joe, wearing a mask and carrying an empty sack, leaves his house. he returns an hour later with a...
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Joe, wearing a mask and carrying an empty sack, leaves his house. He
returns an hour later with a full sack. He goes into a room and turns out the
light.
Joe is a kid who goes trick-or-treating for Halloween, returns,
and goes to sleep.
A man lives on the twelfth floor of an apartment building. Every morning he
takes the elevator down to the lobby and leave the building. In the evening, he gets into the elevator, and, if there is someone else in the elevator – or if it was raining
that day – he goes back to his floor directly. Otherwise, he goes to the tenth floor and
walks up two flights of stairs to his apartment.
The man is a dwarf. He can't reach the upper elevator buttons, but he can ask people to push them for him. He can also push them with his
umbrella.
Thinking and Problem Solving
Chapter 3
Units of ThoughtImage
Mental representation of a specific event or object
Ex: Dog
Symbol Sound or design that
represents an object Ex: Biohazard
Concept Symbol used as a label
for objects of events Ex: Animals
Rule Statement of a relationship
between objects Ex: What goes up, must
come down
Kinds of ThinkingDirected Thinking
Convergent thinking Systematic and logical
attempt Solution of a problem Depends on symbols,
concepts, and rules Ex: Sherlock Holmes
Nondirected Thinking Divergent thinking Free flow of thoughts No particular goal or plan Full of day dreams,
fantasies, and reveries Ex: Ideas you get in the
shower
Metacognition Thinking about thinking Reevaluating strategies
to develop new ones Knowing that mnemonic
device work Ex: After a test, thinking
about why you got the grade that you did to make a plan for the next test
Problem Solving Strategies
Depends on use of specific methods for approaching problems
Breaking down complex problems Ex: prioritizing tasks
Working backwards from a goal you have Ex: writing a mystery novel
Examine various ways to reach a goal Ex: Planning a trip
Problem SolvingSets
Useful strategies become cemented into problem-solving process
Particular strategy becomes a habit
“Set” to treat problems in a certain way
Rigidity Set involves with
problem solving Functional fixedness:
inability to imagine new functions
Wrong assumptions Less likely to occur
with unusual problems
Creativity Ability to use information in a way that is
new, original, and meaningful All problem solving requires creativity Unable to explain why some people are
more creative than others
Flexibility Ability to overcome
rigidity Numerous tests to
attempt to quantify flexibility
Inflexible, rigid thinking leads to unoriginal solutions.
Recombination Elements of the
problem are familiar Solution is not Recombination: new
mental arrangement of the elements
Ex: football plays are recombinations of old moves
Insight Sudden emergence
of a solution by recombination
Task/problem is abandoned
Person absorbed in some other activity, answer appears out of no where
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