introduction to hci lecture #1
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Introduction to HCI
Lecture #1
Agenda• Genesis
• What is HCI?• Definition• Characterization• Notions
• Human• Computer• Interface• Interaction
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Genesis
• Shift of focus from • System-centered computing
• Almost no interaction• Computer = hardware + machine-level code
to• People-centered computing
• Very high-level interaction• Computer = hardware + software + algorithm
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Genesis
Low
High
Inte
ract
ion
Ist generationcomputing
5th generationcomputing
2nd generationcomputing
3rd generationcomputing
4th generationcomputing
L a dde r o f c o m puting
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Genesis
Low
High
Inte
ract
ion
Ist generationcomputing
5th generationcomputing
2nd generationcomputing
3rd generationcomputing
4th generationcomputing
L a dde r o f c o m puting
1960
Very large gap between man and machine Man communicate to machine at the machine-level machine-level programming
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Genesis
Low
High
Inte
ract
ion
Ist generationcomputing
5th generationcomputing
2nd generationcomputing
3rd generationcomputing
4th generationcomputing
L a dde r o f c o m puting
1975
Large gap between man and machine Man communicate to machine at mnemonic code-level Assembly-level programming Microprocessor era
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Genesis
Low
High
Inte
ract
ion
Ist generationcomputing
5th generationcomputing
2nd generationcomputing
3rd generationcomputing
4th generationcomputing
L a dde r o f c o m puting
1985
Gap between man and machine Man communicate to machine at algorithmic-level High-level programming Software era
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Genesis
Low
High
Inte
ract
ion
Ist generationcomputing
5th generationcomputing
2nd generationcomputing
3rd generationcomputing
4th generationcomputing
L a dde r o f c o m puting
1990
Small-gap between man and machine Man and machine both communicates to each other at
intelligence-level Automatic programming (natural language processing) Embeeded era
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Genesis
Low
High
Inte
ract
ion
Ist generationcomputing
5th generationcomputing
2nd generationcomputing
3rd generationcomputing
4th generationcomputing
L a dde r o f c o m puting
2000 .....
Narrow-gap between man and machine Machine communicate with the man at human-level Cognition, perception, psychology, human factors
based computation HCI era
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Feasibility of HCI
• Moore’s law• David Moore, an Intel researcher, 1967
• Human abilities• Past, present and future human
• Compuman• Towards a reality, Mark Minasi
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Moore’s Law
1950 1990 2020
Com puting a bilitie s
Size
Speed
Cost
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Human Abilities
1950 1990 2020
Com puting a bilitie s
0 A.D .
Hum a n a bilitie s
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Reality: CompumanCPU
M em ory
AIandIT
makes me great!
H um an perce ivab le s igna ls
C om m unicable s ignals (E M W )
Sensor
H um an sens ib leoutput
M ecahnically m ovableparts under prec ise
control
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Reality: Compuman
• Processing speed Computer
• Memory Computer
• Human factors Human• mind, mood, emotion, perception, cognition, psychology etc.• Breakthrough: Computer can behave very close to Human• Simon, Minasi etc.
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Towards the Reality…. So far computing speed is concerned enough has
been achieved
More researches are in pipeline to achieve more
Quantum computing
Molecular electronics
DNA Computer etc.
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Towards the Reality….
• Still a new paradigm shift is highly in demand• From today’s human-centered computing • to tomorrow’s human-centered computing
• How more accurately and efficiently the behavior of human can be simulated in a computer
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Definition of HCI A discipline concerned with the study, design,
construction and implementation and evaluation of human-centric interactive computer systems.
A user interface, such as a GUI, is how a human interacts with a computer, and HCI goes beyond designing screens and menus that are easier to use and studies the reasoning behind building specific functionality into computers and the long-term effects that systems will have on humans.
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Target: HCI An emerging discipline in IT
More usefulness of computer
User-friendly use
Low user error rate
Subjective user satisfaction
User retention over time Expected projection by 2010: average computer time per user is
8 hours day
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Focus: HCI
Human-computer interface focuses on
Interaction design
Interface environment development
Hardware
Software
Methodologies
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HCI: A Multi-Disciplinary Area HCI draws attention from several fields
Apart from Computer Science, Electronics, Electrical, IT
Cognitive and behavioral science
Human factors
Some empirical studies
Interface device development
Graphical design
and many more…….
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HCI: A Multi-Disciplinary Area
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H C IC o m p u te r S c ie nc e
A rt ific ia l In te llig en ce
L in g u is t ic sP h ilo so p hy
S o c io lo g y
A nt h ro p o lo g y
D esig n
E ng ine e r ing
E rg o n o m ics a ndH u m a n fac to r s
S o c ia l an do rg a n iz a t io n a l
p h ilo so p hy
C o g n it ive p sycho lo g y
M a ny m o re
Definition of HCI• HCI is an abbreviation for
Human Computer InteractionHuman Computer Interface
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Context of HCIScenario 1
A person using an interactive graphics program on a workstation
Scenario 2A browser searching for information in the Net
Scenario 3A committee engaged in a video conference meeting
Note: The context between one or more humans and one or more computational machines
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Notion of Computer in HCI
So far the notion of machine is concerned:
Computers in the form of desktop PCs or workstations
Computers in the form of embedded computational machines, such as parts of spacecraft cockpits or microwave oven
Computers in the form of network of computers (Internet)
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Notion of Human in HCI
So far the notion of human is concerned:
Human is a classical user (having a general knowledge on usage of computer)
e.g. students, manager
Human is a specialized user (little or no background of computer)
e.g. public in street, station, shopping complex, children and disabled persons
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Notion of Human in HCI
Notion of human (continued…):
Human is a group of persons (interfaces in a distributed systems)
e.g. two or more online users in a network
Human is an organization (computer aided communication among humans, or the nature of the work being cooperatively performed by means of the system)
e.g. corporate office
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Notion of Interaction in HCI
So far notion of interaction is concerned:
Each interaction has its own context
Interaction leads to a rich space of possible topics
In fact, the study of HCI means we wish to identify interaction as more central to its focus
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HCI actually…..A discipline concerned with
DesignImplementationEvaluation
of interactive computing system for human use
D e s ig n
Im p le m e n ta tio nE v a lu a tio n
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Working Definition of HCI
Human-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, implementation and evaluation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomenon surrounding them.
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A Precise Characterization of HCI
• Human-computer interaction is concerned with the joint performance by human and machine
• The structure of communication between human and machine
• Human capabilities to use machines (including the ability to learn an interface)
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A Precise Characterization of HCI Algorithms and programming of the interface itself
Engineering concerns that arise in designing and building interfaces
The process of specification of design and implementation of interface
Design trade-off
Human-computer interaction thus has Science, Engineering and Design aspects
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HCI: Which Discipline it Belongs?
HCI in the large is an interdisciplinary area
It is emerging as a specially concern within several disciplines, each with different emphasis
Computer Science (application design and engineering of human interfaces)
Psychology (application of theories of cognitive processes and the empirical analysis of user behavior)
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HCI: Which Discipline it Belongs?
Sociology and anthropology (interaction between technology, work and organization)
Industrial design (interactive products such as Cell phone, Washing machine, Microwave oven etc.)
According to ACM SIGCHI, Computer Science is the basic discipline and other discipline serves as supporting discipline
Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering
Robotics
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Summary
Human-computer interaction studies a human and a machine in communication
HCI draws supporting knowledge on both the machine side and the human side
On machine side Techniques in computer graphics, operating systems,
programming languages, algorithms and development environments are relevant
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Summary
• On human side• Communication theory, graphics and industrial design
discipline, linguistic, social sciences, cognitive, psychology and human performance (AI) are relevant
• On interaction side• Engineering and design methods are relevant
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