john ma dissertation presentation - final version (2013)
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EMBODIED ENERGY & CARBON: ENSURING A LOW-
CARBON FUTURE IN HOUSESBY JOHN MA (K1021816)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Literature Review and Case Studies
Proposed Methodology
Progression of Collection and Analysis of Data
Preliminary Conclusions and Recommendations
Reference List
INTRODUCTION
The Dissertation is on the topic of Embodied Energy (EE), Embodied Carbon (EC) and Carbon Emissions
The focus of EE, EC and Carbon Emissions is within houses in the UK
Investigates how EE, EC and Carbon Emissions contributed to houses can be reduced
Aim is to provide a method of calculation for EC and recommended to Government’s Green Book
WHAT IS EMBODIED ENERGY (EE) ?Figure 4: Graph depicting the Embodied Energy (GJ) of various materials in 2 formats:
Typical dwelling and Tonne of material (Australian Government, 2001)
PLANS FOR CARBON EMISSION REDUCTIONS
UK Gov. set targets to achieve reduction in CO2 of up to 80% from 1990 levels by the year 2050 (DECC, 2008)
New legislations proposals established to new buildings to be either low or zero carbon (DCLG, 2007)
Zero or low carbon standards implemented in the current standards of Building Regulations 2002 & 2006.
Reduction in CO2 due to amount UK emitted in 2005 – 550 million tonnes and Kyoto Protocol (DECC, 2008)
Nearly half of UK’s CO2 emissions reside in energy usage & maintenance in commercial & residential lots (DCLG,
2007a)
LITERATURE REVIEW
The Literature Review covered 5 topics relative to the research for the dissertation:
1. What are sustainable materials and technology?
2. The U.K’s Legislations and Building Regulations
3. Reduction in the whole-life carbon footprint in buildings
4. Problems that restrict the planning and constructing of low carbon domestic buildings
5. Comparison of high- and low-density residential areas
OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE REVIEW
New sustainable materials are emerging in the industry – benefits to all
Changes to Part L of Building Regulations have proven to reduce carbon emissions
Greatest impact now in CO2 emissions & EE is on manufacturing process of a building (BIS. 2012) & (RICS. 2012)
Industry & Government should agree on a method to measure embodied carbon for use as a design tool (HM
Government. 2012)
Roughly 100k new homes built annually Vs. the 25 million existing homes in UK
CASE STUDIES
Two case studies were reviewed, relevant to the literature review:
1. Life-Cycle Energy Use in Office Buildings. By Raymond J.Cole and Paul C. Kernan
2. Comparison of High- and Low-density residential areas. By Norman. J, Maclean. H. L and Kennedy. C. A. 2006
LIFE-CYCLE ENERGY USE IN OFFICE BUILDINGS
Evaluation of a typical three-storey office building with underground parking. EE used as method of measurement.
Initial EE values showed that ¾ comprised of the services, envelope and structure of the building.
Significant increase in recurring EE over the building’s life-cycle.
Initial investment does not always mean a sustainable future – recurring EE vital to consider
LIFE-CYCLE ENERGY USE IN OFFICE BUILDINGS
Figure 5: Pie chart of initial embodied energy of average
values the building components; Concrete, Steel and Wood
(Cole and Kernan, 1996)
Figure 6: The Comparison of Initial to Recurring Embodied Energy for Wood Structure
Building over a 100-Year Lifespan (Cole and Kernan, 1996)
COMPARISON OF HIGH- AND LOW-DENSITY RESIDENTIAL AREAS
GHG emissions and energy usage from 3 main factors: Transport, Materials and Building Operations
Building Operations contribute the most to GHG emissions and energy usage in both areas
Functional Units: per capita (per person) and per unit of living space made a significant difference
Findings has opened new potential areas of study. E.g. substitutes for materials with high EE
COMPARISON OF HIGH- AND LOW-DENSITY RESIDENTIAL AREAS
Figure 7: Case study areas of the investigation (Norman. J,
Maclean. H. L and Kennedy. C. A. 2006)
Figure 8: Pictures of the high- and low-density case studies
(Norman. J, Maclean. H. L and Kennedy. C. A. 2006)Figure 9: Overall totals of GHG emissions and Energy use for low- and high- density developments (Norman. J, Maclean. H. L and Kennedy. C.A. 2006)
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
1. Test method / methods of calculation for EC to analysis and compare results
2. Maintain progressive research of literature review to compare future results
3. Keep up to date with changes in Legislation and Building Regulations
4. Attend the 2013 Eco-Build the Future at ExCeL London.
PROGRESSION OF RESEARCH
Method of calculation for EE – Phlorum Embodied CO2 Estimator (Phlorum, 2011)
Operational and embodied carbon in new build housing - a reappraisal (revised April 2012)
RICS draft information paper
Progress on carbon target reductions from Eco-Build Event
Carbon reductions aims by year 2050 seen to be ‘ambitious’
Critical to decarbonise the grid
Structural incentives towards NPPF, Green Deal and Code for Sustainable Homes
Need for further progressive step ups to Building Regulations and Legislations
LIMITATIONS TO RESEARCH
Difficult to search for a current method of calculation for EE
Potential complications in comparing multiple methods of calculation for EE
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Phlorum Embodied CO2 Estimator great design tool for all bodies in construction industry to use
Vital to factor in recurring EE & EC in new methods of calculation for EC
More methods of calculation for EC will be developed from further research within the Industry and Government
Government target reductions on CO2 is still possible, however there consist plenty of obstacles to overcome
AND FINALLY…
REFERENCE LIST
Brian Edwards, 2009. Rough Guide to Sustainability. 3rd Revised Edition. RIBA Enterprises.
DECC (Department of Energy and Climate Change), 2008. UK leads world with commitment to cut emissions by 80% By 2050 Press Notice ref 2008/3, 16th October 2008 (DECC, London).
Soy Polymers and Sustainability | A Sustainable and Natural Binder | DuPont Soy Polymers. 2013. Soy Polymers and Sustainability | A Sustainable and Natural Binder | DuPont Soy Polymers. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www2.dupont.com/Solae/en_US/sustainability/overview.html. [Accessed 09 March 2013].
Carbon Visuals: Early images. 2013. Carbon Visuals: Early images. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.carbonvisuals.com/work/early-images. [Accessed 09 March 2013].
Global Emissions | Climate Change | US EPA. 2013. Global Emissions | Climate Change | US EPA. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html. [Accessed 09 March 2013].
DCLG (Department for Communities and Local Government), 2007a. Building a greener future: policy statement. The Stationery Office, London.
Embodied CO2 Estimator. 2013. Embodied CO2 Estimator. [ONLINE] Available at: http://eco2.phlorum.com/calculator/save. [Accessed 14 March 2013].
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