iqm-med, september 2001, cordoba, spain agro-food sector in turkey: facts and figures september 2001...
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IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
AGRO-FOOD SECTOR in TURKEY: FACTS and FIGURES
September 2001
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Guner OZAYGuner.Ozay@posta.mam.gov.tr
TÜBITAK-Marmara Research Center
Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
RESEARCH INSTITUTES
FOOD SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES ENERGY and ENVIRONMENT MATERIAL and CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES MARINE and EARTH SCIENCE
NATIONAL METROLOGY ELECTRONIC and CRIPTOLOGY GENETIC ENGINEERING and BIOTECHNOLOGY
TECHNOPARK & TECHNOLOGY FREE ZONE
TÜBİTAK- MARMARA RESEARCH CENTER
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
SOCIAL and ECONOMIC INDICATORS of TURKEY
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center
Food Science and Technology Research Institute
2000
Area (sq kms) 774 815
Population (1000 persons) 64 385 000
Female 32 878 509
Male 33 615 461Annual population Growth rate (%) 18.31
Rate of literacy (%) 85
GNP (USD million) 218 073
Agriculture (%) 14.4
Industry (%) 23.0
Services (%) 62.6
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
1. LAND USE (1999 VALUES)
COUNTRY TOTAL AREA 774 815 km2
FORESTS SURFACE 20 713 000 hectar
ARABLE LAND 18 436 000 hectar
FALLOW LAND 4 905 hectar
CULTIVATED FIELD 23 341 hectar
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
1.AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: MAJOR CROPSProducts x 1000 Tons Change % Products x 1000 Tons Change %
1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000
Cereals Tuber Crops
Wheat 18 000 21 000 -14.3 16.7 Potatoes 6 000 5 370 14.3 -10.5 Barley 7 700 8 000 -14.4 3.9 Dry Onions 2 500 2 200 10.1 -12.0 Maize 2 297 2 300 -1.0 0.1 Fruit
Bearing Vegetables
Pulses Water Melon & Melon
5 725 5 805 -1.5 1.4
Lentils 380 353 -29.6 -7.1 Tomatoes 8 956 8 890 8.0 -0.7 Chick Peas 560 548 -10.4 -2.1 Fruits and
Edible Nuts
Dry Beans 237 230 0.4 -3.0 Grape & Fig 3 675 3 840 -4.7 4.5 Industrial Crops
Citrus Fruits 2 263 2 222 16.5 -1.8
Sugar Beet 16 854 18 781 -24.4 11.4 Apple 2 500 2 400 2.0 -4.0
Cotton 886 865 1.1 -2.4 Pistachio 40 000 75 000 14 87.5
Tobacco 251 208 0.3 -17.0 Hazelnut 530 470 -8.6 -11.3
Oil Seeds Others
Cotton Seed 1 415 1 381 1.1 -2.4 Olive 600 1 800 -63.6 200.0
Sunflower 950 800 10.5 -15.8 Tea 1 096 758 12.0 -30.8 Groundnut 95 78 5.6 -17.9
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center
Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
1. MAIN CROPS: AREA, PRODUCTION, YIELDS
PRODUCTS 1997 1998 1999 %CHANGE(1980-1999)
Wheat 200 223 194 6.1
Barley 222 240 215 13.6
Corn 382 418 444 108.7
Sugar Beet 3 921 4 260 4 260 69.6
Dry Beans 134 137 137 5.4
Sunflower 161 147 160 95.1
Dry Onions 2 000 2 162 2 217 61.7
Potatoes 2 417 2 586 2 730 66.6
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center
Food Science and Technology Research Institute
YIELDS AND %CHANGES IN SOME VEGETABLE PRODUCTS (Kg./Da.)
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
1. INDUSTRIAL FOOD CROPS: FOR FRESH MARKET; PROCESSED
Tobacco Beet sugar Cotton lint Cotton seed
Area(Ha)
Production Tons
YieldKG/Ha
Area(Ha) ProductionTons
YieldKG/Ha
Area(Ha)
Production
Tons
YieldKG/Ha
Area(Ha)
Production Tons
YieldKG/Ha
1997 288976 286414 991 472 689 18 400 734 38 928 721723 831672 1152 721723 1193286 1607
1998 260000 250556 962 515 000 21 940 518 42 603 757275 858248 1133 757275 1282127 1468
1999 260000 251266 963 440 000 16 854 294 38 305 731320 899117 1229 731320 1314660 1797
2000 208 491 18 781 380
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
2. AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-BUSINESS WORK FORCE QUALIFICATIONS
2000 2001
1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4rd Quarter 1st Quarter
Civilian Labour Force 20 726 22 727 23 022 21 547 21 031Civilian Employment 19 006 21 312 21 727 20 182 19 222Unemployed 1 720 1 415 1 295 1 366 1 809Unemployment Rate (%) 8.3 6.2 5.6 6.3 8.6
Urban 10.4 8.9 8.0 8.2 10.8 Rural 5.5 3.0 2.8 4.0 5.6Underemployment 1 885 1 674 1 282 1 298 1 270Underemployment Rate(%) 9.1 7.4 5.6 6.0 6.0Rate of Unemp.+ Labor ForceIdle Because ofUnderemp.(%)
17.4 13.6 11.2 12.3 14.6
Civilian Employment BySectorAgriculture 6 284 7 627 8 163 6 628 6 268
Industry 3 449 3 814 3 851 3 811 3 628
Services 9 274 9 870 9 714 9 743 9 327
Construction 970 1 503 1 437 1 402 1 029
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Center
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
2. INDEX of PRODUCTION WORKERS in FOOD and BEVERAGES INDUSTRY
(1997=100)
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center
Food Science and Technology Research Institute
Year 1st Quarter 4th Quarter TOTAL
1997 66.4 96.0 87.2 111.4 108.1 109.1 100.0 100.0 100.0
1998 78.3 96.4 91.0 119.7 102.4 107.5 112.0 99.7 103.3
1999 85.2 86.7 86.1 110.1 97.2 101.0 111.8 91.5 97.4
2000 69.9 88.9 83.2 106.5 97.9 100.5 101.7 93.1 95.7
2001 76.9 84.2 81.8
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
2. PRODUCTION INDEX of FOOD and BEVERAGES INDUSTRY
(Weighted by Value Added 1997=100)
Year 1st Quarter 4th Quarter TOTAL
1997 70.5 90.2 88.1 157.4 109.9 115.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1998 82.1 92.1 91.0 181.8 106.6 114.8 115.4 99.0 100.8
1999 97.4 85.7 87.0 149.7 107.9 112.5 112.0 99.0 100.4
2000 59.5 88.3 85.2 145.9 111.3 115.1 95.9 105.1 104.1
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: CEREALS
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
Wheat Barley Rye
Years Area (Ha)x 103
ProductionTons x 106
YieldKG/Ha
Area (Ha)x 103
Production Tons x
106
YieldKG/Ha
Area (Ha)x 103
Production Tons x
106
YieldKG/Ha
1997 9 340 18.65 1 997 3.7 8.2 2 216 147 0.235 1 599
1998 9 400 21 2 234 3.75 9 2 400 133 0.232 1 744
1999 9 380 18 1 919 3.65 7.7 2 101 140 0.233 1 664
2000 21 8 0.260
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: CEREALS (CONTINUE)
Oats Maize Rice
Years Area(Ha) x
103
ProductionTons x 106
Yield(KG/Ha)
Area (Ha)x 103
ProductionTons x 106
Yield(KG/Ha)
Area (Ha)x 103
ProductionTons x 106
Yield(KG/Ha)
1997 158 0.280 1 772 545 0.545 3 817 55 0.165 3 000
1998 158.5 0.310 1 956 550 0.550 4 182 60 0.189 3 150
1999 154 0.290 1 883 518 0.518 4 434 65 0.204 3 138
2000 0.314 0.35
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: FRUITS (2000)Fruit BearingTrees (1 000)
Non-Fruit BearingTrees (1 000)
Production (Tons)in 1999
Production(Tons) in 2000
Pear 10 900 2 000 360 000 380 000Quince 3 250 480 92 000 105 000
Apple 32 050 5 850 2 500 000 2 400 000
Loquats 250 38 12 000 11 500Plums 7 350 1 150 195 000 195 000Apricots 10 380 2 650 335 000 530 000
Cherries 7 150 2 540 250 000 230 000
Peaches 12 050 2 080 400 000 430 000
Olives 87 130 8 370 6 000 000 1 800 000
Grapefruit 835 105 140 000 130 000
Lemons 5 160 530 520 000 460 000
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: FRUIT (CONTINUE)
Fruit Bearing Trees (1 000)
Non-Fruit Bearing Trees
(1 000)
Production (Tons) in 1999
Production (Tons) in
2000 Tangerine 8 100 855 500 000 560 000
Oranges 11 475 915 1 100 000 1 070 000
Pistachios 26 380 16 630 40 000 75 000
Almonds 3 600 590 43 000 47 000 Walnuts 3 525 1 300 120 000 116 000
Hazelnuts 273 900* 16 350** 530 000 470 000
Grapes 530 000* 3 600 000** 3 400 000 3 600 000
Strawberries 9 400* 129 000** 129 000 130 000
Bananas 1 227 34 000 34 000 64 000
Figs 8 970 900 275 000 240 000
Pomegranates 2 400 730 58 000 59 000
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
*: area in hectare.**: production in tons.
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: VEGETABLES
Production(1999)
Production(2000)
Production(1999)
Production(2000)
Leafy or ediblestem vegetables
1 633 680 1 670 650 Parsley 35 500 40 000
Cabbages 621 000 622 000 Mint 3 800 5 000BlackCabbages
96 000 103 000 Rocket 1 780
Artichokes 25 800 24 500 Cress 1 200 1 250Celery 16 500 16 500 Fruit bearing
vegetables19 122 500
Leaf lettuce 110 000 118 000 Melons-watermelons
5 725 000 5 805 000
Head lettuce 197 000 215 000 Pumpkins 66 000Spinach 200 000 205 000 Squash 263 000
Leek 314 000 308 000 Cucumber 1 650 000 1 825 000Garden oracle 7 650 Eggplants 976 000 924 000Purslane 1 900 2 250 Okra 24 500 27 500Dill 1 550 1 700 Tomatoes 8 956 000 8 890 000
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: VEGETABLES (CONTINUE)
Production(1999)
Production(2000)
Production(1999)
Production (2000)
Stuffingpepper
393 000 390 000 Greenonions
218 000 228 000
Green pepper 1 069 000 1 090 000 Carrots 239 000 235 000Leguminousvegetables
622 000 648 000 Horseradish
21 500 22 500
Green beans 471 000 514 000 Red radish 126 000 145 000Green peas 55 000 48 000 Jerusalem
artichokes460 450
Greenbroadbeans
45 000 45 000 Turnip 1 100 1 500
Calavence 40 000 41 000 Othervegetables
76 512 90 012
Cow pea 11 000 12 000 Cauliflower 76 500 90 000Root, bulb andtuberousvegetables
628 660 653 450 Asparagus 12 12
Green garlic 22 600 21 000
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: OILSEEDS
Sunflower Sesame seed Ground nuts
Years Area (Ha) x 103
Production Tons
Yield (KG/Ha)
Area (Ha) x
103
Production Tons
Yield (KG/Ha)
Area (Ha) x
103
Production Tons
Yield (KG/Ha)
1997 560 900 000 1 607 68 28 000 412 32 82 000 2 563
1998 586 860 000 1 468 69 34 000 493 35 90 000 2 571
1999 595 950 000 1 596 51 28 000 549 28 75 000 2 679
2000 800 000 23 800 78 000
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: OILSEEDS (CONTINUE)
Soybeans Safflower Rapeseed
Years Area (Ha)x 103
ProductionTons
Yield(KG/Ha)
Area (Ha)x 103
ProductionTons
Yield(KG/Ha)
Area (Ha)x 103
ProductionTons
Yield(KG/Ha)
1997 19 40 000 2 105 74 65 878 10 10 1 000
1998 23 60 000 2 609 75 72 960 115 300 2 609
1999 24 66 000 2 750 50 50 1 000 187 330 1 765
2000 44 500 187
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: VEGETABLE OILS
1998 1999 2000*
Olive Oil (seasonalproduction)
170 54 180
Vegetable Oil(Crude)
837 782 836
Vegetable Oil(Refined)
566 533 570
Margarine 570 562 580
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
*: Estimate
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: ALCOHOLIC AND NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
(Million Litres) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000*
Beer 730.0 756.6 660.0 715.0 760.0
Wine 43.0 46.0 45.0 46.0 54.0
Raki 73.3 72.0 78.2 78.9 77.0
Vodka 8.8 7.8 9.6 10.5 10.7 Cognac 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9
Liqueur 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.2
Gin 4.1 3.4 3.0 2.5 2.6
Whisky 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
Malt (1000 tons)
125.0 101.4 106.4 107.3 110.0
Carbonated Beverages
1 105.0 1 300.0 1 364.7 1 410.0 1 650.0
Mineral Water
1 600.0 1 745.0 1 840.0 1 920.0 1 990.0
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
*Estimated
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE:
ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (1999)
Crops Production (tons)
Dried Fruits and Nuts 99 733
Fresh Fruits 8 132Vegetables 2 730
Field Crops 33 331
Berries 2 468Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 3 209Others 10 636GRAND TOTAL 160 239
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS (Exports, in Tons)Products 1998 1999 2000Raisins 2 839 3 289 4 028
Dried Apricots 953 1 045 1 050
Dried Figs 1 469 1 580 1733
Hazelnuts 742 879 1 039
Pine Kernels 19 36 52Lentils 335 616 897
Chickpeas 590 934 679
Apple Juice - 555 290Other Fruit Juice - 15 236Cotton 75 169 175
Pepper 29 131 145
Prunes 20 116 213
Poppy Seeds 213 137 165
Olive Oil 21 381 15
TOTAL (Including Others) 8 029 11 679 12 047
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
4. FINAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION:
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
MEAT PRODUCTION (1000 Tons)Years Sheep&Goats Cattle Total
1990 166 340.5 506.5
1995 116.2 298.5 414.7
1996 110.4 305 415.4
1997 131.7 385.2 516.9
1998 169.1 364 533.1
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
4. FINAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION: NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK (in Thousand)
Years Total Sheep Hair goat Angora goat NativeCattle
Culturedand hybrid
1990 40 553 9 698 1 279 6 694 4 683
1995 33 791 8 397 714 5 311 6 478
1996 33 072 8 242 709 5 182 6 704
1997 30 238 7 761 615 4 780 6 405
1998 29 435 7 523 534 4 603 6 428
1999 30 256 7 284 490 4 446 6 608
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
4. FINAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION:
MILK PRODUCTION (Tons) Years Sheep Goat Cow Water Buffalo Total
1990 1 145 000 337 7 960 000 174 9 617 000
1995 934 277 9 275 000 114 10 601 000
1996 921 265 9 465 000 108 10 760 000
1997 826 249 8 914 000 86 10 076 000
1998 813 245 8 832 000 80 9 970 000
1999 340 000
2000* 353 000
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
*: estimated
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
4. FINAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION: DAIRY PRODUCTS (1000 Tons)
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000*
Pasteurized andsterilized milk
278 320 350 340 353
Yoghurt 680 735 772 800 845
White cheese 179 190 200 200 220
Cheddar cheese 44 47 50 52 54
Butter 122 122 124 124 132
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
*: estimated
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
4. FINAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION:
CHICKEN/BROILER MEAT Year Broiler Meat
Production (Ton)Chicken Meat
Production (Ton)Total (Ton)
1997 482 468 120 617 603 085
1998 494 244 123 561 619 440
1999 571 482 100 850 673 160
2000 526 665 143 952 670 617
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
4. FINAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION:
EGGS Year Production (1 000 000)
1995 10 268
1996 9 782
1997 12 089
1998 9 056
1999 6 695
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
5. FOOD CONSUMPTION (1994)
Turkey (Total)(Billion $)
Rural(Billion $)
Urban(Billion $)
Per capita ($)
General Consumption 17.98 6.08 11.9 296.81
Food, AlcoholicBeverages, Tobacco
6.4 2.74 3.66 105.65
Beverages 0.37 0.15 0.22 6.11Alcoholic Beverages 0.061 0.018 0.043 1.00Coffee, Tea, Cocoa 0.2 0.11 0.09 3.3Other Non-AlcoholicBeverages
0.1 0.019 0.086 1.65
Bread and Cereals 1.3 0.58 0.72 21.46
Bread 0.64 0.17 0.47 10.56
Meat and MeatProducts
0.87 0.33 0.54 14.36
Milk, Cheese, Eggs 0.81 0.35 0.46 13.37
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
5. FOOD CONSUMPTION (CONTINUE)
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
Turkey (Total)(Billion $)
Rural(Billion $)
Urban(Billion $)
Per capita ($)
Milk 0.68 0.3 0.38 11.23Oils/Fats 0.54 0.29 0.25 8.91Oils 0.3 0.16 0.14 4.95Fats 0.24 0.13 0.11 3.96Fresh, Dry and FrozenFruits/Vegetables
1.35 0.56 0.79 22.28
Fruits 0.51 0.18 0.33 8.42Vegetables 0.84 0.38 0.46 13.87Sugar 0.25 0.15 0.10 4.13Jam, Honey, Chocolateand Candy
0.16 0.06 0.10 2.64
Salt, Herb, TomatoPaste
0.25 0.11 0.14 4.13
Cigarette and Tobacco 0.44 0.16 0.28 7.26
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
6. AGRO-FOOD INDUSTRY (2000)Sector Number of
CompanySector Number of
CompanyGROCERY 10 058 ALIVE ANIMAL EXPORTERS 611SUGAR PRODUCTS, CANNEDFOOD, ALCOHOLIC/NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
2 763 FRESH AND DRIED FRUIT-VEGETABLE EXPORTERS
439
CEREALS GRINDING AND BREADFACTORIES
2 370 MEAT PRODUCTS, SAUSAGE,DRIED MEAT, FRIED MEAT
277
FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE 1 553 CEREALS, DRIED BEANS, OILSEED EXPORTERS
276
BUTCHER, POULTRY SELLER 1 454 ANIMAL PRODUCTSEXPORTERS
202
OIL, CHEESE, YOGHURT 885 OLIVE, OLIVE OIL ANDROSE OIL
154
CEREALS, DRIED BEANS 846 ONION, GARLIC, POTATOE 130
SELLER OF MEDICAL HERBS ANDDRIED NUTS
722 EGG SELLER 118
OIL SEEDS AND HORTICULTURE713 ANGORA WOOL, SPRING
WOOL,GOAT HAIR AND RAGEXPORTERS
103
FAT/OIL EXPORTERS 707 LEAF TOBACCO EXPORTERS 70
FISHERY PRODUCTS EXPORTERS 638
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
7. FOOD QUALITY: TRENDS AND POLICIES
• Turkey is the largest producer and exporter of agricultural products in the Near East and North African region.
• Export of agricultural commodities accounted for:– %15.1 (2000)– %14.3 (2001/6 month) of Turkey’s total export earnings.
• The principal objectives of theTurkish agricultural policy are; – to stabilize agricultural prices; to provide growing population;– to increase yields and outputs;– to reduce the vulnerability of production to weather conditions; – to develop rural areas; – to promote the application of modern agricultural techniques – to develop the export potential of agriculture.
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
7. FOOD QUALITY: TRENDS AND POLICIES
• As of January 1, 1996, date of the entry into force of the Customs Union with the EU and Turkey has eliminated all custom duties and charges having equivalent effect on imports of industrial products from the EU.
• The custom Union initially covers only processed agricultural products containing cereals, sugar and milk along with industrial products. Free circulation of traditional agricultural products between Turkey and the EU will become possible to the extent that Turkey approximate its agricultural policy to the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU.
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
7. FOOD QUALITY: TRENDS AND POLICIES• International food regulations (CA, EU, FDA) are followed/harmonised
with national regulations.
• As a contracting party, Turkey complies with the obligations required by WTO Agreement (GATT):SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary) and TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade and Tariffs) rules
• Turkey signed a free trade agreement with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1991; it is negotiating free trade agreements with several central European countries. In 1992 Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Council to expand regional trade and economic cooperation.
• Biosafety regulations for modern biotechnology are underpreparation by TUBITAK. Regulations for GMOs are being prepared in accordance with EU Directives.
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
8. FOOD INDUSTRY LEGISLATION• In Turkey, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) inspects
all food products. Turkish Food Codex (TFC) has been enforced and related regulations issued for the implementation of the Decree of 560 (Force of Law) Concerning Production, Consumption and Inspection of Foodstuffs (1995).
• The TFC has been prepared within the framework of the adoptation of technical legislation, it is in harmony with EU legislations
• 64 main directives on foodstuffs and several directives specifying their prospective implementations and amendments have been examined.
• TFC covers technical and hygienic principals of food processing, food additives, residues and contaminants, sampling, labelling, transportation, storage and analyses.
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
8. FOOD INDUSTRY LEGISLATION (CONTINUE)
• Conventional Foodstuffs Control System based on control of the final product is being replaced by QA systems (HACCP, GMP) which takes measures promptly at the critical control points by identifying the risks that may occur at these points, and thus provides supplying of healthier and higher quality food at acceptable levels of risks to consumers.
• HACCP system is an obligation of TFC for primarily easily perishable food processing plants.(Not fully appliedin all sector)
• ISO 9000 certification is widespreadly applied in the industry
• Ministry of Health is responsible for registration of food companies prior to launching the production; production permission is granted by MARA.
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
8. FOOD INDUSTRY LEGISLATION (CONTINUE)
• Safety and quality of the food should be controlled by laboratories. The accreditation has been granted to the laboratories of TUBITAK-MRC Food Science & Technology Research Institute against ISO / IEC 17025:1999.
• Other related organisations are :Undersecretariat of Customs(export/import); Undersecretariat of Foreign Trade (Foreign Trade Policy, harmonisation with EU legislation), Local Municipalities (local inspection food sale places)..
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Center
IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain
BRIEFLY• Turkey has a high potential for agricultural production
• Processing &Packaging industry is progressing rapidly
• Food regulations are harmonised with EU
• SMEs are major companies (90-95% by number) and needs to be assisted scientificly and technologicallly
• Frozen foods, oils&fats, tomato paste, confectionery sector use modern technologies
• Ready to eat, functional, organic foods are becoming popular as the changes in consumer trends.
• QA systems are being established in the enterprises
• Natural drying is mostly applied for fruits/vegetables
• Fresh preservation(CA,MAP,minimally processing) needs to be improved
TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center
Food Science and Technology Research Institute
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