juncao technology and its application in lesotho

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JUNCAO Technology And Its Application

In Lesotho

2009 April

Prof. Lin Zhanxi & Mdm Lin D.M.Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU)

Fujian Province JUNCAO Bio-Engineering Center

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Provincial JUNCAO Center in FAFU

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无叶无芽无花，自身结果。

无叶无芽无花，自身结果。

可食可补可药，周身是宝。

可食可补可药，周身是宝。

戊辰年

戊辰年

张树庭

张树庭

WITHOUT LEAVES, WITHOUT WITHOUT LEAVES, WITHOUT BUDS, WITHOUT FLOWERS. BUDS, WITHOUT FLOWERS. YET, THEY FORM FRUIT;YET, THEY FORM FRUIT;

AS A FOOD, AS A TONIC, AS A AS A FOOD, AS A TONIC, AS A MEDICINE, MEDICINE, THE ENTIRE CRE ATION IS THE ENTIRE CRE ATION IS PRECIOUS.PRECIOUS.

Prof. Prof. ShutingShuting--ChangChang

What is mushroomWhat is mushroom？？

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Wild mushroom collected on 2 June 2006

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Domesticate new spieces

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Become new commercial vari ety

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Health enhancers from mushroom derivatives

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Preface-the origin of JUNCAO sci ence researchThe traditional cultivation method is utilizin g wood logs which caused conf lict between mushroom production and environment safety.

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传统香菇、木耳、灵芝等食（药）用菌的栽培是以木材为原料Wood is conventional raw material for cultivating substrates of

Lentinula edodes、Auricularia polytricha and Ganoderma lucidum

Preface-the origin of JUNCAO sci ence research

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Eg. the production volume in Shouning county dropped by 90%.

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A revolution:From production-oriented approach to environment-oriented approach

In 1983, the research on uti lizing wild grasses to grow mushrooms succeeded and since then, the technol ogy has been developed via applications in China and other countries.

Preface-the origin of JUNCAO sci ence research

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Grass

Mushroom

Soil & water conservationForage

Mushroom

BEFORE

JUNCAO CONCEP T

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Plant-Mushroom-Animal Cyclic production (reversible)

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Ø菌草（JUNCAO）：可以作为栽培食（药）用菌培养基的草本植物简称菌草。

定义 –菌草

Definitions-JUNCAO

ØØJUNCAOJUNCAOHerbaceous plant that can be used as the culture substrate for cultivation of edible and medicinal fungi.

１ Ｗhat is JUNCAO technol ogy/industry

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Vetiveria vizanioidesDicranopteris dicnotoma

Phragmitas communis TrinNeyraudia reynaudiana (Kunth) Keng

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Pennisetum Sinese RoxbSaccharum robustumSaccharum

arundinaceum

Themeda gigantia(Cav.)Hack Var.

villosaMay Grass

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Cymbopogon citratus(DC.) stapf Medicago sativa L.

Arundo donax L.

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Ø菌草技术：运用菌草栽培食（药）用菌和生产菌体蛋白饲料、菌物肥料的综合技术简称菌草技术。

ØJUNCAO technique

定义－菌草技术Definitions－JUNCAO Technology

Techniques that use JUNCAO to cultivate edible and medicinal fungi and produce mushroom protein forage.

１ Ｗhat is JUNCAO technology/industry

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45 species of JUNCAO herbaceous plants

can be used to

Cultivate 55 species of mushroom in commercial scale

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Ø菌草业：运用菌草技术及相关技术形成的产业简称菌草业。

ØØJUNCAO industryJUNCAO industryIndustry formed by using of JUNCAO technique and some other interrelated techniques.

定义-菌草业

Definitions－JUNCAO Industry

１ Ｗhat is JUNCAO technology/industry

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１ Ｗhat is JUNCAO technology/industry

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Heat Value of Grass: 3580 Kal/Kg

Heat Value of Mushroom Residue: 3495 Kal/Kg

Crude Coal: 5000Kal/Kg

Energy Grass

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JUNCAO Technology spread to 76 countries

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Listed as UNDP “China Science & Technolog y Poverty Reduction Capacit y Building” Project in 1996

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Geneva State Prize on the 20th International Invention Exhibition

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Prize of Ministr y of Internal Affaris and Ministry of Land Reform of the 85th International Invention Exhibition in

France

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35 International Training Courses, 1076 trainees

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1996，1st International Symposium on JUNCAO industry development (Fuzhou)

The 2nd International Symposium om JUNCAO Industry Development (Fuzhou)

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The 3rd International Symposium in Yinchuan

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The 4th International Symposium in South Africa

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2. JUNCAO Technology in Lesotho

n Project starting in September 2007n By now,q JUNCAO base at Masianokeng establishedq 3 JUNCAO mushr oom production cooperatives

formedq Extend to 4 districts, 18 villagesq 140 households participatingq 63 mushroom shed builtq 763 technician/farmers trainedq 14 officials trained in FAFU,china

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2005, Mdm. Mothokho （ 2nd from left at front row ） visited JUNCAO Research Institute of FAFU. Prof. Lin Zhanxi (2nd from right at front row) introduced JUNCAO technology to her.

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Mdm Mothokho attended the 4th International Symposium on JUNCAO Industry Development in Pietermaritzburg,KZN .

2006.12

5 officials from Ministry of Agriculture took training in FAFU.

2006.11

Chinese government & Lesotho government signed agreement on JUNCAO T echnology project.

2006.10.09

the then Minister of Agriculture, visited KwaDindiJUNCAO Flagship Site in KZN

2006.4

a group of officials attended a 3 -day study workshop in KZN

2006.2

2 officials attended trai ning course on JUNCAO Technology in FAFU sponsored by Chinese government.

2005.11

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Chinese expert team arrived.The project formally started.

2007.09.13

Prof. Lin zhanxi and Mdm Lin Dongmeimet Mdm Mothokho discussed the objective & implementation strategy of the project.

2007.05.21

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On December 10, 2007, 88 days after Chinese expert team ’s arrival, the first flush of mushroom was harvested at the Base. Yield was measured by Chinese experts and local officials = 24 Kg /m2.* The mushroom strain we selected is vigorous with high yield and strong resistance to disease.

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The launch of Sino-Lesotho JUNCAO Technology Demonstration Base (2007.11.31)

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Planting JUNCAO for soil & water conservation

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Advantages of JUNCAO technique and the production & extension model in Lesotho

n Small investment for farmerssimple shed and tools;

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n Easy management: average 1 hour a day managing 10 m2 mushroom trench, even children and disabled people can manage.

Advantages of JUNCAO technique and the production & extension model in Lesotho:

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n Year-round business: (applying JUNCAO technology) 4 seasons a year, non -stop without affected by weather.

n Efficient land utilization:10 m2 mushroom trench = 300kg fresh mushroom for 1 season= 1200kg fresh mushroom in 1 year

Advantages of JUNCAO technique and the production & extension model in Lesotho:

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n Quick return: Farmers selling at 20 Maloti/kg fresh mushroom,

10 m2 trench gives 24,000Maloti a year;

Investment back within 7-10 days after planting;

“cash crop”

Advantages of JUNCAO technique and the production & extension model in Lesotho:

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n Green technology:

q Using straw, grass as raw materials, sustainable development;

q Mushroom residues are good ferterlizer for other crops, vegetables and flowers, even good feed.

q Cyclic production system gives the optimal productivity of local natural resources.

Advantages of JUNCAO technique and the production & extension model in Lesotho

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“1A+3S” strategy

Adaptation

Simplification

Standardization

Systematization

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2005 Lesotho Trainees with lecturers

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2006 Lesotho Trainees with Prof. Chang & Prof. Xie

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2007 Lesotho trainees on the closing ceremony

2008 training courses

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3. JUNCAO technology i n other Africa countries

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3.1 JUNCAO project in South Africa

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Flagship site & JUNCAO mushroom growers cooperative

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Flagship site: KWA DINDI Farm

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Machine planting and harvesting Giant J UNCAO

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The soil-turning ceremony of KZN JUNCAO base at Cedara (investment 60 million Rand) on 2008 July 29.

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Donation of production machines from Chinese Embassy to local farmers.

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2006 Dec 13，signing the agreement of Friendship Province

Relationship Agreement in Fuzhou.

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3.2 JUNCAO Technology in Rwanda

Rwanda Agriculture Technology Demonstration Center – investment about 6 million USD, total 22 ha

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Fig. The technologies to be demonstrated in the Center: Recycling and optimizing the utilization of resources, improve land utilization, conserve soil and water and complete product chain

Soil and water conservation

Upland riceJUNCAO mushroom

Paddy rice

Sericulture

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4. Nutritional and medici nal values of mushrooms

* Information from International JUNCAO Technology Training Course Materials, Prof. Lin Zhibin

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蛋白质蛋白质 ProteinsProteinsProteins are vital substantial base and existent modality. Mushroom contains man y proteins and amino acids, w hich associate deliciou s taste with mushroom.

Lentinus edodes Xianggu 香菇 17.3%Hercium erinaceus Houtou 猴头菌 26.3%Flammulina velutipesGolden needle mushroom 金针菇

20.9%

Volvariella volvaca Straw mushroom草菇 25.9%Pleurotus ostreatus Oyster mushroom 平菇

7.8-17.7%

Grifola frondosa Hui shuihua灰树花 19.7%Pleurotus nebrodensis白灵菇 14.7%pork(loin) 猪肉 9.5%Chicken(meat) 鸡肉 19%Beef(loin) 牛肉 17.5%Flour 面粉 9.9%Rice 稻米 7.8%potato(raw) 马铃薯 2.8%

Protein content ( g/100g dried w eight)

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Edible fungi contains 15.7% of total amino acids and 6.43% of essential amino acids (dried weight).

Edible fungi mainly contain threonine, valine,isoleucine , leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, arginine, cysteine, aspartic acid, serine, glumatic, proline, glycine, alanine, and etc.。

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7211191107phenylalanine

219265283tyrosine

126122143lysine

139133153leucine

827991isoleucine

112124121valine

10698111threonine

352933methionine

282423cystine

PleurotusostreatusOyster mushroom(平菇)

LentinusedodesXianggu/shiiitake(香菇)

AgaricusbisporusButton mushroom(双孢菇)

Amino acid

Content of essential amino acids(mg/100g)

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核酸核酸 Nucleic acidNucleic acid

The Content of nucleic acidsis about 5.4% ~8.8%( dried weight) for button mushroom, straw mushroom, and o yster mushroom.

The nucleic acids, RN A and DNA, have important action on the proliferation and development in cells. It is material basis of genetics. Human bod y requires to take nucleic acids from food.

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脂肪脂肪 FatsFats

Any of a group of organic compounds, including the fats, lipoids (phospholipid, ester,sugar, sterol), oils, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water but soluble in common organic solvents, and together with carbohydrates and proteins constitute the principal structural material of living cells.

Dried edible mushroom contained 2%~5% of fat, which mainly unsaturated fatty acid.

The sterols of mushroom could decrease blood cholesterol.

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Lentinus edodesXianggu（香菇）

1.7~3.1%(75% of unsaturated fatty acid)

Auricularia auricularGolden Needle（金针菇）

1.7~5.7%(69.0% of unsaturated fatty acid)

Agaricus bisporusWhite button mushroom (双孢菇)

3.1%（80.5% of unsaturated fatty acid)

Volvariella volvacaStraw mushroom （草菇）

2.24%~3.6%(85.4% of unsaturated fatty acid)

Grifola frondosaHui Shuhua（灰树花）

3.2%

Dictyophora indusialLady’s skirt （竹荪）

2.46%

whole wheat（全麦） 2.9%

Brown rice（黑米） 2.1%

Chicken (meat)（鸡肉） 10.6%

Pork (loin)（猪肉） 19.9%Beef(loin) （牛肉） 15.9%

Fat content ( g/100g dried weight)

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碳水化合物与纤维素碳水化合物与纤维素 Carbohydrate and FiberCarbohydrate and Fiber

Carbohydrate is main energy source for hum an body. It also has physiological and pharmacological activity.

The content of carbohyd rate is 30% ~ 93% in edible mu shroom.The content of fiber (or cellulose) is 2.5%~21.5% (average of 8%).

Cellulose can promote gastri-intestinal mov ements and prev ent constipation. It also can d ecrease blood cholesterol lev el.

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Mushroom Carbohydrate (g/100g dried weight)

Fiber (g/100g dried weight)

Energy(Kcal/100g dried weight)

Lentinus edodes 57.9 6.7 261

Flammulinavelutipes (fresh)

5.45 1.77

Pleurotus ostreatusOyster mushroom

57.6~81.8 5.6~8.7 328~367

Volvariella volvaca 4~20

Grifola frondosa 61.06 9.74

Tremella fuciformis 44.29 21.1

Dictyophora indusial 39.7 8.84

Whole wheat 69.0 2.5 328

rice 74.4 2.7 350

Chicken(meat) 0.1 0 180

Pork(loin) 0.2 0 262

Beef(loin)) 0.2 0 224

Content of carbohydrate and fiberContent of carbohydrate and fiber

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维生素维生素 VitaminsVitamins

The content of vitamin(Vit.) in edible fungi are 2~8 times compared with vegetables.

Almost edible mushrooms have Vit. B1, Vit. B2, Vit. B6, Vit. B12, Vit. C, Vit. D, nicotinamide(Vit.PP ), Pantothenic Acid, folic acid, caritinoid(α, β, γ), and etc.

Such as Lentinus edodes (Xianggu) contain 128~ 400 IU/g (dried w eight) of Vit. D comparable so ybean only contains 6 IU/g (dried weight )of Vit.D.

Vitamin is any of various fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances essential in minute amounts for normal grow th and physiological and biochemical activity of the bod y and obtained naturally from plant and a nimal foods.

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Content of Vitamins in Lentinus edodes and other food

04.30.230.076Beef

07.40.150.615Pork

02.70.210.2050Chicken(meat)

361.00.060.110Potato(fresh)

03.60.0080.230Rice05.00.110.340Whole wheat

019.01.570.480L. Edodes(dried)

04.00.230.080L. edodes(fresh)

Vit.C(mg)

Vit.B3

(mg)Vit.B2

(mg)Vit.B1

(mg)Vit. A(Unit)

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Edible fungi hav e a number of inorganic element includi ng sodium, potassium, calcium, iro n,phosphorus. Such as Lentinusedodes (dried weight) contains 2140mg/100g of potassium, 19 mg/100g of calcium, 25mg/100g of sodium, 3.3mg/10 0g of iron and

268mg/100g of phosphorus.

无机元素无机元素 Inorganic elementInorganic element

An inorganic element, such as calcium, iron, potassium, sodium, or zinc, that is essential to the nutrition of human being.

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üAntitumor effectüImmuno-modulating effectüBlood fat regulating effectüLiver-protective effectüAntioxidative and free radical -scavenging activityüAnticoagulant and platelet aggregation inhibiting effectüGastric ulcer-protective effectüAntiaging effectüOthers

Pharmacological effect of MushroomPharmacological effect of Mushroom

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Antitumor activityAntitumor activity

Polysaccharides are an active component isolated from over 100 of edible fungi. Mushroom polysaccharides have antitumor activity in transplanted animal tumor models.

抗肿瘤活性抗肿瘤活性

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Antler shape Lingzhi cultivated with JUNCAO has higher contents of polysaccharides & triterpenoids

LINGZHI，Reishi

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The mechanism of GL－PT anti-tumor effect

ControlControlGlGl－－PT PT membranemembrane

GlGl－－PT SerumPT Serum

Inhibition of angiogenesis b y Gl-PT-treated serum or Gl-PT.

After a 48 h exposure of the CAMs to 50mg⋅kg-1 Gl-PT-treated serum (10μl/disc) or 80μg/disc Gl-PT, the microvasculature reduced and some areas CAM vessel development were blocked. n=5 (photograp hed by Digital Camera)

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n The pilot phase of a medicinal mushroom project is supported by UNDP/UNAIDS/UNOPS and has been. conducted in Swaziland, Tanzania & Zambia

n To determine the efficacy of Lingzhi in the treatment of HIV/AIDS patients.

* Information from International JUNCAO Technology Training Course Materials, Prof. Shuting Chang

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n A healthy person’s normal range of CD4 cells is between 500-2000 cell/ml of blood.

n When these cells are reduced to 200 cells/ ml, progression to AIDS sets in, whereby the body is unable to defend itself against various diseases, including certain types of cancers.

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Sample results from Zambia

14.2 g13.8 gHaemoglobin test (HB)

440 cells367 cellsCD4 test

59kg57kgBody weight

Results after one month

Commencement of Lingzhicapsule testing administration

Parameters

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Patients’ progress from one site (Tanzania)

0.80362.610Lingzhionly

0.471253.418ARV + Lingzhi

0.50620.825ARV only

HB (g)CD4 (cells)Body weight (kg)

Progress after three months (average increase)

Number of Patients

Treatment

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n Patients’ skin complexion improved, warts disappeared, and patients themselves reported a significant health improvement.

n Patients’ oral thrush healed.q Oral thrush is one of the most frequent

opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS in Europe and USA, in over 80% of cases

q In African patients, 53-65% are reported as having the disease. Healing of mouth sores enables patients to eat food and strengthens body’s natural resistance.

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n In HIV/AIDS patients, the intestinal lining gets damaged, making it difficult for food to be absorbed in the body, and causing many patients to die simply from starvation.

n HIV/AIDS patients given Lingzhi products, were found have repaired damaged lining of the intestine, improving food absorption, and consequently the health of the patients.

912 9 KG after 3 mths 49KG

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South Africa Experiment: the body weight changes after taking Lingzhi for 1 month

NO. Before After D d2

1 52 55 3 9

2 48.5 50 1.5 2.25

3 22 25 3 9

4 78 78 0 0

5 85 87.5 2.5 6.25

6 65 67 2 4

7 81 83.5 2.5 6.25

8 52 53 1 1

合计 15.5 37.75

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Eat more mushroom, you will be

Happier! Healthier!

&Live longer!

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