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Hourglass of TCP/IP Protocols
email WWW phone...
SMTP HTTP RTP...
TCP UDP…
IP
ethernet PPP…
CSMA async sonet...
copper fiber radio...
Transmission Technologies
Ethernet (10Mbps – 1Gbps) Copper Fiber Wireless
Leased Line (64Kbps – 2Mbps)Frame Relay (64Kbps – 2Mbps)Packet Over Sonet (155Mbps – 2.4Gbps)ATM (155Mbps – 2.4Gbps)Access: DSL, CATV, ISDN, GPRS, Dial-up
Switching Tables
0260.8c01.1111
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.4444
E0 E1
E0: 0260.8c01.1111
E0: 0260.8c01.2222E1: 0260.8c01.3333E1: 0260.8c01.4444
Wave Division Multiplexing
DWDM 1528 to 1560 nm: erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA)EDFA every 60km, regeneration every 500km
Erbium doped fiber amplifiers
A pump laser injects a high intensity pulse of light exciting the erbium and causing the erbium atoms to release their stored energy.
The EDFA amplifies all the wavelengths to the same level (gain flatness).
DWDM 1528 to 1560 nm: EDFA every 60km, regeneration every 500kmInput
1480 or 980 nm Pump Laser Erbium Doped Fiber
Output
IsolatorCoupler
Leased Line
S S
SSS
SDTE DTEDCE DCE
Flag Address Control Proprietary Data FCS Flag
Cisco HDLC
PPPFlag Address Control Protocol LCP FCS Flag
Link Control Protocol (LCP)
Code Identifier Length Data
V.35V.35
Passwords sent in cleartextPeer in control of attempts
Selecting a PPP Authentication Protocol
Remote Router(SantaCruz)
Central-Site Router (HQ)
Hostname: santacruzPassword: boardwalk
username santacruzpassword boardwalk
PAP 2-Way Handshake
"santacruz, boardwalk"
Accept/Reject
Selecting a PPP Authentication Protocol
Remote Router(SantaCruz)
Central-Site Router (HQ)
Hostname: santacruzPassword: boardwalk
username santacruzpassword boardwalk
CHAP3-Way Handshake
Challenge
Response
Accept/Reject
Use “secret” known only to authenticator and peer
Frame Relay
RTR1
s0.2-DLCI=110
s0.3-DLCI=120
s0.1-DLCI=120
s0.2-DLCI=130
RTR3
s0.1-DLCI=110
s0.3-DLCI=130RTR2
Packet Over Sonet (POS)
OC-1 STS-1 51.84
OC-3 STS-3 STM-1 155.52
OC-9 STS-9 STM-3 466.56
OC-12 STS-12 STM-4 622.08
OC-18 STS-18 STM-6 933.12
OC-24 STS-24 STM-8 1244.16
OC-36 STS-36 STM-12 1866.24
OC-48 STS-48 STM-16 2488.32
SONET/SDHOS
SONETES
SDHES
Link Rate Mbps
MPLS VPNs
MPLS Forwarding and/ or LDP
Traffic Engineering(TE)
DiffServ-aware Traffic Engineering
(DS-TE)
Managed VPN Services(MPLS/ BGP VPNs)
Any Transport over MPLS(AToM)
Inter-Provider
Connectivity(I-AS)
Carrier Supporting
Carrier (CSC)
Multicast over MPLS VPNs
InterInter--Area TEArea TE
Layer 2 VPN Services(L2VPN)
Quality of Service(DiffServ QoS)
MPLS Forwarding and/ or LDP
Traffic Engineering(TE)
DiffServ-aware Traffic Engineering
(DS-TE)
Managed VPN Services(MPLS/ BGP VPNs)
Any Transport over MPLS(AToM)
Inter-Provider
Connectivity(I-AS)
Carrier Supporting
Carrier (CSC)
Multicast over MPLS VPNs
InterInter--Area TEArea TE
Layer 2 VPN Services(L2VPN)
Quality of Service(DiffServ QoS)
Layer 3 VPNs = BGP/MPLS VPNs
(RFC 2547 bis)
Layer 2 VPNs & AToM (Any Transport over MPLS)
Ethernet over MPLS
PE PE
MPLS Network
PE PE
Enterprise LAN
ISP 1
Enterprise LAN
PE PE
ISP 2
ISP A
ISP 3
ISP B
ISP C
Point to Point, Metro Ethernet Service
Distributed NAP
Based on draft-martiniVCs to VLANs => VCid maps to VLAN id
Ethernet 802.1q VLAN Transport
MPLS
VLAN 41
VLAN 41
VLAN 56
VLAN 56
PE1 1.0.0.4
PE1 1.0.0.8
802.1q to 802.1q VLAN Transport
Customer Site
Customer Site
Customer Site
Customer Site
Interface GigabitEthernet0/0.2
encapsulation dot1q 41
mpls l2transport route 1.0.0.8 312 <sequencing>
!
Interface GigabitEthernet1/0.2
encapsulation dot1q 56
mpls l2transport route 1.0.0.8 313 <sequencing>
AToM - MTU Considerations
PE2PE1
Egress MTU Signalled using LDP
Incoming PDU dropped if MTU exceeded
Ingress PE checks Egress PE outbound interface MTU AND egress interface into MPLS backbone
NO mechanism to check backbone MTU
PDU
Provider MUST dictate MTU or direct traffic away from low MTU links
Customer Site
Customer Site
Time
MPLS VPNs for Multiple Transport Types
MPLS VPNs for Multiple Networks
MPLS VPNs for Single Networks
•Carrier Supporting Carrier•Inter AS•VPN ID
•Carrier Supporting Carrier•Inter AS•VPN ID
Cisco’s MPLS VPNs L3 (rfc2547)
Cisco’s MPLS VPNs L3 (rfc2547)
Strategy for MPLS VPNs
Layer 2 VPNs –Using AToMOptical VPNs
Layer 2 VPNs –Using AToMOptical VPNs
•ATM (AAL5) over MPLS•Ethernet over MPLS•Frame Relay over MPLS•PPP over MPLS•HDLC over MPLS•Cell Relay over MPLS
•ATM (AAL5) over MPLS•Ethernet over MPLS•Frame Relay over MPLS•PPP over MPLS•HDLC over MPLS•Cell Relay over MPLS
NAT
Internet
NAT router
station C
station B station A
station D
IP :10.2.2.1
IP :10.3.3.1
Interface E1
IP :10.1.1.1
Interface E0
IP :171.69.20.1
Inside Outside
IP :171.69.2.1
IP :171.69.3.1
NAT Pool
171.69.89.1
protocol
TCP
TCP
Inside source Address : port
Outside source Address : port
Outside Destination Address : port
10.2.2.1:1024
103.3.1:1723 171.69.89.1:1723
171.69.89.1:1024 171.69.2.1:23
171.69.3.1:23
NAT Table
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