irjet-design & development of a suitable implement matching with low hp tractor
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8/8/2019 IRJET-Design & Development of a Suitable Implement Matching with Low HP Tractor
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | May-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 538
Design & Development of a Suitable Implement Matching with Low HP
Tractor
Subrata Kr Mandal1, Dr. Atanu Maity2, Ashok Prasad3, Palash Kr Maji4, Sankar Karmakar5
1 Subrata Kr Mandal, Scientist, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, India 2 Dr. Atanu Maity, Scientist, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, India
3 Ashok Prasad, Scientist, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, India4 Palash Kr Maji, Scientist, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, India
5 Sankar Karmakar, Scientist, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, India
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Abstract - Proper matching of implements with
tractor and the performance evaluation of the
combination is very much important to minimize the
expenditure in farming operations. To obtain a suitable
implement according to tractor horsepower, implement
size plays an important role. An improper matching of
tractor-implement combination results in under
loading of engine and hence poor efficiency and higher
operating costs. Implements that are too large for the
horsepower available will cause overload, excessive tire
slippage, increase in fuel consumption and
unsatisfactory performance in general. Implements
that are too small will result in inefficient operations,
low production and increased cost. The objective should
be to match as effectively as possible the tractor with
the implement as some of the small size implements will
not utilize all of the tractor horsepower available. With
small size tractor, it is necessary to select an implement
size that is convenient to use or adequate for the job to
be done. This paper aims to describe the design process
and development of a suitable size implements to be
matched with a low hp Tractor for optimum field
performance at minimum operating cost.
Key Words: Implements, field capacity, field efficiency,
draft, and drawbar
1. INTRODUCTION
A careful approach to matching implements and tractors
can increase efficiency and cut costs for farmers.
Implement matching involves an attempt to balance the
characteristics of a load application unit such as a
cultivator and a power unit, which is usually a tractor. The
matching process is something, farmers often do sub-
consciously but this method can be improved. Anyimprovements that can be made will substantially affect
farm performance. Correct matching of machinery should
result in increased efficiency of operations, less operation
costs and optimum use of capital on fixed costs (Powell,(2000). A tractor properly matched to an implement
provides a “system” that performs at maximum efficiency.
Thus correct matching of machinery should results in
increased efficiency of operations, less operating costs,
and optimum use of capital on fixed costs. When
determining an appropriate balance (match) between
tractor and an implement, consideration must be given to
various factors like area to be covered (ha), working speed
(kmph), working hours, estimated field efficiency
(percentage), width of machine (working width, m), power
requirements for implement to be used (kW) [1].
1.1 Effective Field CapacityThe effective field capacity is the actual output achieved
by a machine. It is a function of the proportion of the
machine width utilized, the travel speed and the amount
of time lost in the field during the operation. Time is lost
to implement blockages, working areas such as
headlands more than once, adjustments, checking and
minor repairs and excludes daily servicing requirements
such as lubrication but would include the time taken to
change points [2].
A practical way of determining field efficiency is todetermine the theoretical time required to cover an area
and compare this with the actual time taken.
100%, timeOperating
timel Theoreticaefficiency Field
Typical field efficiency values for a range of different
operations are listed in Table 1. The higher figures
represent operations in larger fields where the number
of turns is minimized.
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | May-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 539
Table 1: Typical Field efficiency for a range of operations
Operation Field efficiency, %
Tillage- Primary and Secondary
Planting
Harvesting
Spraying
70-85
65-85
60-80
50-70
1.2 Tractor Drawbar Power
For calculating drawbar power, draft needs to be
evaluated at very first. The power required to pull a
tillage implement is a function of the travel speed and
the "pull" or draft of the implement. This is the power,
the tractor must be able to provide at the drawbar. The
engine power will be quite a bit higher than this. The
draft for a particular type of implement varies a lotdepending on soil type, soil condition, depth and speed.
Table 2 gives a guide to the draft that could be expected
for different implements on a range of soils conditions,
soil type, soil moisture, depth of working, ground speed
etc. The draft is given in terms of kilograms force per
meter width of implement (kgf/m).
Table 2: Approximate draft of tillage implements [3]
Imple
ment
s
Prim
ary/
Secon
dary
Dept
h,
mm
Speed
km/h
Soil Conditions
Heav
y
Med
ium
Light
Disc
Ploug
h
P 100 7 800 650 500
-do- S 80 8 500 450 350
Chise
l
Ploug
h
P 100 7 700 550 400
-do- S 70 8 450 250 150
Cultiv
ator
S 90 8 300 200 150
Scarif ier
P 80 8 550 450 350
-do- S 100 10 450 350 250
Comb
ine
Seede
r
S 40 8 300 250 150
Once the draft and working speed are known, the
required drawbar power can be calculated using the
following formula:
367)()()/(
)(
kpmh speed mwidth Machinemkgf Draft
kW Power Drawbar
When buying a tractor, concentration is required on its
quoted PTO power, not its engine power. To calculate
the required tractor PTO power from a known drawbar
power, power losses associated with wheel slip and
rolling resistance have to be taken care off. Reasonable
field efficiency for a tillage operation is also necessary to
look at the efficiency of the tractor in converting engine
power to drawbar power. However, when considering
losses from the axle to the drawbar, energy is lost in
order to create traction. These losses depend on the
tractor type and weight, soil conditions, as well as the
load being pulled. Drawbar power is the product of pull
and speed; where an infinite number of pull / speed
combinations could be used to give the same power.
Wheel tractors are designed to operate at higher speeds
(greater than 8.0 km/h) and lower drawbar loads [4].
Table 3: Power conversion factors: Drawbar to PTO
Type of surface 2WD FWA 4WD
Firm surface 0.72 0.77 0.78
Tilled surface 0.67 0.73 0.75
Soft surface 0.55 0.65 0.70
Also consideration is needed on tractor loading.
Overloading can cause early failure of components; the
tractor should not work continuously at over 80% of
maximum power.
To calculate PTO power requirements, using only 80% of
maximum engine power, the following formula is
important [5]:
8.0
factor conversion
Power Drawbar Power PTO
Table 3 describes some typical tractor efficiencies, which
are very much useful for selecting implement and required
tractor size [3]
Table 4: Typical Tractor efficiencies
Tractor
type
Rated
Crankshaft
Power %
PTO
Power
%
Drawbar
Power
(Maximum)
%
Drawbar
Power
(Normal)
%
2WD 100 85 50 40-45
4WD 100 85 60 50-55
FWA 100 85 55 45-50
Track 100 85 75 65-70
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | May-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 540
2. DESIGN OF SUITABLE IMPLEMENT MATCHING
WITH A LOW HP TRACTOR
Considering all the above-discussed matter the followingcalculation have been carried out for the selection of
matching implements for a low HP tractor when engine
power is known:
Engine parameters chosen:
Make - Greaves,
Rated Speed = 3000 rpm,
Rated Power = 10.2 hp
Max. Torque = 26 N-m @ 1800-2400 rpm
Available Power = 80% of rated power
= 0.8x10.2
= 8.16 hp
Axle power = transmission efficiency x available power hp= 0.9x8.16 hp
= 7.34 hp
Tractive efficiency = drawbar power/axle power
Or, drawbar power = (axle power)x(tractive efficiency)
So, drawbar power = 7.34 x 0.6
= 4.4 hp
= 3.24 KW
Assuming operating speed 5.5 km/hr.
Optimum pull = drawbar power/operating speed
= 3240/(5.5 x 1000/3600)
= 2120.7 N
So, Draft=Optimum pull = 2120.7 N~2120 N (Rounded off)2. ( ) ( ) . Draft F i A B v C v W d N (ASAE, 1999)
Where, F = dimensionless soil texture adjustment
parameter = 0.85
i = 1 for fine, 2 for medium, 3 for coarse
A, B, C = machine specific parameters
v = operating speed km/hr.
W = machine width, m
d = tillage depth, cm
From the ASAE standards, following are the values: (for a
cultivator)
F = 0.85,
i = 2,
A = 46
B = 2.8
C = 0
d = 15 cm
v = 5.5 km/hr.
By putting all the values,
Draft = 0.85x2x[46+2.8(5.5)+0x5.52] x Wx15
= 1565.7 x W
To get the total no. of tynes,
Draft = optimum pull
or, 2120 = 1565.7 x Wor, W = 2120/1567.7
= 1.35 m
Assuming spacing between tynes = 12” = 304.8 mm
n, = no. of tynes = 1.35 m/304.8 mm = 5 (approx.)
So for the case of low HP tractor of chosen engine
parameters, a cultivator with 5 tynes will be suitable to get
optimum performance in field operations.
3.0 MODEL CREATION FOR CULTIVATORBased on the design calculation and following the ASAE
standard, the 3D model of a 5-tine cultivator, which was
attached with the small hp tractor later on has been
developed as shown in Fig. 1. This cultivator was
developed through CAD, using CAD software. Initially the
conceptual design was made which using Auto CAD
software. After the conceptual design, the detail design
and manufacturing design was made. Using high capacity3D software, 3D CAD model generated for getting the
proper visualization of the product to be made through
fabrication. This model was then checked for functional
analysis to examine whether the product will be capable of
carrying the load while the tractor is in field condition. The
goal was to minimize the mass of the part while
maintaining the same stiffness and strength as an existing
cultivator. The 2D CAD model of the designed cultivator
has shown in Fig.2 while Fig.3shows the physical
prototype of the developed cultivator attached with a Low
HP Tractor. Fig 4 describes the laboratory trials
particularly weight balancing of the developed cultivator
and Fig.5 shows the field trials of the cultivator along witha low hp tractor.
Fig.1: 3D CAD Model of the cultivator
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | May-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 541
Fig.2: 2D view of the Designed 5-tine Cultivator
Fig.3: Physical prototype of the developed cultivator
attached with a Low HP Tractor
Fig.4: Laboratory trial (weight balancing) of the cultivator
Fig.5: Field trial of the cultivator with a Low HP Tractor
Fig.6: Depth of cut measurement during field trial of the
cultivator
4.0 PERFORMANCE ANALYSISThe 5-tine cultivator was designed and developed at
CMERI and its performance was analyzed in the laboratory
and as well as in the field. In the laboratory the cultivator
was attached with a low hp tractor which was also
developed in CMERI for checking the weight distribution,
balancing and proper fitting so as the same should
perform well in the field.
For field performance analysis, the cultivator was taken to
the field and it was tested to measure the parameters like
depth of cut, width of cut, fuel consumption of the tractor
etc. The result has been shown in table 5.
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | May-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 542
Table: 5 Data of field performance of the 5-tine cultivator
attached with a low hp tractor
Parameters Tractor operating speed
km/hr
1.6 2.6 3.9
Depth of cut (cm) 150 135 130
Width of cut (mm) 980 980 980
Fuel consumption (l/hr.) 1.2 1.15 1.10
6.0 CONCLUSIONA suitable implement say cultivator was designed and
developed at CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering
Research Institute. This implement was designed and
developed following the ASAE standard for matching it
with a typical low hp tractor. The developed cultivator was
evaluated for its performance analysis in the laboratoryand as well as in the field. By following the steps outlined
in this paper, to carefully select and match the tractor and
tillage equipment for particular needs, investment and
operating costs of tillage can be minimized. If a step-by-
step approach is used when matching power units and
implements, it is possible to eliminate the majority of
guesswork that is normally employed when a machinery
purchase decision has to be made. This approach is
simplistic but does allow changes to any of the inputs. Care
must be taken not to overestimate either the time
available to complete the task or field efficiency.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis work is supported by the Director, CSIR-Central
Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur and
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi.
REFERENCES[1]
Hoggart C. White, Matching Tractor Horsepower and
Farm Implement Size. Guidelines for better Family
farming, 2001.
[2] W. F. Baillie and G H Vasey, Graphical representation
of tractor performance, Journal of the Institution of
Engineers, 41(6): 83-92, 1969
[3]
P. A. Smith and, A L Palmer, The Australian tillage and
traffic-ability Data Bank. NSW Agriculture, 1987.
[4] G. Neville and Roger Lund, Matching Tractor and
Implements the economic way. NSW Agriculture
Research Centre, 2000.
[5]
Graham Powell, Selection and Matching of Tractors
and Implements. DPI’s Agency for Food and Fibre
Sciences, 2000.
[6]
ASAE standard, Agricultural Machinery Management
Data ASAE D497.4, 1999.
BIOGRAPHIES
Mr. Subrata Kr Mandal is a
Scientist in CSIR-Central
Mechanical Engineering Research
Institute, Durgapur, India. His
Research interests include Farm
Machinery Design, Tractor
design, CAD, Mechanical System
Design.
Dr Atanu Maity is a Scientist in
CSIR-Central Mechanical
Engineering Research Institute,
Durgapur, India. His Research
interests include Robotics,Tractor design, Mechanical
System Design.
Mr Ashok Prasad is a Scientist in
CSIR-Central Mechanical
Engineering Research Institute,
Durgapur, India. His Research
interests include Manufacturing,
Tractor design, Bio medical
implants.
Mr. Palash Kr. Maji, is a Scientist
in CSIR-Central MechanicalEngineering Research Institute,
Durgapur, India, His Research
interests include Tractor design,
3D CAD, Rapid Prototyping, Bio
medical implants.
Mr Sankar Karmakar is a Scientist
in CSIR-Central Mechanical
Engineering Research Institute,
Durgapur, India. His Research
interests include Precision
Manufacturing, Tractor design,
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