(it-wk02) computer hardwares
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Introduction to Computers
Computer HardwareWeek # 02
Zohaib NoorAli Momin
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INTRODUCTION
Definition Of Computer Electronic device that converts and process data
It is controlled by hardwares and softwares
Hardware all the physical parts of the computer
Softwares
All the parts of the computer that you cant touch
Data, information and knowledge
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Input and Output (I/O)
Input Devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Output Devices
Printer
Monitor
Dual-Function
Fax Machine
Modems
Network Cards
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Processing: (CPU)
Performs the majority of processing
Usually Intel or AMD Chips
Celeron, Athlon, Pentium, Xeon are brand
names for these companies
fan on top of processor
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Processing: CPU Clock Speed
Also called Frequency
How fast the CPU can process data.
Measured in
GHz (gigahertz) 1.7 ~ 3.7+
GHz
Billions of
cycles persecond
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CPU TERMS
Cache: Internal memory in the CPU, housing frequently accessed dataand instructions for superfast turnaround on memory requests.
Clock speed: The speed at which a CPU executes its instructions,
usually measured in gigahertz (billions of cycles per second); also knownas the chip's "frequency.
Code name: A company's nomenclature for a new series of chips; mayrefer to a processor lineup ("Gulftown" or "Deneb"), a microarchitecture(Intel's "Nehalem"), or a platform (AMD's "Dragon").
Core: The part of the processor that reads and executes programinstructions
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Multi-core systems
Multi-Core systems (ie Intel Core Duo)connect two CPUs together to the same die onthe motherboard.
A dual-core processor with two cores at 2GHzmay perform very nearly as fast as a singlecore of 4GHz
Intel core i7 Six cores
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Processing: CPU Cache
A temporary storage area forfrequently/recently accessed data
Fewer requests to RAM andHard Drive, speeds up theprocessing
Measured in megabytes
(MB) or kilobytes (KB),such as 512 KB
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Processing: RAMRandom Access
Volatile
Temporary storage for all data and processes(programs) currently running
Measured in type, size, speed,
Size: 1.0 GB +
Speed: 600 MHz +
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Processing:RAM Types
SDRAMSDRAM stands for Synchronous RAM (Dynamic Random AccessMemory). Standard in PC industry for memory
DDR SDRAM (double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM)takes all the features of ordinary SDRAM and increases the frequencybandwidth to improve system performance and speed.
DDR2 SDRAM (double-data-rate two synchronous dynamicrandom access memory) Its primary benefit is the ability to operate
the external data bus twice as fast as DDR SDRAM. Cache Ram: Small block of expensive, high speed memory
located between on the CPU or between the CPU and main memory
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DIMMS and SIMMS
Single in line Memory Modules Same electrical contact on both sides of the module
32 bit data path
Double in line Memory Modules DIMMs have separate electrical contacts on each side
of the module
64 bit data path
2 SIMMS = 1 DIMM
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RAM Speeds
RAM speed is measured in ns (nano seconds).The fewer ns, the faster is the RAM. Years ago,RAM came in 120, 100 and 80 ns. Today, we aretalking about 60 ns and faster
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NIC Network Interface Cards
Network Adapter: provides the connectionbetween computers on a network
Networking hardware is the same for all
desktop and laptop computers regardless ofO/S
NICs are rated by their speed in Mbps, ormegabits per second. Common speeds are
10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, and 1,000 Mbps, or 1Gbps. Faster is better and is moreexpensive.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/NIC-FA312.jpg&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:NIC-FA312.jpg&h=484&w=750&sz=232&hl=en&start=17&tbnid=L5PGhNdLpAGbXM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=141&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnic%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den -
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Processing:Video Cards or GPUs
Generates and outputs images to a display
Old Standard = 32 Megabytes
New = 128 256 MB+ Needed to run DirectX 9 graphics built into Vista
Dedicated Graphics card most powerful
Integrated graphics solution uses portions of RAMfor graphics
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Ports (cont)
Firewire
Modem
Parallel
(printer)
Power
PS/2
(keyboard and mouse)
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Ports (cont)
Cat-5
(network)
USB
Video
Serial
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Storage Devices Long term
Hard disks - Magnetic
USB media
Optical storage media CD CDR CDRW DVD
Tapes?
Zip disks? Floppy disks?
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RAM vs Hard Drive
vs.
Electronic
Very fast
Expensive
Small capacity
Temp storage
Magnetic
Very slow
Cheap
Large capacity
Long term storage
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CPU, RAM, and the HardDrive
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Computer Longevity
Always buy as much CPU and RAM as you canafford
Longevity will depend on usage
Everyday business tasks require lessprocessing power
Graphics, multimedia, require large amts ofCPU and RAM
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Upgrading Computer Hardware
Add RAM
Additional Hard Drive Capacity
Faster Video Card
Faster CPU
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Classification of Computers
The most powerful and expensive computers arecalled supercomputers. They are used forspecial purposes, such as worldwide weatherforecasting or weapons research, stock analysis,
movie effects. Large computers called mainframes are used by
large businesses such as banks, airlines, and largemanufacturers to process very large amounts ofdata quickly. They are designed for multiple users.
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Classification of Computers
Minicomputers are the next step down frommainframes in terms of power and capacitybut are being squeezed between mainframesand powerful personal computers.
Desktop computers are called personalcomputers (PCs), microcomputers, or some-times home computers.
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Classification of Computers
Workstations combine the compactness of adesktop computer with power that almost equalsthat of a mainframe.
Notebookcomputers are small portablecomputers; somewhat larger, heavier versions are
called laptop computers. Today notebookcomputers are competing with PCs.
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Classification of Computers
Personal digital assistants (PDAs), also called pen-based computers, are handheld computers that accepthandwritten input directly on a screen.
Anetwork computer (NC), sometimes called simply anet computer or net box, operates in concert with atelevision set to access the Internet and send andreceive e-mail.
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Information Processing Cycle
Processing
Storage
Input
Output
Take in data from
keyboard, mouse,
scanner, microphone,
camera etc
Data is processed by
CPU, sent to RAM, via
BUS. Cache, GPUs,
Expansion Cards
Send processed data
to monitor, printer,
speakers, network
Store for later use on
a storage medium:
hard disk, floppy,
USB, CD, DVD, etc
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Basic Concepts of ComputerHardware
This model of the typical digital computer is often called
the von Neumann computer. Programs and data are stored in the same memory:
primary memory.
The computer can only perform one instruction at atime.
3-27
CPU(Central Processing Unit)
InputUnits
OutputUnits
Primary Memory
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Basic Concepts of ComputerHardware
Input/Output (I/O): Refers to the process ofgetting information into and out of thecomputer.
Input: Those parts of the computer receivinginformation to programs.
Output: Those parts of the computer thatprovide results of computation to the personusing the computer.
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Sources of Data for theComputer
Two types of data stored within a computer: Original data or information: Data being
introduced to a computing system for the first time.
Computers can deal directly with printed text,pictures, sound, and other common types ofinformation.
Previously stored data or information: Datathat has already been processed by a computer and
is being stored for later use. These are forms of binary data useful only to thecomputer.
Examples: Floppy disks, DVD disks, and music CDs.
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Input Devices
Input hardware: Those that deal with originaldata.
Keyboard
Mouse
Voice recognition hardware Scanner
Digital camera
Digitizing: The process of taking a visual image, oraudio recording and converting it to a binary form
for the computer. Used as data for programs to display, play or
manipulate the digitized data.
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Input Devices
Connecting Hardware to the computer:
Hardware needs software on the computer
that can service the device. Device driver: Software addition to the
operating system that will allow the computer tocommunicate with a particular device.
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Input Devices
Common Basic Technologies for Storing BinaryInformation:
Electronic
Magnetic
Optical
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Input Devices
Electronic Circuits
Most expensive of the three forms for storingbinary information.
A flip-flop circuit has either one electronicstatus or the other. It is said to flip-flop fromone to the other.
Electronic circuits come in two forms:
Permanent
Non-permanent
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Input Devices
Magnetic Technology
Two parts to most of the magnetic forms ofinformation storage:
The medium that stores the magnetic
information. Example: Floppy disk. Tiny spots on the disk are
magnetized to represent 0s and 1s.
The devicethat can read that informationfrom the medium.
The drive spins the disk.
It has a magnetic sensing arm that moves overthe disk.
Performs nondestructive reading.
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Input Devices
Optical
Uses lasers to read the binary informationfrom the medium, usually a disc.
Millions of tiny holes are burned into the
surface of the disc.
The holes are interpreted as 1s. The absence ofholes are interpreted as 0s.
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Input Devices
The four most important characteristics ofstorage devices:
Speed and access time
Cost / Removable versus non-removable
Capacity
Type of access
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Input Devices
Speed (Access time) - How fast informationcan be taken from or stored onto thecomputer memory devices medium.
Electronic circuits: Fastest to access.
40 billionths of a second.
Floppy disks: Very slow in comparison.
Takes up to 1/2 second to reach full speedbefore access is even possible.
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Input Devices
Cost
Megabyte: A Million bytes.
Gigabyte: A billion bytes.
Two parts to a removable secondary storage device: The cost of the medium. (Cheaper if bought in quantity)
The cost of the drive.
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Input Devices
Capacity - The amount of information thatcan be stored on the medium.
Unit Description Approximate Size
1 bit 1 binary digit
1 nibble 4 bits
1 byte 8 bits 1 character
1 kilobyte 1,024 bytes 1/2 page, double spaced
1 megabyte 1,048,576 bytes 500,000 pages
1 million bytes
1 gigabyte 1,073,741,824 bytes 5 million pages
1 billion bytes
1 terabyte 1 trillion bytes 5 billion pages
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Input Devices
Type of Access
Sequential - Obtained by proceeding throughthe storage medium from the beginning untilthe designated area is reached (as in magnetic
tape). Random Access - Direct access (as in floppy
and hard disks).
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Primary Memory
Primary storage or memory: Is where the data andprogram that are currently in operation or being
accessed are stored during use. Consists of electronic circuits: Extremely fast
and expensive.
Two types:
RAM (non-permanent) Programs and data can be stored here for the
computers use.
Volatile: All information will be lost once the
computer shuts down.
ROM (permanent) Contents do not change.
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Output Devices
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
Allows up to 17 gigabytes of storage (from 4.7GB to 17 GB).
Compatible with older CD-ROM technology.
The four versions of the DVD:
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Moving InformationWithin the Computer
How do binary numerals move into, out of,and within the computer?
Information is moved about in bytes, ormultiple bytes called words.
Words are the fundamental units of information.
The number of bits per word may vary percomputer.
A word length for most large IBM computers is32 bits:
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Moving InformationWithin the Computer
Bits that compose a wordare passed in parallel fromplace to place. Ribbon cables:
Consist of severalwires, moldedtogether.
One wire for each bitof the word or byte.
Additional wirescoordinate the activityof moving information.
Each wire sendsinformation in the formof a voltage pulse.
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QUIZ TIME
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