j. mosquera

Protocols to measure GHG in Agriculture

Inventory and practical use

J. MosqueraIII Workshop de la Red Remedia, 10-11 Abril 2014

Standard method?

GHG emissions (per component, 2011)

86.2%

CO2CH4N2OOther81.1%

9.5%

6.8% 2.6%ES (2011)

CO2CH4N2OOther86.2%

7.8%

4.7% 1.3%NL (2011)

GHG emissions (per source, 2011)

ES (2011)

78%

11%8%

4%

NL (2011)

84%

8%5%

2%

CH4 and N2O sources

Enteric fermentation (CH4)●Dairy cattle●Swine, sheep, goat and horses●Poultry

Manure management●Slurry (CH4, little/no N2O)●Straw/deep litter (CH4 and N2O)

Agricultural soils●N2O●Little/no CH4

CH4 and N2O emissions (ES, 2011)

CH4 and N2O emissions (NL, 2011)

Manure management chain

Outside storage

NH3, OdourCH4, N2O

Manure application

NH3

OdourN2O

Manure treatment

NH3, OdourCH4, N2O

Grazing

NH3

CH4

N2O

NH3, OdourCH4, N2O

Housing

Housing

Storage

1. Fresh manure2. Between product3. Final product

Treatment

Applicationsurface spreading trailing shoetrailing hoseshallow injection

surface spreadingincorporation as

sequential operation

injectionshallow injection

Research question National inventories Emission factors Understanding emission processes Effect of new technologies and mitigation options

Calculated emissions●Activity data●Emission factors

Direct measurements

Measurement protocol Measurement strategy

●Type of source●Animal vs. manure●Manure management chain

●Management

Measurement method●Research question●Source characteristics●Resources

Housing

Single-farm protocol

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NH 3

con

cent

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-3]

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Forced ventilation● Concentration

o NOx monitoro Photoacoustic

● Ventilation rateo Fan wheel anemometer

Natural ventilation● Tracer gas ratio method

Single-farm protocol

+ Benefits●Accurate at the farm level●Emission process●Management vs. emissions●Daily and seasonal patterns

- Drawbacks●Costs (equipment, labour, maintenance)●Not accurate at the system level

Sources of variance (NH3)

Fattening pigs Sows

Between farms (sb) 44 % 32%

Within a farm (sw) 45% 23%

Statistical analysis: REML method

Yij = C + S +s2b + s2

w

Number of farm locations

=2totals

mlkequipment

××

2s

Monitor

+×lkwithin2s

+kbetween2s

Ogink and Klarenbeek (1997)

Distribution of measurements (cycle)

y = 31.2 + 1.2 xR2 = 0.96

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vera

ge e

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Day in production cycle

NH3

y = 32.0 + 1.2 xR2 = 0.97

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Day in production cycle

CH4

Measurement period (I)

Measurement period (II)

Multi-farm measurement protocol

Measurements at 4 farm locations

Continuous measurements not necessary

6 measurement days per farm

Measurement period at least 24 h

Equipment: random errors allowed

Growing pattern at random, equally distributed

Year round measurements

Example: broilers

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Day in the year

Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4

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mal

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ght (

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Day in production cycle

Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4

Case-control approach

Two compartments: case (treatment), control (no treatment)

Same farm location

Same management (Temp., Vent., age, feeding)

+ Management effects reduced

+ Easy applicable in pig and poultry systems

- Difficult to apply for dairy cattle systems

http://www.veracert.eu/en/technology-manufacturers/test-protocols/

Measurement methodsVentilation rate Concentrations

Real-time measurements

Storage

GHG emissions from storage Emission sources

●Slurry (CH4, little/no N2O)●Straw /deep litter (CH4 and N2O)

No specific measurement protocol

Emission measurements●Chamber measurements (static and flow-through)●Micrometeorological methods●Tracer gas approach

Chamber measurements

Integrated horizontal flux approach

Gradient methodOpen-path TDL laser (two heights) Sampling line (two heights)

Tracer gas approach

Application

Chamber measurements

http://www.globalresearchalliance.org/app/uploads/2013/05/Chamber_Methodology_Guidelines_Final-2013.pdf

Minimum requirements●Chamber design●Deployment protocol●Sample collection, storage

and analysis●Automated chambers●Data analysis

Protocol●Spatial variability●Temporal variability

Measurement methods (review)

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408347.2013.843055

Take home message

Measurement protocol●Research question●Source characteristics●Resources

Integral approach●Multi-component●Multi-stage

Protocols are continuously evolving Improvisation

Questions?

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