introduction to international space law12
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Introduction to
International Space Law
Week Nine (9)
ITU & Geostationary Orbitswww.mansat.org
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International Telecommunications Union: ITU
Based in Geneva
Oldest UN Body
Predates the UN and League of Nations
On 17 May 1865, after two and a half months of arduous
negotiation, the first International Telegraph Convention was
signed in Paris by the 20 founding members, and the
International Telegraph Union (ITU) was created source:
ITU.
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ITU Organization
Secretary General
Council
25% of all Member States (Currently 46 Members of Council)
1989, ITU streamlined into three Sectors:
Telecommunication Standardization (ITU-T)
Radiocommunication (ITU-R) Telecommunication Development (ITU-D).
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ITU-R
ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R)
Radiocommunication Sector charged with
determining the technical characteristics and operationalprocedures for a range of wireless services. The Sector also
plays a role in the management of the radio-frequency
spectrum, a finite natural resource which is increasingly in
demand due to the rapid development of new radio-based
services and the enormous popularity of mobile
communications technologies.
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ITU-R II
Wireless Communications Systems
cellular and cordless phones
radio-based fleet management systems
radio and television broadcasting
next-generation Web-ready personal digital assistants
Satellite Telecommunications & Broadcast
navigation and global positioning systems, environmental
monitoring and deep space research.
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ITU-R III
Role as global spectrum coordinator
Radio Regulations,
set of rules which serve as a binding international treaty governing
the use of the radio spectrum by some 40 different services around
the world.
Also acts, through its Bureau, as central registrar of
international frequency use, recording and maintaining the
Master International Frequency Register which currentlyincludes around 1,265,000 terrestrial frequency assignments,
325,000 assignments servicing 1,400 satellite networks, and
another 4,265 assignments related to satellite earth stations.
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ITU Activities
World Radio Conferences
Regional Plenipotentiary Meetings
Orbital Filing
Coordination of Landing Rights
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ITU & Geostationary Orbit
Allocates all Geostationary Orbital Positions on a
First Come, First Served Basis
Only to Nation States The Province of All Mankind
Rules of Coordination established through Radio
Regulations
In effect, ITU Controls All Orbital Space Around
Earth via Radio Frequencies
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Geostationary Orbit
Basis for $100 Billion industry in 2001
Geostationary orbits comprise the largest single segment of the
space-based telecommunications industry.
From an altitude of 22,300 miles, the foot print of ageostationary satellite is able to cover one third of the globe.
Three such satellites positioned around the equator can cover
the globe reaching over 98% of the worlds population.
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Orbital Revenue Cycle
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Key Role of Geo
No Geostationary Orbital Position, No Satellite
BusinessNo Services from Space
No Geostationary Orbital Position, No Financing
from Banks
No Financing from Banks, No Purchase of Satellite,
Launch Vehicle
Geostationary Orbital Position Comes Before AllElse even determines market
Allocated Position and Frequencies & Landing Rights
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Norad Geo Belt
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Uses of Geostationary Orbits
Geostationary orbits are primarily used for two functions:
Weather monitoring
Telecommunications & Broadcasting
Commercial growth is focused on:
DTH TV (Direct To Home: Sky TV)
Phone, Fax, Video, Data services
Mobile Communications
VSAT & USAT
Digital Radio
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How To File for a Geo Position
Only Allocated to National Governments
Go to National Government
Request Orbital Position (s)
US Companies (Non Governmental Entities) work through FCC
UK through UK Radiocommunications Agency
Prepare ITU Paperwork
API, APS4
File & Coordinate
First Come, First Served = Priority!
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Issues
Fair Allocation of Geostationary Orbits
Developed vs. Developing Nations
World Radio Conferences & Teledesic
Paper Satellites
Landing Rights
Open Skies - GATT & WTO - EU & CEPT
Export Control
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Paper Satellites
First Come First Served
No Limit of Number of Filings
Everybody Filed Just In Case
Swamped System for Legitimate Users
Developing Nations Refusing to Coordinate with
Real Filings in System.
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Tonga & TongaSat
Dr. Matt Nilson created Tongasat, as an Agent of
and in partnership with the Tongan Government,
specifically to apply to the ITU for a variety of
geostationary positions and frequencies over the
Pacific Ocean.
Tongasat was the first to utilize such satellite
positions and frequencies for commercial use.
Filed for 30 Positions and tried to find customers for
them.
Started great Land Grab in Space
StartedProblem ofPaper Satellites
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Luxembourg & SES Astra
Europes first commercial satellite company.
Partner with, and Agent of, the Luxembourg
Government.
SES Astra applied for geostationary positions with
unregulated frequencies for direct commercial
television broadcast over Europe.
Demonstrated Value of Unregulated Frequencies Added to Land Grab started by Tonga
Increased Problem of Paper Satellites
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ManSat & Isle of Man
First Commercial Company in World to Have Filing Rights at
ITU
Through sole and exclusive agreement, ManSat Limited is
assisting the Isle of Man Government in the preparation of its
orbital filings to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)for all Earth orbits and associated radio frequencies with special
focus on geostationary orbit
Taking Different Approach to Bypassing Issue of Paper
Satellites Only Filing For Real Systems.
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