall season

Biogeochemical processes at marginal filter NO3

Upper layer (surface water masses)

tidal mixing, upwellings

NO3

Deep layer (deep and bottom shelf water masses)

Bottom sediments and plants composition at Primorye coast from Cape Ovsyankin to Cape Belyakovsky (southern Primorye)

Bottom sediments and plants composition at Primorye coast from Cape Belyakovsky to Cape Tumanny (southern Primorye)

Bottom sediments and plants composition at Primorye coast from Cape Tumanny to the Kit Bay (southern Primorye)

Bottom sediments and plants composition at Primorye coast from the Kit Bay to Cape Orlov (southern Primorye)

Bottom sediments and plants composition at Primorye coast from Cape Orlov to Cape Zavalishin (southern Primorye)

Bottom sediments and plants composition at Primorye coast from Cape Zavalishin to the Neprimetnaya Bay (southern Primorye)

Bottom sediments and plants composition at Primorye coast between the Neprimetnaya Bay and Moryak-Rybolov Bay (southern Primorye)

Bottom sediments and plants composition at Primorye coast from the Neprimetnaya Bay to Cape Nahvalny (southern Primorye)

Bottom sediments and plants composition at Primorye coast from Cape Nahvalny to Cape Nizmenny (southern Primorye)

Bottom sediments and plants composition at Primorye coast from

Cape Nizmenny to the Manevsky Bay

(southern Primorye)

The main algorithm of biotechnology for Laminaria thickets restoration

1. Thalli landing 2. Thalli transport ashore 3. Thalli drying

4. Thalli arrangement at the bottom 5. Mass outcome

of zoospores

6. Zoospores settling on substratum

Transport of Laminaria parental thalli to the sites of zoospores seeding

Транспортировка маточных слоевищ ламинарии к местам расселения зооспор

Laminaria landed from the restored field

Drying of Laminaria thalli landed from the restored field in the Valentine Bay

• The developed technology of Laminaria fields restoration includes both permanent recommendations (how to select the thalli for reproduction, when and how to transport them, how to stimulate them for mass seeding of zoospores, how to arrange the stimulated thalli on the sea bottom, and some others) and the recommendations varying in dependence on environmental variability that should be monitored for good harvesting.

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Cape Gilyak

Cape Sosunov

Cape Dalny

SST changes along Primorye coast from September 1 to November 20, 2015 (day and night satellite data)

Rifovaya Bay

Oprichnik Bay

Cape Nizmenny

Cape Olarovsky

Valentine Bay

Typical sea surface temperature at

Primorye coast in fall season (by satellite data)

Area 2011 (days)

2012 (days)

2013 (days)

2014 (days)

2015 (days)

2016 (days)

Cape Gilyak 33 33 10 29 36 30

Cape Sosunov 36 33 10 20 34 32

Cape Dalny 36 33 9 31 30 28

Oprichnik Bay 27 34 7-10 34 27 25

Cape Nizmenny 18 26 34 24 24 26

Valentine Bay 15 36 37 24 12 24

Cape Olarovsky 17 30 42 21 21 24

Rifovaya Bay 12 18 38 24 18 no data

Length of the periods with conditions optimal for development of Laminaria early stages (SST 15-8°С) (by satellite data)

Break of the Primorye Cold Current stream under wind-driven on-shore surge of warm water (October 18, 2013)

Compensatory influx of cold water in the process of wind-driven upwelling (October 4, 2015)

NOAA-19 18.10.2013 3:26 GR

NOAA-18 4.10.2015 7:35 GR

Typical oceanographic conditions at Primorye coast in October (on the data of AVHRR satellite scanner)

Typical currents at the surface of the Japan Sea in fall season (by satellite data)

Surface currents determined by satellite data in September, October and November, 2015

Currents at Cape Vatovsky on the sea surface and at the bottom

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ï -î â Âàòî âñêî ãî

43°52' 43°52'

43°53' 43°53'

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ï -î â Âàòî âñêî ãî

43°52' 43°52'

43°53' 43°53'

43°54' 43°54'

135°31'

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135°32'

135°32'

Stimulated parental thalli of Laminaria with zoospores should be arranged in the area of restoration taking into account the water circulation. For example, the on-shore current prevailing at Cape Vatovsky is favorable for the zoospores settling in the coastal zone (green circle), but the off-shore current southward from this cape is not favorable – so restoration of Laminaria in the southern area could be unsuccessful, or parental thalli should be arranged there with heightened density (red circle)

Species and forms of Laminaria dwelling at Primorye coast

Common Laminaria Deep-water Laminaria

Surf Laminaria Narrow Laminaria (L.angustata)

Phylogenetic tree of Laminaria

Phylogenetic trees for rbc LS, COI , ITS and united successions (total length 4286) for morphological forms of Saccharina japonica

Phenotypic forms of Laminaria japonica (Saccharina japonica)

Common Laminaria (Saccharina japonica (Areschoug) Lane, Mayes, Druehl et Saunders)

Deep-water (Saccharina japonica f. longipes)

Conclusions • New biotechnology for recovering of Laminaria

thickets at Primorye coast is developed, as the way for its stock heightening for commercial use.

• This technology could be realized directly in

vicinity of the Laminaria processing factories that provides them by raw materials and allows to decrease transport expenses.

Thanks!