is sustainable development path an option? july 20, 2009 by dr. rene castro rene.castro@incae.edu
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Is Sustainable Development Path an Option?
July 20, 2009By Dr. Rene CastroRene.castro@incae.edu
Ecoturists are diverse, well educated and expend more
Greece and the Caribbean are positioned in sun and sand tourism, it is only growing at 4%
Cultural tourism is growing at 15% per year
Adventure tourism at around 20%
Ref. Lawrence Pratt, 2005Ref. Lawrence Pratt, 2005
Longer visits not always means more money…
$230 $224
$156
$114
$77
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250U
S$
.
0 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 14 15 - 21 21 o más
Días
Gastos de Turistas por Día
Gráfico del autor basado en datos anexos y cálculos propiosGráfico del autor basado en datos anexos y cálculos propios
Tourist Tourist visiting visiting Costa Rica: Costa Rica: after 10 after 10 days days diminishing diminishing returns for returns for the countrythe country
Not all tourist niches are equally profitable…cruiships means high leakage
Volumen Anual de Turistas
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Tourists Cruise tourists
Gastos por Turistas por Visita
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
US
$
.
Expenditures per tourist visit
Expenditures per Cruise tourists
Gráficos del autor basado en datos anterioresGráficos del autor basado en datos anteriores
SMEs are common in ecoutourism and leakage is less than 20%
A- a Typica SME is a rain forest A- a Typica SME is a rain forest Tram in Playa JacóTram in Playa Jacó
((Ref. Ref. La República, 5 de septiembre de 2002.)La República, 5 de septiembre de 2002.)
EquityEquity $342,016$342,016 debtdebt $ 1,368,064$ 1,368,064 TotalTotal $ $ 1,710,080 1,710,080
B- Most hotels are around 20 B- Most hotels are around 20 rooms.rooms.
C- Around 40 cents X $1 expend C- Around 40 cents X $1 expend remains in local communties remains in local communties study in progress at INCAE, study in progress at INCAE, 2009).2009).
GREEN ENERGYStrong sustaibnability
Latin American Consumers and El Niño are Exacerbating Environmental Problems: Fossil Fuel Consumption Increasing
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
Bolivia
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Haiti
Peru
Central America
Mexico
Colombia
EL NIÑO EL NIÑO
Net
Th
erm
al Ele
ctr
icit
y G
en
era
tion
%
… …cleaner energy and transportationcleaner energy and transportation induce by and COinduce by and CO22 markets markets
CC
Global Green Markets for COGlobal Green Markets for CO22 fixed by forest… fixed by forest…
Certificates and titlesCertificates and titles
Cash inflow coming from Cash inflow coming from Environmental ServicesEnvironmental Services
4-2-974-2-97
CERs CERs COCO22
OO22
Tomado de Cyclone Wind Energy Tomado de Cyclone Wind Energy System, en desarrollo System, en desarrollo
CERs payments help Costa Rica to aimfor 100% renewable power by 2021
Currently fossil fuels only for peak hours in Costa Rica
Tomado de: “Plan de expansión de la generación eléctrica, período 2004 – 2020”; ICE.Tomado de: “Plan de expansión de la generación eléctrica, período 2004 – 2020”; ICE.
Wind power and Wind power and biomass closing the gapbiomass closing the gap
Tomado de Cyclone Wind Energy System, Tomado de Cyclone Wind Energy System, en desarrollo en desarrollo
BIODIVERSITYStrong Sustainability
Tipos de muestras
Áreas del conocimiento
Productos
AgronomíaBiologíaQuímica
Computación
Ingeniería GenéticaLeyes
MicrobiologíaFarmacología
Microorganismos
Plantas Insectos
Muestrasambientales y
ADNMoluscos
y organismosmarinos
Bio-pesticidas
Medicinas
Plantastransgénicas
OtrosProductos
(cosméticos)
Ref. INBIO, 2001
Biodiversity: New Products and Services
BTG 92-BTG 92-0022 / ECOS –LA PACÍFICA / ECOS –LA PACÍFICA
MERCK 91-99
More than 30 Contracts Between INBIO and key industries between 1991-2001, such as:
BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB 94-98
RBI 95-98 DIVERSA 98-01 /2001-06
GIVAUDAN ROURE 95-98
INDENA 96-98, INDENA 96-98, 00-0200-02
PHYTERA 98-00PHYTERA 98-00
AKKADIX 00-01AKKADIX 00-01
Eli Lilly 2000Eli Lilly 2000
CLIMATE CHANGEStrong Sustainability
CO2 Emissions per capita vs. GDP per capitaSelected Latin America and OECD countries
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 2,500 5,000 7,500 10,000 12,500 15,000 17,500 20,000 22,500 25,000 27,500
GDP per capita (US dollars)
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r c
ap
ita
(M
T)
VEN
COL
PER MEX
CR
SPA
UKNED
GER
JAPNOR
CANUSA
Carbon-intensive Development
Less Carbon-instensive Development
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND EMISSIONS: WHAT IS THE LINK?
Ref. Castro and Ref. Castro and tattembach, 2000tattembach, 2000
Dr. René Castro
Climate Change is here
Extreme wheatear events are increasing in frequency and magnitude…
Developing countries in permanent reconstruction
Dr. René CastroSweden, June, 2004
Large Dams facing changes in rain patterns
Arenal Lake, Costa Rica During the 94 summer Arenal
Reservoir was about to closed down due to a severe El Niño.
It provides around 35% of Costa Rican electricity and surplus for export.
El Cajon, Honduras Honduras was no prepared to
confront water scarcity. Cajon Hydro plant closed down in
1994. The country faced black outs and had to redesigned Cajon.
Dr. René Castro
Large infrastructure facing water Budget reductions
In 1983 the Panama Canal water was scarce and bellow the critical level of 84.5 feet...
they dug one more meter
In 1997 water was scarce again and the lower level of 81.5 did not work...
In 2008 Canal Expansion project will reduce water waste by 60%
New Environmental Design New Environmental Design Reduction of Human VulnerabilityReduction of Human Vulnerability
Conclusions
Sustainable Development is possible but Difficult
Developing Countries need SD strategy to survive Climate Change and Economic Stress
Small Costa Rica could be a pioneer in some areas
There is a need for global leadership
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