introduction to unix. 2 history of unix 1960 software based on hardware limits 1969 ken thompson...

Introduction to UNIX

2

History of Unix

1960 Software based on Hardware Limits

1969 Ken Thompson Develop a Better Programming

Environment1971

New Operating System - Unix Dennis Richie

3

History of Unix

Digital’s Role in Expanding Unix Introduced new PDP Computers 80% of all Colleges used DEC PDPs Included Unix

Unix Continues to Evolve Colleges & Universities AT&T Bell Labs

4

History of Unix

Problem Need to Port Unix to Other Platforms Unix written in Assembly Language

Solution Rewrite Unix Using `B` `B` Limitations `B` Required Modifications to Write Unix

5

History of Unix

`B` Programming Language Extensive Changes Made For Unix

Renamed to `C` High & Low Level Programming

Language Increased Portability Easier to Improve & Enhance Unix

6

History of Unix

1983 AT&T Announces Unix System V 1st Commercial version of Unix Unix Improvements Continue…

Unix System V Interface Definition (USVID) Clearly Defines Unix Interface Opens Unix Development

7

Using Unix

Graphical Interface Xwindows

Command Line Command Prompt

8

Unix Philosophy

Simple and Easy to UseMake Each Program Do One Thing

WellExpect the Output of One Program To

Be The Input Into AnotherBuild New Programs to do the JobSmall is Beautiful

9

Accessing Unix

Connect to UnixLoginPasswordPerform Necessary WorkLogout

10

Important Usage Notes

Return KeyESC (Escape Key)Ctrl (Control Key)Unix Is Case Sensitive

Upper Case and Lower Case Are Different!

Use Lower Case

11

Unix Login

`$` Unix Command PromptReady For Next Command

Red Hat Linux release 4.2 (Biltmore)Kernel 2.0.30 on an i586login: rdefePassword:$

Red Hat Linux release 4.2 (Biltmore)Kernel 2.0.30 on an i586login: rdefePassword:$

12

Unix Login

Login incorrect Incorrect Login name? Incorrect Password?

Red Hat Linux release 4.2 (Biltmore)Kernel 2.0.30 on an i586login: rdefePassword:Login incorrectlogin: rdefePassword:$

Red Hat Linux release 4.2 (Biltmore)Kernel 2.0.30 on an i586login: rdefePassword:Login incorrectlogin: rdefePassword:$

13

Unix Login

`$` = Command Prompt = Unix Shell Bourne Shell C Shell Korn Shell Bash Shell

Red Hat Linux release 4.2 (Biltmore)Kernel 2.0.30 on an i586login: rdefePassword:$

Red Hat Linux release 4.2 (Biltmore)Kernel 2.0.30 on an i586login: rdefePassword:$

14

Changing Your Password

Select a ‘Good` Password 7 Characters , Include Non-Alphas

$ passwdPassword:New password:New password (again):Password changedpasswd: all authentication tokens updated successfully$ exitLogin:

$ passwdPassword:New password:New password (again):Password changedpasswd: all authentication tokens updated successfully$ exitLogin:

Cntrl-D can also be used to logout

15

Changing Your Password

When The Command Doesn’t Work Too Short or Too Simple

$ passwdPassword:New password:it's WAY too shortNew password:Password change abortedpasswd: Authentication token manipulation error$

$ passwdPassword:New password:it's WAY too shortNew password:Password change abortedpasswd: Authentication token manipulation error$

16

Correcting Typing Errors

Backspace Key Cntrl-h is also backspace

Cntrl-c Ignore current line, return to $ Stop Currently Running Command

17

Unix Commands

Making a Mistake The Command Interpreter `bash`

Responds `Command not found`

$ xbash: x: command not found$

$ xbash: x: command not found$

18

Unix Commands

date Current System Date & Time Note: No Arguments & No Options

Argument Extra Information Passed along to the

commandOption

Causes the command to do something different

$ dateMon May 25 12:44:04 EDT 1998 $

$ dateMon May 25 12:44:04 EDT 1998 $

19

Unix Commands

cal Displays Current Month

$ cal January 1996 S M Tu W Th F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 2728 29 30 31$

$ cal January 1996 S M Tu W Th F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 2728 29 30 31$

20

Unix Commands

cal [month] [year] Use Arguments to Display a specific

Month & Year

$ cal 10 1996 October 1996 S M Tu W Th F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 2627 28 29 30 31$

$ cal 10 1996 October 1996 S M Tu W Th F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 2627 28 29 30 31$

Arguments

21

Unix Commands

cal [year] Display An Entire Year Use Cntrl-S/Cntrl-Q to Pause/Unpause Screen

$ cal 1996 1996

Jan Feb Mar S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8 914 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 10 11 12 13 14 15 1621 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 17 18 19 20 21 22 2328 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31…more...

$ cal 1996 1996

Jan Feb Mar S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8 914 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 10 11 12 13 14 15 1621 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 17 18 19 20 21 22 2328 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31…more...

22

Unix Commands

who Display Current Users Note: No Options & No Arguments

$ whordefe pts/2 Aug 23 20:25jsmith pts/5 Aug 23 22:30rdefe pts/1 Aug 23 13:53$

$ whordefe pts/2 Aug 23 20:25jsmith pts/5 Aug 23 22:30rdefe pts/1 Aug 23 13:53$

23

Unix Commands

who -q option

Display a Quick List of Current Users

$ who -qrdefe jsmit sbrowusers=3$

$ who -qrdefe jsmit sbrowusers=3$

Option

24

Unix Commands

mail [login id] Sending Unix Mail

$ mail johndSubject: Test emailHello thereThis is a test of my first unix email

$

$ mail johndSubject: Test emailHello thereThis is a test of my first unix email

$

Add additional logins here

To send, hit Cntrl-D on a Blank Line

Can only correct the line your currently on

25

Unix Commands

mail Reading Unix Mail

$ mailMail version 5.5-kw 5/30/95. Type ? for help."/var/spool/mail/rdefe": 1 message 1 unread>N 1 tonym@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Aug 23 22:54 12/402 job info U 2 kayj@dana.ccri.cc.r Tue Apr 12 19:51 60/1000 Re:passwd 3 cteng@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Mar 12 14:59 15/348 mail 4 dryac@dana.ccri.cc.r Wed Feb 16 16:41 9/261 trouble&

$ mailMail version 5.5-kw 5/30/95. Type ? for help."/var/spool/mail/rdefe": 1 message 1 unread>N 1 tonym@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Aug 23 22:54 12/402 job info U 2 kayj@dana.ccri.cc.r Tue Apr 12 19:51 60/1000 Re:passwd 3 cteng@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Mar 12 14:59 15/348 mail 4 dryac@dana.ccri.cc.r Wed Feb 16 16:41 9/261 trouble&

Mail Prompt - Enter Mail Commands

26

Unix Commands

Reading Mail + (Enter Key) - Display Next Message - Display Previous Message 3 To Display Message 3

$ mailMail version 5.5-kw 5/30/95. Type ? for help."/var/spool/mail/rdefe": 1 message 1 unread>N 1 tonym@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Aug 23 22:54 12/402 job info U 2 kayj@dana.ccri.cc.r Tue Apr 12 19:51 60/1000 Re:passwd 3 cteng@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Mar 12 14:59 15/348 mail 4 dryac@dana.ccri.cc.r Wed Feb 16 16:41 9/261 trouble&

$ mailMail version 5.5-kw 5/30/95. Type ? for help."/var/spool/mail/rdefe": 1 message 1 unread>N 1 tonym@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Aug 23 22:54 12/402 job info U 2 kayj@dana.ccri.cc.r Tue Apr 12 19:51 60/1000 Re:passwd 3 cteng@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Mar 12 14:59 15/348 mail 4 dryac@dana.ccri.cc.r Wed Feb 16 16:41 9/261 trouble&

27

Unix Commands

mail commands h - Display Mail Header Information s [message list] filename - Save message to a

file d [message list] - Delete message u [message list] - Undelete message R - Reply to Author r - Reply to All mail [login] - Send email

28

Unix Commands

mail commands x - Exit without saving changes

No messages deleted q - Exit save changes

Deleted messages are deletedRead email moved to a file named mbox

$ mailMail version 5.5-kw 5/30/95. Type ? for help."/var/spool/mail/rdefe": 1 message 1 unread>N 1 tonym@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Aug 23 22:54 12/402 job info U 2 kayj@dana.ccri.cc.r Tue Apr 12 19:51 60/1000 Re: asswd 3 cteng@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Mar 12 14:59 15/348 mail 4 dryac@dana.ccri.cc.r Wed Feb 16 16:41 9/261 trouble&

$ mailMail version 5.5-kw 5/30/95. Type ? for help."/var/spool/mail/rdefe": 1 message 1 unread>N 1 tonym@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Aug 23 22:54 12/402 job info U 2 kayj@dana.ccri.cc.r Tue Apr 12 19:51 60/1000 Re: asswd 3 cteng@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Mar 12 14:59 15/348 mail 4 dryac@dana.ccri.cc.r Wed Feb 16 16:41 9/261 trouble&

29

Unix Commands

Using mail to read saved mail files

$ mail -f lettersMail version 5.5-kw 5/30/95. Type ? for help."letters": 1 message 1 unread> 1 tonym@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Aug 23 22:54 12/402 job 2 kayj@dana.ccri.cc.r Tue Apr 12 19:51 60/1000 lunch &

$ mail -f lettersMail version 5.5-kw 5/30/95. Type ? for help."letters": 1 message 1 unread> 1 tonym@dana.ccri.cc.r Sat Aug 23 22:54 12/402 job 2 kayj@dana.ccri.cc.r Tue Apr 12 19:51 60/1000 lunch &

-f followed by the file name

$ mail -f$ mail -f Reads the file mbox when the file argument is left out

30

Unix Commands

write [login] Send a message to the screen someone’s

screen$ write jsmithThis is a test of the write command

$

$ write jsmithThis is a test of the write command

$

Press Cntrl-D to return to a $ prompt

$Message from rdefe@dana.ccri.cc.ri.us on ttyp0 at 22:59 ...This is a test of the write command<EOT>

$Message from rdefe@dana.ccri.cc.ri.us on ttyp0 at 22:59 ...This is a test of the write command<EOT>

jsmith’s terminal

31

Unix Commands

mesg Turn online messages on/off

$ mesgis y$ mesg n$ mesgis n

$ mesgis y$ mesg n$ mesgis n

Display current message status

Turn messages off

32

Unix Commandsman [unix command]

On-line Reference Manual Spacebar - Display Next Page b - Previous

Page q - Quit http://www.ntua.gr/cgi-bin/man-cgi$ man who

WHO(1)

NAME who - show who is logged on

SYNOPSIS who [-imqsuwHT] [--count] [--idle] [--heading] [--help] [--message] [--mesg] [--version] [--writable] [file] [ami]

DESCRIPTION This documentation is no longer being maintained and may be inaccurate or incomplete. The Texinfo documentation is :

$ man whoWHO(1)

NAME who - show who is logged on

SYNOPSIS who [-imqsuwHT] [--count] [--idle] [--heading] [--help] [--message] [--mesg] [--version] [--writable] [file] [ami]

DESCRIPTION This documentation is no longer being maintained and may be inaccurate or incomplete. The Texinfo documentation is :